SOUND DERIV

WORDS ATTESTED

DEFINITIONS

*edil

ATESTED

single, unique, one < Altaic ădε < U.A. *eδe(er) (number)

Group

#,e,d,i,l,

U.A.S.D.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

e,d,i,l,

dili

=one, single, only, unique;

Magyar/Hungar

e,d,i~e,l,

egy-edül

=alone, singular, only; < loan of a Turkic variant;

Ostyak/Khanti

i~@,d,o,l~Λ~t,

id

= one;

Turkic

a~o,d,i,l,

*ădε

=to fit, equal, similar; ădal/Turkic;

Mongolic

a~o,d,i,l,

adali

=/Mongol;

Tungusic

a~o,d,i,l,

ada_

=/Tungusic;

DRAVIDIC

#,e,d,i,l,

idi_

=joined, united (as one);

.

*etera

ATESTED

thousand (also Iranian hezar=1000) (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

e,š,a~u,r,a,

šar

=3600

Magyar/Hungar

e,z~s,o,r,a~e,

ezer

=1000 (?ser-eg=an army?)

Vogul/Mansi

ä~a,t,i,r,,

sot@r

=1000

Etruskan

e,t,e,r,a,

etera

=100

NOTES

hezar

=1000 /Iranian

.

*eδe

ATESTED

= front , lead , forward > 1st (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

e,d,(e~a),

èd_, e 11

=to lead, exit; ud-saŋ =leader "lead+head/man", tu (KA-UD)=leader

Magyar/Hungar

e,l,e~i,

elö

=in front,lead; el=away; el-sö=first; el-ég =enough;

Vogul/Mansi

ä~a,(l~t),i,

iil-t

=in the front; iln,jäln=to the front,farther; ēl=forward;

Ostyak/Khanti

i~@,(l~t),e,

il@

=forth,forward; it=forth, forward/Southern

Finn/Suomi

e,t~d,e~ie,

ede-n, edellä > esi

=front; (*δe > ti > si)

Estonian

e,t~d,e~i,

ette > esi

.

Etruskan

e,l~t,i~u,

el-sśi

=first; athu-mic=noble clan; il-ac-ve = enough, completele + ve =translative

ALTAIC

#,e,dh,e,

āla

=/A;

Turkic

a~o,d>l,e,

āl-

= /Turk; il=east,forepart/Uigur;

NOTES

arp

=/Kor; (l>r)

.

*iηeśe

ATESTED

=(ükse) totality > one , all , whole #1 (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,k~h,e,š,(e~a),

_keš, kiš

=totality,all; >> _ŋeš, _gé_, _aš=one ; gu=entirely, sum, total;

Magyar/Hungar

e,g~v,e~ö,sz~z,e~i,

egész

=whole,all,complete>>[g>gy] egy_=one, egy-ed-ül=alone,egyen-es=straight,regular;

Savard/Hungar

i,j~dź,s,e~i,

idźe-śi

=all,totality; idźi =one (dź representation of gy by Armenian scribes)

Vogul/Mansi

#,i~ü,η(k),i,ć~s,i,

akva_

=one

Ostyak/Khanti

#,o,ηk~ηχ,e,ć~s,e,

it

=one,this < iηket ?

Cherem/Mari

i,(η~j),e~y~@,ž,e,

ykit ηg>k

=one

Votyak/Udm

i,m~n,e~i,z~ś,,

ühsi

=one

Samoyed

i,n,s,e,

ŋo_-poy

=

Etruskan

_,χ,a,ś,i~u,

?thu

=one ( idźi > thu ??)

Turkic

e~a,k~η,e,š>s,e,

iki?

=one

.

*kum-en

ATESTED

= ten 10 (number) #1 (also see luke)

EmeGir/Sumer

g>h,a~u,m~n,-,e~i,n~ŋ,

hù_,há >_u_, a5

=ten; há=numerous, plural for non humans; (+ma=formative)

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,m~v,-,e~i,n,

*hu-min >u-men> -ven

=suffixes for ten for 30="min", 40-90=use "ven";

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o~ö,m,-,i,n~ń,

pan

=10 at-pan=50;

Finn/Suomi

k,u~o,m,-,e~ie,n,

kummen

=10

Estonian

k,u~o,m~mb,-,e~i,n,

kumme

=10

Turkic

k~g,u,m,-,e,n,

on

=10 as a suffix/Turk;

.

*kutte

ATESTED

= (*kute) six , 6 (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

g>h,a~u,d~t,(e~a),

geš

=60; (g>h>blk) _aš=6;

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,t,e~i,

hot(arch) > hat

=6

Savard/Hungar

h~g,u~o,t,e~i,

hotu

=6

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o~ö,t,,

khat, hót

=6

Ostyak/Khanti

k,u~o~ö,t,,

hut

=6

Cherem/Mari

k,o~u,ť>ć,e,

kut

=6

Votyak/Udm

k,i~e,ť~t,,

kuusi

=6

Zuryen/Komi

k,i~e,ť~t,,

kudyt

=6

Mordvin

k,o,t,o,

kota

=6

Finn/Suomi

k,u~o,s,e~ie,

kuusi, kuud-en

=6

Livonian

k,u,t,t,e,

kuuž

=6

Estonian

k,u~o,s,e~i,

kuus

=6

Lapp/Saami

g,u~o,ťt~ht,e,

guťtâ

=6

Samoyed

k~χ,ü~o,tt~t,e,

mat'

=6 ?

Etruskan

h,u,t,i~u,

hut

= 6

.

*kuŕ-ma

ATESTED

= (*kolme also claimed) three , 3 (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

k,a~u,r,_,

?(eš

=3)

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,r,-m~v,_,

három

=3, háromszög =triangle "three angles"

Savard/Hungar

h~g,u~o,r,-m~v,_,

khormu

=3, khormusegh =triangle;

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o~ö,r,-m,_,

khúrem

=3

Ostyak/Khanti

k,u~o~ö,t,-m,_,

xutem

=3

Cherem/Mari

k,o~u,_,-m~v,_,

k@m

=3

Votyak/Udm

k,i~e,j,-m~v,_,

kujim, kwiń

=3

Mordvin

k,o,l,-m,a~o,

kolma

=3

Finn/Suomi

k,u~o,l,-m,a~o,

kolme

=3

Livonian

k,u,l,-m,a,

kuolm

=3

Estonian

k,u~o,l,-m,_,

kolm

=3

Lapp/Saami

g,u~o,l,-m,ē,

goĺbmâ, kolm

=3

Samoyed

k~χ,ü~o,l,-m,(a),

nyakr ?

.

Etruskan

c~k,a,_,-,m~v,_,

ci_

=three (-mä > blnk)

Turkic

k~g,u,ŕ,-,m,a,

üć

=three/Chuvash Turk;

DRAVIDIC

k,u,ŕ,-,m,a,

_ir

=two ?

.

*kuśε

ATESTED

=[or kuśe] twenty ~ young man , worker/maker (society) (number)

Group

#,k,u,ś,ε,

U.S.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

g>h,a~u,š,i~e,

ŋeš

=60; niš=20; ŋiš_ =man ŋ>g~n

EmeSal/Sumer

m,e,š,e,

mu-uš

=60; miš_, meš, mèš =young man, prince (? );

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,ś~sz,ε,

husz

=20; héś_,hieś=young man,groom,hero;

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o~ö,ć~s,,

khūś

=young man, χomχùs=worker,servant; χos, χuz =20; xoi=man

Ostyak/Khanti

k,u~o~ö,ć~s,,

χus_,kòs_

=20

Votyak/Udm

k,i~e,z~ś,,

kiź_

=20

Zuryen/Komi

k,i~e,z,,

kiź_

=20

Lapp/Saami

g,u~o,čč~ss,ε,

linked to kijj

=male

Samoyed

k~χ,ü~o,s,ε,

koč, kotje, keeč

=worker/Selkup; xajj-wppa=male, worker

Etruskan

h,u,ś,ε,

hus

=young man; ce_-alx =20 (alx < *luke=10); acil=work;

ALTAIC

k,u,š,ε,

kiši, keše

=

.

*käktä

ATESTED

= (or kättä) two 2 > to separate, split (number)

EmeSal/Sumer

m,e~i,(g~d),(e),

mi-n

=two, (related to FU mino= one of two)

Magyar/Hungar

k,e,ht>t,e,

kett-ö

=2; két=two of; kett-é=apart,separate; kett-en=together (-en=adv);

Savard/Hungar

k,e,t,e,

keltü

=two; keltü-disi=other;(másik) jer-ki=twin "child-dual";

Vogul/Mansi

k(w),ä~e,t,,

kit,kitü,kitäγ

=2

Ostyak/Khanti

k,ä~e,t,,

kat

=2

Cherem/Mari

k,ä~e,kt~t,,

kot-êt,kok,kokt-@t

=2

Votyak/Udm

k,o~u,k,,

kik,kek

=2

Zuryen/Komi

k,e~i,k,,

kik

=2

Mordvin

k,ä~e,j~v,d,e,

kavto

=2

Finn/Suomi

k,ä,ht~ks,ä,

kaksi

=2

Livonian

k,e,k,t,e,

kakš

=2

Estonian

k,ä,kt,ä,

keks

=2

Lapp/Saami

g,ie~a,kt,ē,

guokťĕ

=2

Samoyed

s~k,o~u,t,e,

siti

= /Selk; siti/Tvg; šede/Kamas;śid'è/Yur;

Etruskan

c~k,a~e,_,a~e,

ci ~ ki

=2; (perhaps d>t>c in leu of t>s from IE duo?)

ALTAIC

k,ä,k,t,ä,

*gàkta

=one of a pair/Altaic (Starostin),

Turkic

k~g,ä,k,nt>d,ä,

iki_

=two/Turk;

.

*luke

ATESTED

= figure, count, recon, number > read, 10 (v) (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

l,a~u,_,(e~a),

lá_

=to weigh, look after, to know; lu_ =many, much, numerous; hu>u=10;

Magyar/Hungar

l,u~o,v,e~i,

olva-s

=reads [*lov>olv)(sufix now part of root), ki-"le"-nc=9; out 10

Vogul/Mansi

l,u~o~ö,(γ~x),i,

loη-at

=count,read; lau, low = 10; lowińti =to count, read;

Ostyak/Khanti

l~t~λ,u~o~ö,(γ~x),e,

yang

=10

Cherem/Mari

l,o~u,(j),e,

lu-da

=count, read; lu=10;

Votyak/Udm

ĺ,i~e,_,,

ly-d

=number

Zuryen/Komi

ĺ,i~e,_,,

ly-d

=number

Mordvin

l,o,j~v,o,

lu-da

=count,read, 10;

Finn/Suomi

l,u~o,k,e~ie,

luke

=count, read, account

Lapp/Saami

l,u~o,kk,e,

lokkâ

=read, say, tel, tidings; yuü =10;

Etruskan

l,a,v~s,i~u,

-alx, -alc

= 10; > Latin lege-re; Etr>Lat/luce-res=century; _li-terae=read;

Turkic

l~j,u,k,e,

?vula

=/Chuvash

KELTIC

l,u,k,e,

léigh

=read/Irish; lei-m= I read, leann tú=you read, leann sé=he/she reads;

.

*mu-

ATESTED

= of two , dual (indef pron) / other (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

m,a~u,-,

mina, mi-n 5,6

=two,second;mén=both; maš=twin;mén=both,alike;man=companion;maš=1/2;

Magyar/Hungar

m,u~o,-,

monnó

=of two; más=other,duplicate; más-od-ik=second; más =a duplicate;

Vogul/Mansi

m,u~o~ö,-,

mót, moγ

= ; moš=second, other; m`n=we two;

Cherem/Mari

m,o~u,-,

mòlә

=

Votyak/Udm

m,i~e,-,

me-d, mi-d

=

Lapp/Saami

m,u~o,-,

mu-b'be

=

DRAVIDIC

#,m,u,-,

modi

= manner;

.

*naljä

ATESTED

= four 4 (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

n~ŋ,a~u,(l~r),(a~e),

li-mmu 2,3,4,5, nim

=four (metathesis?);ni_-min, nin =40<*niš-min =fourty(2*20);

Magyar/Hungar

n,a~ö,ll,e,

négy

=four, negy-ven =40 < *nelja+ *min (j>gy occured later)

Savard/Hungar

n,a~o,l,e,

nijdźi

=4

Vogul/Mansi

n~ń,a,ĺ,,

ńilä

=4

Ostyak/Khanti

n~ń,a,ĺ,,

ńite,ń@le

=4

Cherem/Mari

#,(n),a~o~u,l,j,,

niĺ

=4

Votyak/Udm

n,o~u,ĺ,,

ńil'

=4

Zuryen/Komi

n,o~u,ĺ,,

ńol

=4

Mordvin

#,n,a,ĺ,e,

ńiĺe

=4

Finn/Suomi

n,a,l,(j),ä,

nelja

=4

Livonian

n,a,l,(j),e,

neeĺa

=4

Estonian

n,a,l,(j),ä,

neli

=4

Lapp/Saami

n,o>uo,jj~kk,ē,

niekko

=4

Tungusic

n,a,l,j,ä,

net

=4/Korean

DRAVIDIC

#,n,a,l,j,ä,

nál

=4/Tamil; nalgi=4/Ku; nálu=4/Tu; nánku=4; nong/To;

.

*pälä

ATESTED

= likeness , sort of , half of a set, side , to split , share (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

p~b,a,l,(a~e),

bala

=fraction; bara 4 =to divide,to apportion; ba_-zi,ba_=divide; ba=share;

Magyar/Hungar

b>f,e,l,e,

fél

=1/2; féle=sort of, type; fel-ez =share,divide; fele-ség=wife;

Savard/Hungar

p,e,l,e,

péle

=1/2; vele=half of something;

Vogul/Mansi

p,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,

poål, pål

=half; pēl=half,side,type,region

Ostyak/Khanti

p,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,

pēl

=side; pēl-ek =half;

Cherem/Mari

p,ä~e,l,,

pel

=friend,intimate; pèl@=half,location; päĺ-na=younger brother;

Votyak/Udm

p~b,o~u,l,,

pal

=side, half, region, view, time of day; half of a set of two;

Zuryen/Komi

p~b,e~i,l,,

pel, pev, pē

=side;

Mordvin

p,ä~e,l,e,

p'eĺ

=side,half; ??päl'nä =younger brother

Finn/Suomi

p,ä,l,ä,

pieli

= ?

Lapp/Saami

b,ie~a,ll,ē,

boelle

=half,side, 1 of 2

Samoyed

p~f,o~u,l,e,

peele

=relative/Neńeć; p@al@/Kamas;ferie=relative/Eńeć;fealea/ŋan

Etruskan

p,a~e,l,a~e,

f_le-r

=statue, immage, picture, likeness < duplicate;

ALTAIC

b,ä,l,ä,

*bole

=indirect relative/Altaic;

Turkic

(b),ä,l,ä,

*bölük

=/Turkic;

Mongolic

(b~h),ä,l,ä,

*büli

=/Mongolic; ..

DRAVIDIC

#,p,ä,l,ä,

pati

=half/Ta;

.

*sorkε

ATESTED

= (sorε) span of the hand (body) (number)

Group

#,s,o,r,k,ε,

U.E.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

_,u~a,r,_,

_ra

=measure

Magyar/Hungar

_,a,r,k,,

_ar-asz

=span of the hand

Vogul/Mansi

t,a~o~u,r,(γ~x),,

tōr-@s

=span

Ostyak/Khanti

t~l,a~o~u,r,(γ~x),,

sor-@s, sor-t, sur-t

=

Cherem/Mari

š,a~o~u,r,(j),,

šor-

=

Mordvin

s,o~u,r,j~v,ε,

sur_

=

Etruskan

(ts),e~i,r,_,ε,

_ar-aś(a)

=span of the hand (measurement)

.

*säβtε

ATESTED

=(säβtε) seven, many, week, rest-free > seventh ,[Ugrian] (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

s,a,b,t,,

sub-at

=resting the heart > God rested on the 7th day;

Magyar/Hungar

_,e,(b),t,,

hét

=(#s>h) 7,week; szab-ad=freedom,allowed (the ?Slavic word is Thracian Scyth.)

Savard/Hungar

_,e,β,t,,

jeti

=7

Vogul/Mansi

s~š,ä~e,β,t,,

šōt

= seven, week; sát, seát=7

Ostyak/Khanti

t~l,ä~e,β,t,,

tāβet, λāp@t

=seven, week;

Cherem/Mari

š,ä~e,β,δ~t,,

(šymyt)

.

Votyak/Udm

š,o~u,β,d,,

(seitsee)

.

Zuryen/Komi

š,e~i,β,d,,

(sizim)

.

Finn/Suomi

s,ä,β,t,ε,

(seitsemän)

=7

Livonian

s,e,β,t,ε,

(seis)

=7

Estonian

s,ä,β,d,ε,

(seitse)

=7

Samoyed

t,o~u,β,d,ε,

sïiw

=7

Etruskan

(ts),a~e,β,t,ε,

semφ, sempf

= 7

ALTAIC

s,ä,β,t,ε,

*sat > jedi

=7(#s>_>j)

Turkic

s>y,ä,β,nt>d,ε,

sat

=7 /Uigur, sicce/Chuvash;

DRAVIDIC

#,s,ä,β,t,ε,

*(s)edu

=7/Dravidian;

NOTES

satta

=7 /?MItani;

.

*waće

ATESTED

three (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,a~u,š~s,(e~a),

peš, _eš

=three; (?triangle shape, pudenda)

Etruskan

v,a,s~χ,i~u,

_ci

=three (metathesis);

Turkic

_,a,č>c>s,e,

_öč

=three/Tatar; _üc,=Uzbek, viže=three/Chuvash;

.

*weća

ATESTED

= (weća) all , entire , total , complete (number) (a)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,a~u,š~s,a,

_aš_

=one; _su, _sa 5 =to increase, fill up?

Magyar/Hungar

v,e~ö,ś>sz,a~e,

_össz-es

=all,entire; _össze=come together; _össze-g=total amount;

Ostyak/Khanti

w~u,e,š~č,,

voć ~_oća

=all, entirely;

Votyak/Udm

v,e~i,ć~ś~č,e,

voć,voć-ak, viś, vić-ak

=all, entire, every, allways;

Zuryen/Komi

v,e~i,ć~ś~č,a,

vać, vaťš

=entirely;

Mordvin

v~β,e~i,ć~ź,a~o,

veše, väši, väšij

=all, whole;

Samoyed

(β~b),e~a~o,č~s,e,

bánsa

=all; bwšša=" heil,ganz"

Etruskan

(φ),a,s~χ,a,

_s-nu-iaφ

= a "single" future alliance; entire~single

.

*witte

ATESTED

=(witte) five , 5 (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,u,d~t,(e~a),

_ia_

=5 (probably derives from finger, not same root)

Magyar/Hungar

ve,t,e~i,

_öt

=five; ?_ügy=hand < fingers?

Savard/Hungar

ve,t,e~i,

(h)ütü

=5

Vogul/Mansi

vu,t,,

_ät

=five

Ostyak/Khanti

_u,t,,

uet

=five

Cherem/Mari

(β),i,ť>ć,e,

wit

=five

Votyak/Udm

v,i,ť~t,,

vit

=five

Zuryen/Komi

v,e,ť~t,,

vit

=five

Mordvin

v~β,i~e,t,o,

v'eťe

=five

Finn/Suomi

w,i~y,s,e~ie,

viisi

=five

Estonian

v~u,i~y,s,e~i,

viis

=five

Lapp/Saami

v,i~ie,ťt~ht,e,

viťtâ

=five

Samoyed

(β~b),i,tt~t,e,

(samlyangk ? )

.

.

*ükse

ATESTED

= < *üηese =one #2 (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,š,(e~a),

aš

=one; keš =totality.

Magyar/Hungar

i,sz,e~i,

ez

=this?; egész=totality;

Vogul/Mansi

a,γt,,

akva_

=one

Ostyak/Khanti

i,γt,,

it

=one < this

Cherem/Mari

y,kš,e,

ykit

= one

Zuryen/Komi

ü,s,,

ö_ti

=one

Mordvin

ü,kś,o,

yksi

=one,-ise=this

Finn/Suomi

ü,k,s,i,

yksi

=one

Livonian

ü,k,s,e,

ikš

=one

Estonian

ü,k,s,i,

üks

=one

Samoyed

?,t~d,e,

ŋo_-poy

.

ALTAIC

#,ü,k,s,e,

üć

=one

.

*īki

ATESTED

= ? ordinal numbers; (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

i,_,i~e,

igi

=reciprocal number (like thir-d), the abreviation of igi-``'ál;

Magyar/Hungar

i,v~z,,

-ik

=numeric designator; (más-od-ik =second, -d is a fraction );

.

*ńale

ATESTED

= [Ugric] bundle > eight 8 (number) -duplication of 4 (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

ŋ~n,a~u,l,(a),

(ia+uš >> ussu

=8 "5+3"

Magyar/Hungar

ny,a~ö,l,e~i,

nyol-c

=8; nyal-áb=a bundle or bunch of plants (held together);

Savard/Hungar

ń,a~o,l,e~i,

?lonćol

=8- #ń>j>l

Vogul/Mansi

ń~n,o~u,l~Λ~t,i,

ńala

=8

Ostyak/Khanti

ń~n,o~u,l~Λ~t,e,

ńil-ex

=8

Cherem/Mari

ń~n~j,a~o~u,l,e,

(kandaše)

.

Zuryen/Komi

ń>n,e~y,l,,

(kök-jamys) Turkish based

.

Finn/Suomi

n,a,l,e~ie,

(kahdeksan)

.

Livonian

n,a,l,e,

(kaadöks)

.

Estonian

ń,a,ll,e~i,

(kaeksa)

.

.

*śakkε

ATESTED

= piece, portion, period of time, era, section (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

š>s,a~u,g~h,_,

šuku

=food portion,ration;še_ =portion; šuku,šug=alloted food portion, ration;

EmeSal/Sumer

z,e,g~h,_,

sig 3,11, sag 2,3

=to chop down;

Magyar/Hungar

sz,a~e,k,,

szak-asz

=interval,section; szag-at=to cut into pieces; szak=age,era,period,division.

Vogul/Mansi

s~t,a,k,,

săk

=zerbrechen, zerfallen, entzweigehen,

Ostyak/Khanti

s~t,a,k,,

saχa-tam

=to fall apart, get smashed to pieces;

Finn/Suomi

s,a,kk~k,ε,

sukku?

=in a crushed or destroyed state;

Etruskan

s~z,a,kh,ε,

śuci,śuxu,śuc-ic,suc-ix

=piece, part; śuc-ri=dividing,cutting[az96]

KELTIC

s,a,c,ε,

sáigh

=break through, stabb through ?/Irish

.

*śata

ATESTED

= hundred (number)

EmeGir/Sumer

š>s,a~u,š,a,

sus

=60 and 1/6 (equivalent multiplier)

Magyar/Hungar

sz,a~e,z~s,a~e,

száz

=hundred

Vogul/Mansi

s~t,o~u,t,,

sååt

.

Ostyak/Khanti

s~t,o~u,t,,

sot,sat

.

Cherem/Mari

š~s,a~o~u,δ~t,,

süδö

.

Votyak/Udm

ś~š,e~y,_,e,

sö_

.

Zuryen/Komi

ś~š,e~y,_,a,

śo_

.

Mordvin

š~ś,a,d,a~o,

šada

.

Lapp/Saami

č,o>uo,ht~tt,ē,

čuotte

.

.

*šoja

ATESTED

= (soja) armlength , fathom (body) (number)

Group

#,š,o,j,a,

U.S.

.

EmeGir/Sumer

š~s,u,_,

su_ 13, su-d

=long, length, prolong

Magyar/Hungar

_,a~é,j,a~e,

_ujj

=arm length, sleeve; _öl =arm length;

Vogul/Mansi

t,a~o~u,j,,

taj-t

=

Cherem/Mari

z,a~o~u,(j),,

šo_-kš

=

Votyak/Udm

š,o~a,j,e,

sej_e-s

=

.