SOUND DERIV

WORDS ATTESTED

DEFINITIONS

*-an

ATESTED

= adverbial suffix (suffix)

Group

#,-,a,n,

U.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,u,n~ŋ,

-nu?

=used after adjectives > adverbs.

Magyar/Hungar

-,a~e,n,

-an

=adverbial suffix (gyors=fast, gyors-an=quickly), ;

Votyak/Udm

-,e~y,n,

-en

=with, instrumental suffix, -d'n=inessive "in" suffix;

Zuryen/Komi

-,e~y,n,

-ën, -en

=instrumental suffix

Etruskan

-,a,n,

-an

=adverbial suffix (ex:

.

*-ase

ATESTED

= illative " to " (suffix)

Group

#,-,a,s,e,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,a,š~z,(e~a),

-še

= illative " to" (suffix); -ku=terminative?

EmeSal/Sumer

-,e,š~z,(e~a),

?ga_

=to bring (κ>g)

Magyar/Hungar

-,a~e,sz~z,e~i,

-hoz

=illative "to" (suffix) ex: ház-hoz =to the house;

Cherem/Mari

-,a~o~u,ž,e,

-š, ka

=illative (ex: olaš šoč@m =town born)

Mordvin

-,a,z,o,

-s

=illative (ex: kudo-s = "to" the house; oš-s=into the town)

Finn/Suomi

-,a,s,i,

-in, -hi-n, -si-n

=illative "to" suffix ;

Estonian

-,a,s,i,

-asse, -ga

=illative "to" suffix

KELTIC

-,a,s,e,

gys

=illative/mannin; go_ =illative/Ir,

.

*-ent

ATESTED

=deverbative suffix of continuing action; (suffix)

Group

#,-,e,n,t,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,e~i,d,

-du

=doing,does suffix which is added to verbs;

Magyar/Hungar

-,e~i,d,

-od, -gat

=deverbative; rakk=stack > rak-od, rako-gat;

Vogul/Mansi

-,i,nt,

-nt ; tuńś

=stand > tuńś-ent=stand about;

Ostyak/Khanti

-,e,nt,

-nt ; kol-

=hear > kol-ent=listen (hearing);

Zuryen/Komi

-,o~u~e,d,

-õd; kyj

=catch > kyjõd=be on the watch,pursue;

Mordvin

-,e~i,ńd,

-ńda ; nil@

=swallow > nil@ńda=devour, drink in gulps;

Finn/Suomi

-,e~ie,n(t),

-ntele ; juokse-

=run > juokse-ntele=run about

Samoyed

-,e~a~o,d~nt,

-nd-

=imperfect aspect, present tense/Selkup;

.

*-eδe

ATESTED

=(?) comitative with (suffix) (location)

Group

#,-,e,δ,e,

U.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,e~i,d,(e~a),

-da, -ta

=comitative suffix

Magyar/Hungar

-,e~i,l,e~i,

-el,-al, -val, -vel

=commitative(with); Miklós-al=with Michael;

Savard/Hungar

-,e~i,t,e~i,

-whet

=commitative (with);

Cherem/Mari

-,e~y~@,-,e,

?-ńek

=comitatitve "with" (seems linked to the genetive "of")

Estonian

-,e~i,t~d,e~i,

-ga

.

Etruskan

-,e,l~t,i~u,

-el

=with (possesive)

KELTIC

-,e,l,e,

-li

=with (commitative suffix); far=with [w>f]

.

*-eηk

ATESTED

= (?) terminative & locative " as far as, until" (suffix)

Group

#,-,e,η,k,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,e~i,ŋ~g,

-ég, -íg, -ik, -še

=terminative suffixes;

Magyar/Hungar

-,e~i,g,

-ig

= terminative suffix "until, as far as";

Estonian

-,e~i,ng,

-ni, -na

=terminative

KELTIC

-,e,g,

go (a standalone word in front of the verb)

=as far as;

.

*-i

ATESTED

denominative noun "of" (suffix)

Group

#,-,i,

U.

.

Magyar/Hungar

-,i~e,

-i

=denominative noun;ex: ház=house, ház-i=of/from the house

Vogul/Mansi

-,i~ü,

-i

=denominative noun; ex: hot=house, hoti =of/from/to do w. house

Votyak/Udm

-,i,

-ej

.

Mordvin

-,i~e,

-ej

.

Finn/Suomi

-,i~y,

-i

=denom. noun ex: ava-i-päin =with uncovered head;

Lapp/Saami

-,i,

-i

=denom.noun ex: suovva-i=smoky, where suovva=smoke;

Samoyed

-,i,

-ji, -i /Ńeńeć; -i/Selkup; -i/Kamas; -uj /Ŋaŋasan;

.

.

*-kine

ATESTED

=(?) equative " as , like " (suffix) < perhaps from adjectival -*kV

Group

#,-,k,i,n,e,

Hu.A.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,k,i~e,(n),

-gin 7

=equative suffix; a-gin =thus;

EmeSal/Sumer

-,k,e,(l),

-di-ìm

=equative

Magyar/Hungar

-,k,i~e,n,e~i,

-kén(t)

=equative suffix; e-ként =like that, as that; kép=picture,immage;

Vogul/Mansi

-,(γ~x),i~ü,n~ń,i,

-kem

=about, manner;

Etruskan

-,k,e,n,i~u,

cana

=immage; [g/lb85]; cantha=pleasant, pleasing [az96]

ALTAIC

-,k,i,n,e,

kēpa

=face, shape;

Turkic

-,k,i,n,e,

-gimi

=equtative suffix/Turkic; gëp=face,shape;

Tungusic

-,k,i,n,e,

kepe

=face,shape;

.

*-kk

ATESTED

diminutive formant (suffix)

Group

#,-,k,k,

U.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,g~h,

gi 17

=small, young man; ge 2,4= girl, young woman;

Magyar/Hungar

-,k,

-ke, -ka, -ko

=diminutive suffix; ex: ház=house, háziko=small house

Vogul/Mansi

-,k,

-h

=diminutive;

Ostyak/Khanti

-,k,

-k

=diminutive

Cherem/Mari

-,k,

-k, -ka

=diminutive

Votyak/Udm

-,k,

-k, -ka

=diminutive

Zuryen/Komi

-,k,

-k, -ka

=diminutive

Mordvin

-,k,

-ke

=

Finn/Suomi

-,kk~k,

-kka, -ah

=diminutive;

Lapp/Saami

-,kk~hk,

-k

=diminutive;

Samoyed

-,kk~χ,

-ku

= /Eńeć; -kü,-ku/Ŋaŋasan; -ku/Ńeńeć;

Etruskan

-,kh,

-ca

=diminutive?

KELTIC

-,c,

-ac, -ic, -oc, -uc

=diminutive/Irish; -ik=/Breton;

.

*-kt

ATESTED

= causative & instrumental (suffix)

Group

#,-,k,t,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,(g~d),

-ta, -da, -li, -le [d~l ?]

=instrumental suffix

Magyar/Hungar

-,ht>t,

-ht >-it

=causative suffix; -által =instrumental suffix

Cherem/Mari

-,kt~t,

-kt-

=causative (muška=wash, muškõ-kt-aš =cause to wash;

Finn/Suomi

-,ht~ks,

?ten

=

.

*-lom

ATESTED

deverbal suffix; (possibly a variant of nam) (suffix)

Group

#,-,l,o,m,

U.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,l,a,m~n,

nam- ?

=formative suffix [L~N]

Magyar/Hungar

-,l,a~é,m~v,

-lom

=deverbal; ex: tür=to put up with > türe-lem=patience;

Etruskan

-,l,e~i,m~v,

-lum

=deverbal as in "Mex-lum rasneas" the (etruskan) people's territory.

.

*-ma

ATESTED

deverbal suffix #1 (suffix)

Group

#,-,m,a,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,m~n,_,

-im

=deverbal suffix;

Magyar/Hungar

-,m~v,_,

-om, -em

=deverbal suffix;

Mordvin

-,m,a~o,

-mo

= deverbal suffix;

Finn/Suomi

-,m,a~o,

-ma

= deverbal suffix;

Livonian

-,m,a,

-ma

= deverbal suffix;

Estonian

-,m~mb,_,

-m

= deverbal suffix;

Lapp/Saami

-,m~mb,ē,

-mâs

=deverbal suffix;

Samoyed

-,m~β,(a),

-mu

=deverbal suffix/Kamas; -mer/Ńeńec;

ALTAIC

-,m,a,

.

.

*-ma,-ηt,-k,-l

ATESTED

nominal formatives (suffix) "fönévképzö"

Group

#,-,m,a,,,-,η,t,,,-,k,,,-,l,

U.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,m~n,a,,,-,d,,,-,k,,,-,l,

-Vm, -du,

.

Magyar/Hungar

-,m~v,a~e,,,-,d,,,-,k,,,-,l,

-Vm,t,d, -k,-alom ex: alak >alkat; fon > fonák; köt >köt-él

.

Etruskan

-,m~v,a,,,-,th>t,,,-,k,,,-,l,

-at, -aθ; -ac/-aχ; -lum, -l /Allinei;

.

.

*-mp

ATESTED

= comparative suffix, "bigger" (suffix)

Group

#,-,m,p,

U.

.

Magyar/Hungar

-,b,

-bb

=comparative suffix; "more" as in "nagy-obb" (big-er)

Cherem/Mari

-,b,

-ba-

=comparative;

Mordvin

-,mb,

-mb

=comparative;

Finn/Suomi

-,mp~mm,

-mp ex: uude-mpa

=newer (uusi, uute=new)

Lapp/Saami

-,m~mb,p,

-b ex: oððâs-âb

=newer;

Samoyed

-,m~β,p,

-mp

=comparative/Ńeńec;

.

*-n

ATESTED

= accusative "sentence subj" (suffix)

Group

#,-,n,

U.A.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,n~ŋ,

-ni

=accusative suffix

Magyar/Hungar

-,n,

-t?

=accusative suffix; ex: ház-at =the house

Finn/Suomi

-,n,

-n, -t

.

Turkic

-,n,

-nu

=accusative/Turk,

.

*-na

ATESTED

= (?) dative suffix " for " (suffix)

Group

#,-,n,a,

Hu.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,n~ŋ,a,

-ma, -ra, -na

=dative + pronouns of 1,2,3 person, prefix

Magyar/Hungar

-,n,a~e,

-nak (person) & -ra (non person)

=dative "for" suffix

Etruskan

-,n,a,

-nac

= some kind of causative (?suffix); ex: ilacve Alsase(-)nac

.

*-ne-

ATESTED

conditional particle (suffix)

Group

#,-,n,e,-,

U.

.

Magyar/Hungar

-,n,e~i,-,

-na-,-ne-,-né-,-ná-

=conditional (ex: ír=write > ir-ná-m =I would write)

Vogul/Mansi

-,n~ń,i,-,

-noe

=conditiona; woer-noe-m =I would make;

Cherem/Mari

-,(n),e,-,

-ne-

=desiderative; tym mam manõ-ne-t? =what do you want to say?

Finn/Suomi

-,n,e~ie,-,

-ne-

= potential ; lähte-ne-n =I "probably" start;

Samoyed

-,n~η,e,-,

-εna-

=conditional particle/Selkup (Prokofev)

.

*-ni

ATESTED

= infinitive (suffix) *-nA + *j=dative;

Group

#,-,n,i,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,n~ŋ,i~e,

ni-2

=infinitive like prefix; ni-dub=to relax;ni-gid=to drag;ni-ri=to scare;

Magyar/Hungar

-,n,i~e,

-ni

=infinitive suffix; me-ni=to go;

Savard/Hungar

-,n,i~e,

-in

=infinitive suffix;

Vogul/Mansi

-,n~ń,i~ü,

-ne, -n

=present participle suffix/Tavda; ex: te-ni =eat-ing;

Zuryen/Komi

-,n,e,

-nï

=infinitive suffix; ex: mun-nï=to go;

KELTIC

-,n,i,

-in

=infinitive (igenévképzö)

.

*-nt

ATESTED

=denominative (suffix)

EmeGir/Sumer

-,d,

U.

.

Magyar/Hungar

-,d,

-d,-ad

=denominative suffix (archaic)

Vogul/Mansi

-,nt,

-nt

=deverbal suffix; suu=mouth > su-nt=opening,estuary;

Cherem/Mari

-,(n),δ~t,

-nde

=deverbal suffix;

Zuryen/Komi

-,d,

-od

=deverbal suffix; sir=resin; sir-õd=resinous wood;

Finn/Suomi

-,n(t),

-ntä, -nte

=deverbal suffix; isä-ntä=head of house < isä=father;

Samoyed

-,d~nt,

-dde

=deverbal suffix/Eńec, -andi/Selkup;

.

*-nä

ATESTED

= commitative suffix " with " (suffix)

Group

#,-,n,ä,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,n~ŋ,(a~e),

-ni-

=locative; ?da, dè =commitative suffix

Magyar/Hungar

-,n,e,

-ná-l

=addesive "at" ; -val =commitative suffix "with" ;

Vogul/Mansi

-,n~ń,ä~e,

-nä, -nät

=lative, illative

Finn/Suomi

-,n,ä,

-ne

=commitative suffix

Estonian

-,n,ä,

-aga

=commitative suffix

Samoyed

-,n~η,e,

-ne

=against,for,to;nene=at,with;nâŋ =to;nanu=at;nata=from/Ŋanasan;

.

*-nä

ATESTED

= locative & genetive "of" (suffix)

Group

#,-,n,ä,

U.A.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,n~ŋ,(a~e),

-*ŋe > -gè, -ka, -na, -è

=genetive; (also -na as in é-an-na); ŋar=place;

Magyar/Hungar

-,n,e,

-nak

=genetive & dative suffix (of/for);

Savard/Hungar

-,n,e,

-neki

=genetive;

Cherem/Mari

-,(n),ä~e,

-ān

=genetive "of";

Zuryen/Komi

-,n,,

-len

=genetive "of"

Mordvin

-,n,e,

-eń

=genetive;

Finn/Suomi

-,n,ä,

-en, -a, -den, -ten

=genetive suffix;

Estonian

-,n,ä,

-an > -a,-e

=genetive suffix (was -an)

Etruskan

-,n,a~e,

-ax

=ablaitive,genetive; -sl, -al,-as =genetive & dative (n~l);-eca=genetive;

Turkic

-,n,ä,

-ni, na, nan

=genetive/Turkic;

KELTIC

-,n,ä,

+ do , -ag, -na

=dative and genetive /Irish /??/

.

*-nä

ATESTED

= locative > addesive (suffix)

Group

#,-,n,ä,

U.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,n~ŋ,(a~e),

-ni-

=locative (addesive); en-ten =winter-time; ŋar=place;

Magyar/Hungar

-,n,e,

-nál

= "at" (addesive); tél-en= "in/during" winter;

Vogul/Mansi

-,n~ń,ä~e,

-nä

=locative endings; -na=illative suffix (ex: χat-na=in the house;

Ostyak/Khanti

-,n~ń,ä~e,

-na

=locative; -nät, -nàt =commitative suffix;

Cherem/Mari

-,(n),ä~e,

-nõ, -n@

=locative;

Votyak/Udm

-,n,,

-n

=locative;

Zuryen/Komi

-,n,,

-n

=locative;

Mordvin

-,n,e,

-ne,-ni

=locative;

Finn/Suomi

-,n,ä,

-na

=locative endings; ?-lla =addesive suffix;

Estonian

-,n,ä,

-el

=addesive suffix

Lapp/Saami

-,ń~n,ē,

-nne,-nni

=locative;

Samoyed

-,n~η,e,

-nu, -ne, -ni

=locative/Ŋaŋasan; ne,ni/Selkup; -ene=at,with/Eńeć;

Etruskan

-,n,a~e,

-ne

=locative as in lei-ne =the underworld(lei=down; see ala)/Alinei

.

*-o

ATESTED

(-8) enclictic word of interrogation (suffix)

Group

#,-,o,

U.

.

Magyar/Hungar

-,a~é,

-e

=enclictic suffix of interrogation; ír-t-ál-E =did you write?

Vogul/Mansi

-,a~o~u,

a, ä

.

Ostyak/Khanti

-,a~o~u,

-æ

=enclictic word of interrogation;

Votyak/Udm

-,o~a,

-a, -va

.

Zuryen/Komi

-,-,

-o, -õ

.

.

*-pa

ATESTED

deverbal > present participle (suffix)

Group

#,-,p,a,

U.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,p,a,

-_a

=intransitive & passive participle; -p=inanimate pronoun suffix ? (it) s

Magyar/Hungar

-,v,a~e,

-*wa > -ó,-ö

=present participle; ír=write > ír-ó ember=writing man;

Ostyak/Khanti

-,p,a,

-@w, -ep

=deverbal; jynt-@p=needle < jynt=to sew;

Finn/Suomi

-,p,a~o,

-va

= present participle; kumarta-va =bow-ing; kay-va=going;

Samoyed

-,p,e,

-eb

= deverbal suffix; kaa=die > kaa-be=dead;/Eńeć,Kamas; -pa/Ńeńec;

Etruskan

-,p,a,

-u

=participle

.

*-ra

ATESTED

for (suffix)

Group

#,-,r,a,

Hu.S.

.

EmeSal/Sumer

-,r,e,

-ri

=to, concerning;

Magyar/Hungar

-,r,a~e,

-ra, -re

=for/to -not as a directional sense but to/for an adjectival

.

*-st

ATESTED

frequentive verbal infix (suffix)

Group

#,-,s,t,

U.

.

Magyar/Hungar

-,sz~z,t,

-oz

=frequentive verbal infix;

Cherem/Mari

-,ž,δ~t,

-çat-as

=verbal frequentive infix; (-gat?)

Mordvin

-,z,d,

-se

=verbal frequentive infix;

.

*-ttä

ATESTED

= ablaitive #1 " from "; tuj=bring (suffix)

Group

#,-,t,t,ä,

U.A.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,d~t,(a~e),

-ta

= ablaitive-instrumental "from", (suffix); dan-na =length measure "mile";

Magyar/Hungar

-,t,e,

-(V)tol

=ablaitive suffix; táv=distance;

Savard/Hungar

-,t,e,

-(e)tül

=ablaitive suffix

Finn/Suomi

-,tt~t,ä,

-tä, ta, a

=ablaitive suffix; tuo =bring;

Estonian

-,ťt~ht,ä,

-lt

=ablaitive; -t=partitive;

Turkic

-,t>d,ä,

-dan

=ablaitive suffix/Turkic

KELTIC

-,th>d,ä,

ó

=from/Irish; ??dá, de =from (not as a suffix)

.

*-änε

ATESTED

(8"nε) place, locative (suffix)

Group

#,-,ä,n,ε,

U.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,a,n~ŋ,i~e,

-en

=(time) locative suffix

Magyar/Hungar

-,e,n,ε,

-n, -nan

=locative suffix (time or spatial)

Votyak/Udm

-,o~u,n,,

-in, -iń

=place

Zuryen/Komi

-,e~i,n,,

-in

=place; kos-in = a dry place

Etruskan

-,a~e,n,ε,

-na, -ti

=locatives (auri-na=at/in town; hup-ni=sepulchral place)

KELTIC

-,ä,n,ε,

do

=lative/Irish;

.

*-ńe, -te

ATESTED

= plural person (suffix)

Group

#,-,ń,e,,, ,-,t,e,

U.A.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,ŋ>n,e~i,,, ,-,t,(e~a),

-ene

=plural suffix (person);

Cherem/Mari

-,ń~n~j,e,,, ,-,δ~t,e,

-n

=plural (sometimes unmarked)

Zuryen/Komi

-,ń>n,o~u~e,,, ,-,t,,

-len

=plural suffix;

Mordvin

-,ń,e,,, ,-,d,o,

-ń

=plural (sometimes unmarked)

Finn/Suomi

-,n,e~ie,,, ,-,s,e~ie,

-n

=plural suffix ?? t

Etruskan

-,n,e,,, ,-,t,i~u,

eni-ca

=many; -ca= pronoun suffix; for people -r=plural

Turkic

-,j~y,e,,, ,-,nt>d,e,

-n

=/OldTurkic, modern -ler

KELTIC

-,n,e,,, ,-,t,e,

-acha

=person plural; -ana=things plural; -tha=places plural/Irish;

.

*-ŕa

ATESTED

ablaitive #2 "from", delative "off of" (suffix)

EmeGir/Sumer

-,r,a,

-ra-

=ablaitive-inanimate "from"; -ri=delative "off of" /L86

Magyar/Hungar

-,r,a~e,

-ro-l

=delative "off of" & sometimes ablaitive "from";

Estonian

-,l,ē,

-lt

=ablaitive "away from"

Etruskan

-,_,a,

lu-ri

=from him/her/it;

.

*-ś

ATESTED

= past tense suffix (suffix)

EmeGir/Sumer

-,š,

( ul-

=past tense prefix)

Magyar/Hungar

-,ś,

*s > t

.

Ostyak/Khanti

-,ć~s,

s > t

.

Cherem/Mari

-,ž,

-š

.

Mordvin

-,ś,

-ś

.

KELTIC

-,ś,

dh

.

.

*-śe

ATESTED

= allative suffix "to" < *saγe = arrive, become (suffix)

Group

#,-,ś,e,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,š,(e~a),

-še

=locative & terminative (allative & terminative);

Magyar/Hungar

-,ś,e~i,

-hoz, -hez, -höz

=(+h perhaps a locative 'hely') to, toward, allative suffix;

Cherem/Mari

-,ž,e,

-š

=lative; šua- , šoa- =arrive, attain, get; šukte- =complete;

Votyak/Udm

-,z~ś,,

sut-

=attain to;

Zuryen/Komi

-,z,,

su-

=come and take unaware, reach, overtake;

Mordvin

-,ś,o,

-oš

=lative; as in kud-oš =to the house, allative suffix; saa=arive,become,

Finn/Suomi

-,s~ts,e~ie,

-s

=lative; as in ala-s =under, locative; or ylö-s =up; ?sakky-

Estonian

-,s~ts,e~i,

-le

=allative "to";

Samoyed

-,s,e,

tae-

=attain/Eńeć; tu- =arrive,reach/Kamas; túa=attain/Ŋaŋasan;

.

*-εηke-

ATESTED

=(or k) mood characteristic in the imperative (suffix)

Group

#,-,ε,η,k,e,-,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

-,ε,ŋ~g,e~i,-,

-ga, -ha,

=cohortive; imperative changes word order as in "give me it";

EmeSal/Sumer

-,ε,n~m,e,-,

-*d'u > -du 5, -da

=cohortative; (let me verb, let us verb)

Magyar/Hungar

-,ε,g,e~i,-,

-gy, -j, -d, -s

= imperative & cohortive suffix; ír-j =write!, ir-j-unk=let us write;

Mordvin

-,ε,ηg,e,-,

-k

= eŕa-k= live!;

Finn/Suomi

-,ε,nk,e~ie,-,

-na

=anta=give; anna=give it!

Lapp/Saami

-,ε,ηk~ηg~gg,e,-,

_

=foiceless vowel; boatte= give; boaddĕ = give!

Samoyed

-,ε,η~k,e,-,

-ek

=Selkup ( ťaad-ek =ignite!) , in others changed to glotal stop;

.

*akta

ATESTED

to cram, stow >>? hang (v) (suffix)

Group

#,a,k,t,a,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

a,(g~d),a,

-ag, -ak

=to place, to do/make (formative suffix)

Ostyak/Khanti

a~ä,t,,

yg@t

=to hang(up) , spread (a net on poles)

Cherem/Mari

u~o,kt~t,,

opte

=to load (flour in a bin, hay in a load.etc)

Zuryen/Komi

o~u,k,a,

okty

=set a trap; oktym, oktyn =ledger-tackle?

Mordvin

a,j~v,d,a~o,

oktos, optos

=snare for catching animals;avto??=to open (one's mouth)

Finn/Suomi

a~e,ht~ks,a~o,

ahta

= arrange, put, hang (fish net), cram, pack, stow

Lapp/Saami

a~ä,kt,ē,

vuoktinje

=frame for net/Lapp

.

*kaða

ATESTED

= leave , let , allow , precative , cohortive , abandon (v) (suffix)

Group

#,k,a,ð,a,

U.A.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

g>h,a~u,(d~l),a,

ha-,hé_,da-, _dè-, _du5-

=let there be(precative,affirmative modal suffix)?kuš-um=abandon;

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,a~e,j~gy,a~e,

hagy-

=leave, lett, allow; -het- =lett,allow(precative, affirm),enged=allow;

Savard/Hungar

h~g,a~o,j,a~o,

en-gün

=allow;

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,o~u,ĺ,,

kōĺ

=allow, let

Cherem/Mari

k,a~o~u,ð~d,,

koδ-em

=let

Votyak/Udm

k,o~u,ĺ,e,

kōĺ-ni,kiĺ

.

Mordvin

k,a,d~l,a~o,

kado-ms

.

Finn/Suomi

k,a,d,a~o,

kado-ta/kadu-ma

.

Lapp/Saami

g,o>uo,δδ,ē,

guoďď-et

.

Samoyed

k~χ,ā,ð~j,e,

kuote-t

.

Etruskan

c~k,a,x,a,

he-n

=to leave, let, permit [az96]

ALTAIC

k,a,ð,a,

k`oda

=finish, abandon;

Turkic

k~g,a,ð,a,

kojn

=leave, abandon; kod =let /Uigur Turk;

Mongolic

g,a,ð,a,

kon

=leave, abandon;

Tungusic

x,a,ð,a,

xoba-ni

=leave, abandon;

KELTIC

c,a,t,a,

chotu

= as in "ais-chotu" =feedback/??? "return affect?"

.

*kaĺ-ma

ATESTED

= corpse < *kola=die + 'ma=deverbal suffix; (suffix)

EmeGir/Sumer

g>h,a~u,l~r,_,

gil-im

=corrupted, destroyed; -the old -ma suffix wasnt lost.

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,a~e,j~l,-m~v,_,

hal-om

=mound(burial?); hal-ot,hul-a =corpse < hal=die + t=deverbal;

Mordvin

k,a,l,-m,a~o,

kal-mo

= grave,toomb; kal-ma- =burry;

Finn/Suomi

k,a,l,-m,a~o,

kal-ma

= corpse,death, ruler over the grave,cancer,ulcer,netherworld

Livonian

k,a,l,-m,a,

kaal-ma

=grave site; ? _oo-da =grave;

Estonian

k,a,l,-m,_,

kal-m

= grave site; ? hau-t=grave;

Lapp/Saami

g,o>uo,l,-m,ē,

guol-mâ-s

=pale,pallid,wan;

Samoyed

k~χ,ā,l,-m,(a),

kame-ro

=corpse/Eńeć; kol-mu =spirit of the dead/Kamas; haĺmer/Ńeńec;

Etruskan

c~k,a,ĺ,-,m~v,_,

celu-ca

=internment(of the dead); celu=sacred offering(?to the dead)

.

*kuše

ATESTED

=(?kuće) to bring > ? to or next to, locative (suffix)

EmeGir/Sumer

g>h,a~u,z~s,(e~a),

*kuse > ku_ 4

=to bring; > huše >> _še=onto (as suffix it became truncated);

EmeSal/Sumer

m,e,z,(e~a),

ma_

=locative; ma-da

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,z,e~i,

hoz

=to bring; hoz=to, toward locative suffix;

Ostyak/Khanti

k,u~o~ö,s>t,e,

xŏźi

=for, to, toward; kūť@η =place beside something;

.

*me-

ATESTED

= (*m8)interrogative ,what, when, why, which, prefix (suffix)

EmeGir/Sumer

m,e~i,-,

me-še

=where to;me-a=where;me-nam=when;me-ta=whence,me-a..lu=how many;

Magyar/Hungar

m,e~i,-,

mi

=what, me-ly-ik=which; me-re=where to; mi-kor=when "what time";

Vogul/Mansi

m,i,-,

män

=which,mana=what kind of; manax=how much; mә-tär=something;

Ostyak/Khanti

m,e,-,

mö-gi

=what,which; m@j=what,which,what kind;

Cherem/Mari

m,e,-,

ma

.

Votyak/Udm

m,o~u~e,-,

ma,myj

=what,which,what kind;

Mordvin

m,e,-,

m'e,me-źe

=what;

Finn/Suomi

m,e~ie,-,

mi-kä

=what,which,what kind;

Lapp/Saami

m,e,-,

mí

=what,which,what kind; (that) which, who;

Samoyed

m,e,-,

mîi

=what/Eńec; ma=what/ŋanasan; mo =why /Kamas;

ALTAIC

m,e,-,

mV

=interrogative;

Turkic

m>b,e,-,

-mi

=;

Mongolic

m>b,e,-,

-mu, -mi

=;

NOTES

ma, mi

=interrogatives; who, what, why/ Egypt;

.

*nime

ATESTED

= name, thing > deverbal, formative suffix -nemü, -lom, -mány, -vány (n)

EmeGir/Sumer

n~ŋ,a,m~n,(e~a),

nam

=prefix for things, prefix of abstracts; nam= governor;

EmeSal/Sumer

#,n~ŋ,i,m~n,(e~a),

na.áŋ

=thing

Magyar/Hungar

n,i~e,m~v,e~i,

név

=name, nem=gender,type; nemes=noble, high born;

Savard/Hungar

n,i~e,m~v,e~i,

ine(j)u

=name (m>w>u)

Vogul/Mansi

n~ń,i~ü,m,i,

näm

=name; nam@n=to be famous;

Cherem/Mari

l,i,m~v,e,

lüm

=

Votyak/Udm

n,i,m~v,,

ńim

.

Zuryen/Komi

n,e,m~v,,

ńim

.

Mordvin

l,i~e,m,o,

lem

.

Lapp/Saami

n,i~ie,m~mb,e,

nâmmâ

.

Samoyed

n,i,m~β,e,

nim

.

Etruskan

n,e,m~v,i~u,

-lum (n~l)

.

.

*pälε

ATESTED

= the inside, inner organ >locative innesive in (suffix) (location)

Group

#,p,ä,l,ε,

U.A.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

p~b,a,l,i~e,

bar [l~r]

= innards,soul; íb_, éb_ = middle, waist;

EmeSal/Sumer

p~b,e,l,e,

-ba, -bi

=locative terminative

Magyar/Hungar

b>f,e,l,ε,

-be, be-

=into, to prefix & case ending; bel-sö =inner; bél=intestine;

Savard/Hungar

p,e,l,ε,

béh, ba, be

=into;

Votyak/Udm

p~b,o~u,l,,

pol- , pol-in

= inside, among; poliś =from out of, from among;

Zuryen/Komi

p~b,e~i,l,,

pevs- , pels-

= 'ins Gras'

Etruskan

p,a~e,l,ε,

*pel

=cover;ep_l,pul,pi_=in,to,up to; vels, velsu = inner; vile=viscera;

ALTAIC

b,ä,l,ε,

belke

=waist, lap;

Turkic

(b),ä,l,ε,

boda

=body, intestine, belly; bod/Turkic; bel(k)=waist,lap;

Mongolic

(b~h),ä,l,ε,

boda

=body,intestine,belly; belkeglü=waist,lap;

Tungusic

p,ä,l,ε,

belge

=waist,lap;

KELTIC

b>f,ä,l~r,ε,

bol

=inner, stomach/Welsh; ball=stomach,inside/Irish???;

NOTES

English belly;

.

.

*-tt

ATESTED

= locative suffix (suffix)

Magyar/Hungar

-,t,

-tt

=locative noun suffix; Pécs-ett =at Pécs; itt=here, ott=there;

Etruskan

-,t,

-ti, -θi

=locative; Uni-al-θi=at Uni's (temple). -al=with;

DRAVIDIC

-,t,t,

atu

=to be next to, near;

KELTIC

-,th>d,

do

=locative (leads noun) /Irish; att =place/Irish; (English at)

.

*ńakke

ATESTED

= joint , vertabra , yearly growth (body) > neck, genetive suffix

Group

#,ń,a,k,k,e,

U.S.D.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

ŋ~n,a~u,g~h,_,

*ŋak > kak,gak

=peg,nail,joint;

Magyar/Hungar

ny,a~e,k,e~i,

nyak

=neck, -nyék=locality

Vogul/Mansi

ń~n,a,k,,

näk, nεh

=step,stage,end,limb,floor; nak-ui=finger joint;

Ostyak/Khanti

ń~n,a,k,,

ńaek

=limb,knot,duration,

Finn/Suomi

n,a,kk~k,e~ie,

nik-ama

=knots in plants,stalks

ALTAIC

ń~η,a,k',e,

niăke

=neck, vertabrata; miák'ù =neck;

Turkic

ŋ>j,a,g~k,e,

jaka

=neck, vertabrata; (?bakan=neck; )

Mongolic

ŋ>n,a,γ~g,e,

nigur-su

=neck, vertabrata;

Tungusic

ŋ>n,a,k,e,

muka; niki-mna

=neck, vertabrata;

DRAVIDIC

#,ń,a,k,k,e,

mak

=neck;

.

*ńu-mε

ATESTED

=God,the top, sky- >superessive (suffix); *nu- = upper part, high ;

EmeGir/Sumer

ŋ~n,a~u,_,

nim

=high, above, east, highland; an=hight; num 2,nun=rise up; numa=goddes of heaven; (a)

Magyar/Hungar

ny,u~o,-m~v,ε,

meny

=heaven; -on =on top, superessive suffix;

Vogul/Mansi

ń~n,u~o~ö,-m,,

no-, nu-, numi, num

=top, top part, highest; jäni= big, great; jänim=grow

Ostyak/Khanti

ń~n,u~o~ö,-m,,

no-, nu-, num

=upper; nom@n, num@n=upper;

Cherem/Mari

ń~n~j,o~u,-m~v,,

jumo

=god; juma=sky,heaven;

Zuryen/Komi

ń>n,i~e,-m~v,,

jen

=god; jenes=sky,heaven;

Finn/Suomi

n,u~o,-m,ε,

juma-la

=god; (n>j)

Estonian

ń,u~o,-m,ε,

juma-l

=god, sky;

Lapp/Saami

ń~n,u~o,-m,ε,

jubmel

==god;

Samoyed

ń,ü~o,-m,ε,

num

=heaven,sky;nu-idu=upward/Kamas;num=god,heaven,sky/Koibal,Ńeńeć;

Etruskan

n,a,-,m~v,ε,

num-en

=spirit/Latin < Etruscan??

Tungusic

ŋ>n,u,-,m,ε,

nu-hu

=high place/Manchu

.

*śukkε

ATESTED

= family, collective > derivational (suffix)

Group

#,ś,u,k,k,ε,

U.A.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

š>s,a~u,g~h,_,

-ság

=derivational suffix(not common);saŋ, sa_12=head,point,human;

Magyar/Hungar

sz,u~o,k,,

-ság

=derivational suffix; Sicul=székely a Hungarian ethnic group;

Finn/Suomi

s,u~o,kk~k,ε,

suku

=family; siki= ofspring

Livonian

s,u,k,ε,

suk

=family;

Estonian

s,u~o,kk~k,ε,

sugu

=family;

ALTAIC

č,u,k',ε,

čano

=people, gathering;

Mongolic

č,u,γ~g,ε,

čigul

=people, gathering;

Tungusic

č~s,u,k,ε,

čanit

=people, gathering;

NOTES

Saka

=Scythian, people-clan?

.