SOUND DERIV

WORDS ATTESTED

DEFINITIONS

*are-näkke

ATESTED

= shadow (protected / shaded + light) (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

a~u,r,i,-,n~ŋ,a,g~h,_,

ara 3, ar

=shine;+ niŋ-in=enclosure; niŋ + ar=dark room (metathesis);

Magyar/Hungar

a,r,e~i,-,n,e,k,e~i,

ár-nyék

=shadow, shade, spectre (ár=light + nyék=enclosed forrested area)

ALTAIC

#,a,r,e,-,n,ä,k,k,e,

ary

=bright,clean/Turk

.

*aća

ATESTED

= lawn , medow with a brook, field (possibly related to asz-ik per MSzFE) (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

a,š~s,a,

aša 5

=field, plot; isi =clay pit, pit;

Magyar/Hungar

a,cs~gy~s,a~e,

asz-ó

=dry riverbed, depression, valley;

Votyak/Udm

a,ź~ž,e,

aź-dor?

=depression,valley;

Zuryen/Komi

a,ź~ž,a,

aDź_ ?

=depression,valley;

Estonian

a~e,s~ts,ē,

aas_

=depression,valley;

.

*eće

ATESTED

= fall > rain (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,š~s,_,

_še-ŋ 3,7

=to rain, rain; _šu-b =to drop, let fall, to fall,rain;

Magyar/Hungar

e,cs~gy~s,e~i,

es_

=fall,es-ö=rain, es-ik=rains,falls;

Vogul/Mansi

ä~a,š~č,i,

íse-pi

=to fly; iś_=fall

Ostyak/Khanti

i~@,š~č,e,

@s@-l

=drop, let loose, shoot; es-t=drop,let down,loose

Votyak/Udm

o~a,ć~ś~č,,

uś-,üś-; uśkyt

=to drop

Zuryen/Komi

o~u,ć~ś~č,,

uś_, ús-kal

=fall down; uś-kõd=let down;

Samoyed

e,č~s,e,

üs-te-

=fell,fall down/Kamas; äs-tä-, äs-tä-pa=throw down/Selkup;

ALTAIC

#,e,ć,e,

*sigi(ä)

=rain, snow storm /Altaic; *sögV=juice/Altaic

.

*eče-

ATESTED

= +tt evening < sunset < setting/falling (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

e,š,i,-,

ùs-an

=sunset,evening (-an=time locative)

EmeSal/Sumer

e,z,e,-,

uzu- 5

=sunset, evening

Magyar/Hungar

e,s,e~i,-,

es_-te

=sunset, evening (see *ec'e=to fall + idö=time)

.

*ikä

ATESTED

= year , age , time (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

e,(v),e,

év_

=year; av-ul=get old, outdated;

Cherem/Mari

i,(j),,

ii, ji

=year

Mordvin

i,j~v,e,

ije_

=year

Finn/Suomi

y~i,k,ä,

_ika

=year

Lapp/Saami

i,kk,ē,

jâkke

=year

Etruskan

a,v,a~e,

av-il

=year,aged ; avil-χva=anually,yearly;avula = grandfather;

.

*ilmä

ATESTED

=(also ilemä) air , weather , sky & creator god ; (nature) (religion)

EmeGir/Sumer

i,_m,(a~e),

i_mi

= wind, imi-en-ur-ta = storm god > Ninurta, Nimrod (?en-imi-ur-ta);

Magyar/Hungar

e,m~v,e,

_lev-eg-ö

=air, atmosphere; (*ilemä > lemä > leve- (il>le)]

Vogul/Mansi

#,i~ü,l~Λ~t,m,,

eel@m, iil@m

=weather, world;

Ostyak/Khanti

#,o,l~Λ~t,m~w,,

il@m ~ it@m

= sky, weather, cloudy (day);

Votyak/Udm

i,l,m~v,,

in

= heaven; in-mar=god;

Zuryen/Komi

i~a,l,m~v,,

jen

=god, heaven;

Finn/Suomi

y~i,l,m,ä,

ilmä

=air,weather, storm; Ilma-rinen =sky & smith god;

Estonian

i,l,m~mb,ä,

ilm_

=weather, world;

Lapp/Saami

i,l,m~mb,ē,

âĺbme

= heaven, snowstorm;

.

*ičēppe

ATESTED

=(?) mire , muck (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

e~i,š,ē,_,(e~a),

isi_

= pit; clay pit

Magyar/Hungar

e,s,ē,p~b,e~i,

iszap

= muck, mire, wet sediment in rivers

.

*jelä

ATESTED

= light , day , sun (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,i,l,(a~e),

_íla, _íli, _íl

=to shine;

Vogul/Mansi

j~i,i,l~Λ~t,,

jâĺli

=lighten, jâlâ-kas=completely cloudless;

Samoyed

j,e~a~o,l,e,

jelo-Dze

=sun/Yukagir; jere=day/Eńec; jale=day/ηanasan;

Etruskan

z,e,l,a~e,

_il

=sun; lauca-ne=shining [az96] > Latin Lucius, Lucina > Lucy

.

*joke

ATESTED

= river , water (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

ŋ~g,u,_,(e~a),

gu_

=riverbank; i7; u-gu_ 2 =watering place, irrigation ;

Magyar/Hungar

j~gy,a~é,(v),e~i,

you > -jó_

="fo-lyó" river; i-(t/sz)=drink;

Vogul/Mansi

j,a~o~u,(γ~x),i,

_ie, ia

=river; ( substitutes for lead j)

Ostyak/Khanti

j,a~o~u,(γ~x),e,

ioγan

=small river; ioχ=river;

Cherem/Mari

j,a~o~u,(j),e,

jòγe

=river,waters

Votyak/Udm

j,o~a,_,,

ju-šur

=river;

Zuryen/Komi

j,o~a,_,,

ju

=river;

Mordvin

j,o~u,j~v,o,

jov

=the river Moksa

Finn/Suomi

j,a~o,k,e~ie,

joki

=river;juχke=brook;

Estonian

j,a~o,k,e~i,

jiki

=river;

Lapp/Saami

j,œ,kk,e,

jokka

=river;

Samoyed

j,u~o,gg,e,

jaχa

=river/Eńec; d'aga=brookriver,stream/Kamas; jæha/Neńec;

Etruskan

z,e~i,v,i~u,

gava

=water course. (? g isnt in Etruscan)

.

*jokk-er

ATESTED

= root (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

j~gy,a~é,k,-,e~i,r,

gyökér

=root, origin

Vogul/Mansi

j,a~o~u,k,-,i,r,

jekwer

= root

.

*jäηe

ATESTED

= ice (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

g,a,(g~n),

?š-en

=ice, snow; < *jäη'e variant;

Magyar/Hungar

j~gy,e,g~v,

jég_ ~ gyég_

=ice;

Vogul/Mansi

j~i,ä~e,η(k),i,

joaηk, ĺääη

=ice;

Ostyak/Khanti

j~i,ä~e,ηk~ηχ,e,

jöηk

=ice;

Cherem/Mari

j,ä~e,(η~j),_,

*ji > ij_ > _i_

=ice;

Votyak/Udm

j,o~u,m~n,,

jö_,jõ_, ďõ_

=ice;

Zuryen/Komi

j,e~i,m~n,,

ji_,jy_

=ice;

Mordvin

j,ä~e,η~j~v,o,

_ej ~_eη'

=ice;

Finn/Suomi

j,ää,_,

jää_

=ice

Livonian

j,e,j,

jej

=ice;

Estonian

j,ää,_,

jää_

=ice

ALTAIC

#,j,ä,η,e,

ťeη

=snow/Soyot; iηe-kse =freeze over/Evenki; iηīn=cold/Evenki;

.

*kame

ATESTED

= wetlands, swamp, moore (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

g~h,u,m~n,(e~a),

a-gam

= swamp (a=water designator);

EmeSal/Sumer

g~h,e,m~n,(e~a),

gán

=field,track of land;

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,a~e,m~v,e~i,

hány, han-t

=marsh,moore,swamp (m>n)

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,o~u,m,i,

xåm-es

=; khåm-šel=clump,mound in a marsh; kān-@η=shore of sm.

Ostyak/Khanti

k,o~u,m~w,e,

χom-@s

=island in a swamp;

Zuryen/Komi

k,o~u,m~v,,

kán

=side of something;

Samoyed

k~χ,ā,m~β,e,

konné

=up to the shore/forrest from the shore/Selkup;

.

*kaða

ATESTED

=mountain, peak, summit (or from kaća = peak , end point ) (nature) (location)

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,a~e,j~gy,a~e,

hegy

=peak, point, summit, mountain

Finn/Suomi

k,a,d,a~o,

*kaća > kasa

= end, peak, summit, top;

Estonian

k,a,d,ē,

kadsa

=the pointed corner of the ax;

Lapp/Saami

g,o>uo,δδ,ē,

goečče <

=*kaća end point < *kaća

Samoyed

k~χ,ā,ð~j,e,

χoi?

= /Yurak, kûeo, kuiju/Jen; koaja/Samojed;

Etruskan

c~k,a,x,a,

cexa, cexa-na, cexa-neri

= greatest, highest, superior, sumit;

.

*ki-me

ATESTED

= (kü-me) outside , outland (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

k,i~e,_,

ki_+ed

=exit;

Magyar/Hungar

k,i~e,-m~v,e~i,

kiv-ül

=outside of; ki_ =outward; kin-t =outside (-t=locative);

Vogul/Mansi

k(w),i~ü,-m,i,

kün, kwän, kwämn@

=(being) out; kon =being out/Southern mansi

Ostyak/Khanti

k,o,-m,e,

küm

=out, the exterior part; köm@n, kim=out,outdoors, outside;

Zuryen/Komi

k,e,-m~v,,

kiń- , kińći, kińja

=?except, save;

.

*kinte

ATESTED

= fog , mist (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

g~h,i~e,d,(e~a),

gidi 6, gidi-m 6

= eclipsed, darkened (-im=formative)

Magyar/Hungar

k,ö,d,e~i,

köd_ ~ ked ~ kögy(dialects)

=fog, (+öz) to cloud an issue;

Votyak/Udm

k,i,d,,

čõη-köd

=haze,vapour (čõη=smoke);kid=understanding,mood

Zuryen/Komi

k,e,d,,

ked

=smoke,haze,moisture,cloud;kid =understanding; mood;

Samoyed

s~k,i,tt~d,e,

kinta

=smoke/Tavgi; śuddo =(rising) smoke/Eńec; sümde/Selkup;

ALTAIC

#,k,i,n,t,e,

*k`edo

=fog, wind/Altaic; küden =(dark) smoke/C.Mongol;

.

*kiwe

ATESTED

= stone , rock (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

k,i~e,_,

ki-m

=stone type; gi_-n=precious stone(gi+na); kù_ =metal (ore?);

Magyar/Hungar

k,i~e,v,

kö(v)

=rock, stone; kav-ics=pebble;

Savard/Hungar

k,i~e,v,

kevi

=stone, rock;

Vogul/Mansi

k(w),o~u,w,i,

kúw,käw

=stone

Ostyak/Khanti

k,eu~e,w,e,

keu,koχ,kèw,kaw

=stone

Cherem/Mari

k,ü,(j),e,

kü_,küi

=stone

Votyak/Udm

k,ü~o,_,,

ko_,kü_

=stone

Zuryen/Komi

k,e,(i),,

iz-ki_

=

Mordvin

k,i~e,v,o,

kev_

=stone

Finn/Suomi

k,i~y,,

kivi

=stone;

Estonian

k,i~y,,

kivi,kive

=stone

Yukagir

k,i,w,e,

xai, šäu

= /Yukagir;

Etruskan

c~k,e,u,i~u,

hu-l

=stone[az96];ku-ik-na =stone projectile in a weapon ( -ik =diminutive)

.

*koje

ATESTED

= dawn (time) > koje-tel= sun (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,a~é,j,e~i,

haj-nal

=dawn; (-nál=at)

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,a~o~u,j,i,

kuj

=dawn, kui=morning redness;

Ostyak/Khanti

k,a~o~u,j,e,

χunt

=redness in the sky; kūń@l-kuńť =redness in the sky;

Zuryen/Komi

k,o~a,j,,

kia, kyva

=redness in sky(especially at dawn)

Finn/Suomi

k,a~o,j~i,e~ie,

koi

=dawn

Estonian

k,a~o,j~i,e~i,

koi

=morning redness of the sky;

Samoyed

k~χ,u~o,j,e,

kajja

=sun/Neńec ; kuja=sun/Kamas; kou=sun/Danasan

Yukagir

k,o,j,e,

χoi

=god

Etruskan

c~k,a,χ~n,i~u,

au-kêl (os)

=aurora, dawn /Hesykhios AZ96

ALTAIC

#,k,o,j,e,

kujaš

=sun/Turkic; *gi_òjńu=dawn,daylight/Altaic;

.

*kor-pi

ATESTED

= (?) swampi woodland (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

k~g,u~a,r,-,p,i~e,

gur

=water basin; ( gu_ =river bank, front land; )

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,o~a,r,-,v,i~e,

hor-to -bágy

=a marshy river wetlands in Hungary's Tisza River;

Finn/Suomi

k,a~o,r,-,p,i~y,

kor-pi

=swampy wood land;

.

*kumpa

ATESTED

= wave , turbulent water, foam (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

g~h,a~u,b,a,

gúb

=clense,purify; *hu-pu > uh-pu=foam; _ab=sea; _ab-zu=sea(personified);

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,b,a~e,

hab

=foam,turbulent water,wave; habzó= foaming; _öb-l-it=rinse,wash;

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o~ö,mp,,

χump, kub

=wave,foam

Ostyak/Khanti

k,u~o~ö,mp,,

χump, kump

= =wave, foam

Zuryen/Komi

k,i~e,b~p,a,

?gibavni

=

Mordvin

k,o,mb,a~o,

komb@-ld@

=to undulate

Finn/Suomi

k,u~o,mp~mm,a~o,

?kummu-ta

=, kumpuan

Estonian

k,u~o,mp~mm,ē,

?kummuma

=

Lapp/Saami

g,u~o,m~mb,p,ē,

?gobolastet

=

Samoyed

k~χ,ü~o,m~β,p,e,

χamp

=wave/Yurak; kaba=wave/Yenisey; koηfu=/Tavgi; komb/Selkup

Etruskan

c~k,a,m,a,

ikam, ikania

=oscillating, waving [az96]

.

*kura

ATESTED

= mountain > height (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

k~g,a~u,r,a,

kur

=mountain, highland, reach,attain,kindle,rise(sun); kur4=big;

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,r,a~e,

-kora

=big(not lead k!), _or-m =peak, _ér=to reach, attain;

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o~ö,r,,

kar-is

=mountain, high; kwor-em=sun god, caretaker of man;

Cherem/Mari

k,o~u,r,,

kur-ok

=mountain

Votyak/Udm

k,i~e,r,e,

kur, gur-es

=mountain

Finn/Suomi

k,u~o,r,a~o,

kor-kea

=high

Etruskan

χ~h,a,r,a,

kar-,kal-

=rocky, rocky mountain; ma-gura=height, mountain;

.

*kura

ATESTED

= fine-powder snow , frost > dew (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

k~g,a~u,r,a,

hara

= pulverize;

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,r,a~e,

har-ma-t

=dew, mist;

Votyak/Udm

k,i~e,r,e,

ger

=frost, frosty patterns (on window pane), icicles;

Zuryen/Komi

k,i~e,r,a,

gier

=frost cover on things;

Finn/Suomi

k,u~o,r,a~o,

kura

=fine snow, powder snow;

Estonian

k,u~o,r,ē,

kuuru-kene

=snow + ?

Lapp/Saami

g,u~o,rr,ē,

kåårrō

=form hoar frost on trees; kåårrā-lahka=ice,ice crust;

Samoyed

k~χ,ü~o,r,e,

kuro

=frost /Kamas; kur@=fine snow, frost;

ALTAIC

#,k,u,r,a,

k'ĭrma

=snow, hoar frost/Altaic; kyr/Turkic; kirmag/Mongolic;

.

*kuĺme

ATESTED

= (or kuδme] ash 2 / hot (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

k,a~u,m,(e~a),

kum

=hot,heat (m fused to root, not treated as suffix)

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,m,e~i,

chomuv > hamu, hamv-

=ash; ?hev-es=heated;

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o~ö,j,,

kūĺem

=ash

Ostyak/Khanti

k,u~o~ö,j,,

χōj@m

=ash; kaj@m=cinders;

Mordvin

k,o,l,o,

kulov,kulu,kuloη

=ash

Finn/Suomi

k,u~o,l,m,e~ie,

kulmu ?

=

Penuitan

h,u,ĺ,m,e,

kula

=black paint,made of ash/C.Miwok;

ALTAIC

#,k,u,ĺ,m,e,

kül

=ash/OsmanTurk;k@l=ash/ChuvashTurk

.

*kuńće

ATESTED

= kuńće star (heavens) < [ *kuče ] (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

k,a~u,g,(e~a),

kug > kù_

=bright,pure, sacred, silver..;

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,gy,e~i,

húgy

=archaic term for star, constellation;

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o~ö,ńś~ńć,,

χoś, koońš

=star

Ostyak/Khanti

k,u~o~ö,ńś~ńć,,

hus, kos

=star

Votyak/Udm

k,i~e,ź,,

koź-ul

=star =star

Samoyed

k~χ,ü~o,n,č~s,e,

kynDźigej, kúnDźegej

=/Kamas; keska/Selkup

Penuitan

h,u,ń,ć,e,

hōs-

=star/Calif Mich;

ALTAIC

#,k,u,ń,ć,e,

*kùčV

=type of star,constellation /Altaic?

.

*kumε

ATESTED

=(kumε) fine snow (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u~o,m~v,ε,

hóv > hó, hav

=snow; ?hül=to cool off;

Votyak/Udm

k,i~e,m~v,,

kym

=thin, newly fallen snow;

Samoyed

k~χ,ü~o,m~β,ε,

hawa

=brittle snow/Neńec;

Yukagir

k,u,m,ε,

ku_

=snow/Yukagir;

ALTAIC

#,k,u,m,ε,

*kóbe

=to freeze/Altaic;köbsi/Mong; kopor/Jp; χuw-ān=hoarfrost/Ewenki;

.

*kūδe

ATESTED

= morning, dawn > tomorow ; (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

k,a,d,(e~a),

húd

=morning; háda, had 2= to shine brightly; ki_-hul=morning rites;

Magyar/Hungar

h~g,u,l,e~i,

hol-nap

=tomorow "dawn?light+sun";

Vogul/Mansi

χ~h,u~o,(l~t),i,

hol,qol

=morning; holi=east, in the morning; kat-@l =sun;week;

Ostyak/Khanti

k,u~o,(l~t),e,

hŏt-ne

=in the morning "dawn+sun" naj=sun?; kot-@l = sun;week;

Samoyed

k~χ,ū,d~l,e,

kidü

=wake/ŋanasan, kidu-duo=morning/Eńec; huu_,huuwi=morning/Neńec;

Penuitan

h,ū,j,e,

hōj

=morning/Calif-Mich;

Etruskan

c~k,ū,t,i~u,

cat, caθ

=sun god, showed as a rising sun;

.

*leil

ATESTED

=(lewle) spirit 2, soul 2, damp air (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

l,_,i,l,

lil

=air,breath,soul,infection;

Magyar/Hungar

l,e~i,,l,

lél-ek

=soul; lehel=breath; lég =atmosphere; levegö=air;

Vogul/Mansi

l,@,,l~Λ~t,

lili-ät

=breath; lele,lel=soul; lil=air;

Ostyak/Khanti

l~t~λ,@,,l~Λ~t,

tit, λiλ, lil

=air; tit, λiλ=soul;

Votyak/Udm

ĺ,o~a,,l,

lul

=breath,breathe,steam,soul,spirit,heart,life;

Zuryen/Komi

ĺ,o~a,,l,

lol,lov,lō

=air,gas;

Finn/Suomi

l,e~ie,i~y,l,

löyly

=damp air;

Estonian

l,æ,i~y,l,

leil

=damp air, air, life

Lapp/Saami

l,æ,i~ie,l,

liewlâ

=steam

Yukagir

l,e,i,l,

lul

=smell/Yukagir;

Etruskan

l,e,e,l,

ril

= spirit ( l>r)

.

*lomk

ATESTED

= warm , flame , burn , light (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

l,a,h,

lah, _àh

=shine, dry

Magyar/Hungar

l,a~é,ng,

láng

= (mk >ng) flame; me-leg=warm;

Vogul/Mansi

l,a~o~u,m,

lum-et

=

Cherem/Mari

l,a~o~u,m,

lom-@ž

=ash;

Votyak/Udm

ĺ,o~a,m,

lom-al-ni

=to burn; lum-it=lukewarm,mild,tepid;

Etruskan

l,a,m~v,_,

lam-tun

=shiny [az96] (tun ? tün-dök);>lan-terna=lamp,torch/Latin

.

*lume

ATESTED

=snow; (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

l,u~o,m~v,e~i,

lom

=broken ice;

Cherem/Mari

l,o~u,m~v,e,

lum,lõm

=snow;

Zuryen/Komi

ĺ,i~e,m~v,,

lym

=snow;

Finn/Suomi

l,u~o,m,e~ie,

lumi

=snow;

Estonian

l,u~o,m~mb,e~i,

lumi

=snow;

Lapp/Saami

l,u~o,m~mb,e,

lubmĕ

=snow?ice;

Samoyed

l,ü~o,m~β,e,

lym

=sherbet;

.

*lämpi

ATESTED

= bog, swamp, marsh, marsh (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

l,e,b,i~e,

láp

=swamp, area of high water; lep=inundate;

Vogul/Mansi

l,ä~e,mp,i~ü,

lup

=

Cherem/Mari

l,ä~e,b,i,

lap

=low swampy ground,valley;

Zuryen/Komi

ĺ,e~i,b~p,e,

lep

=

Finn/Suomi

l,ä,mp~mm,i~y,

lampi

= small lake,pond without outlet;lami=pond,woodland lake;

Lapp/Saami

l,ie~a,m~mb,p,i,

lapp-ad, luobbâl

=small lake through which a river runs;

Samoyed

l,o~u,m~β,p,i,

lymb-ad

=marsh,moor;

ALTAIC

#,l,ä,m,p,i,

*lé-bu

=swamp/Altaic

.

*maγe

ATESTED

= land , earth , territory , place (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

m,a~u,_,

ma-da

= district (-da=locative);

Magyar/Hungar

m,a~e,v~u,e~i,

vi-d-ék

= countryside, megye =county; mezö =grass lands < outer land

Vogul/Mansi

m,o~u,γ~x~w,i,

má, me

=place

Finn/Suomi

m,a,(v),e~ie,

maa

= land, country, medow, floor; metsa =woods < outer lands;

Estonian

m,a,γ,e~i,

maa

= land;

Etruskan

m,a,γ,i~u,

ma 2

= place; (often translated only as "to be"/am, but place also valid.

.

*mäηä

ATESTED

=(maa) land, earth (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

m,a,(g~n),

ma_-da

= district-off; land, country; earth (-da=locative)

Magyar/Hungar

m,e,g~v,

megye

=county (not slavv] vid-ék =countryside;

Finn/Suomi

m,ää,_,

maa

= land; metsa = outer forrest land;

Estonian

m,ää,_,

maa

= land

.

*mīre

ATESTED

= wind storm (?violent storm) ; ilmä = air & weather; (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

m,ī,r,_,

mer 2, mir 2

=storm wind, violent storm; mir=north wind; ?Marduk

Magyar/Hungar

m,ī,r,e~i,

ne-mere

=violent north wind(Transylvania); [m>v]??vihar =storm;

Finn/Suomi

m,ī,r,e~ie,

myrsky

=strom;

.

*naje

ATESTED

= (najε) light , fire > sun (heavens) [Ugrian] (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

n~ŋ,a~i,_,

nu_11

=light, fire; ne-bo =Mercury?

Magyar/Hungar

n,a~e,j,e~i,

na_-p

=sun < from naj + pi?

Vogul/Mansi

n~ń,o~u,j,i,

nāj, nai

=sun,fire

Ostyak/Khanti

n~ń,o~u,j,e,

nai

=fire, nai-xär=fire place

DRAVIDIC

anappu

=fire,heat; nep=burning coal; nippuka=fire;

.

*paĺa

ATESTED

freeze, frost, ice-crust; (v) (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

f~b,a~e,j~l,a~e,

fagy

= frost, freeze; ĺ > gy as in several other words;

Vogul/Mansi

p,o~u,ĺ~ť~>k',,

poĺi-

=be cold, be freezing, burn;

Ostyak/Khanti

p,o~u,ĺ~ť~>k',,

pŏj

=thich ice crust; păj@t=get cold, catch cold;

Mordvin

p,a,l,a~o,

palo-

=be cold, be freezing; pulta- =burn;

Finn/Suomi

p,a,l,a~o,

pala-le

= be cold, be freezing, feel chily; paleltu- =freeze;

Lapp/Saami

b,o>uo,l,ē,

buolâš

=frost, frosty, frost bite;

.

*puηke

ATESTED

= bend , knot , clump ; poηka =blister, swelling; (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

p,a~u,ŋ~g,_,

buŋ

=blister; ban =bow "bent";

Magyar/Hungar

b~f,u~o,g,e~i,

bog-

=knot, bogoz=unknot, bog-lya=hay stack "clump";

Vogul/Mansi

p,u~o~ö,ηk>ηχ,,

puηk-el, poχlèp

= button or knob like;

Ostyak/Khanti

p,u~o~ö,ηk>ηχ,,

puηk-el

= tree knot; pŏń- =roll up, wrap up;

Votyak/Udm

p~b,i~e,(η)g,,

pog

=clump

Zuryen/Komi

p~b,i~e,g~k,,

bug-iĺ

=buckle

Mordvin

p,o,ηg,o,

pok-il

=swelling, yarn wound up into a ball?;

Finn/Suomi

p,u~o,nk,e~ie,

punka ?, puńa

=twisted,tangled,kink;

Estonian

p,u~o,ng,e~i,

pung

=round protruberance;

Lapp/Saami

b,u~o,ηk~ηg~gg,e,

buģge

=bump, lump, hump, swollen -expanded object;

ALTAIC

b,u,η,k,e,

bug-ul

=haystack/Sakha; boγol/Tatar

.

*pilwe

ATESTED

= cloud , mist , plume (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

b,i,ll,(e~a),

u-billa

=soot

Magyar/Hungar

f~b,i~e,l,e~i,

fel-hö ~ fel-eg

=cloud; l>r pára =mist, humidity;

Vogul/Mansi

p,i~ü,l,,

pel-@η

=cloud

Cherem/Mari

p,i,l,e,

põl

=cloud;

Votyak/Udm

p~b,i,ĺ,,

piĺ-em, pil

=cloud;

Zuryen/Komi

p~b,e,l,,

pila

=cloud;

Mordvin

p,i~e,ĺ,o,

p'eĺ

=cloud;

Finn/Suomi

p,i~y,lv,e~ie,

pilvi

=cloud

Lapp/Saami

b,i~ie,ĺv,e,

bâĺvâ

=cloud;

ALTAIC

b,i,l,w,e,

*bŭlu

=cloud/Altaic; bulut=cloud/Turkic; bol- /Tungusic;

.

*piče

ATESTED

= smoke , plume [Ugrian] (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

f~b,i~e,s,e~i,

füs-t

=smoke (ö>ü); búsz, búz =smoke (dialectical);

Vogul/Mansi

p,i~ü,č~š~s,i,

pås-@m, pošš-am

=smoke;

Ostyak/Khanti

p,o,č~š~s,e,

puz-@η

=smoke;

ALTAIC

b,i,č,e,

basχa

=smoke /C.Mongol; büs=fog/Bašqort, bus/Chagatai; pus/chuvash

.

*pore

ATESTED

= dust , ash (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

b,u~a,r,_,

par-im

=dry,arid land

EmeSal/Sumer

b,e,r,_,

bír

=dry up,

Magyar/Hungar

b,o~a,r,e~i,

por

=dust *archaism or reintrudeced from Turk p>b>p?

Vogul/Mansi

p,a~o~u,r,i,

pär,per

=ash

Finn/Suomi

p,a~o,r,e~ie,

poro

=coarse dust,ash,rubble

Samoyed

p~f,u~o,r,e,

püre

=bed of sand, sand/Kamas; prja =bed of sand,sand/Koib

ALTAIC

b,o,r,e,

bóru

=dust,smoke, whirlwind /Altaic; *pere=ground/Tungusic?

.

*ratu

ATESTED

= copper (nature) (metal) << common loanword from Caucasus area;

EmeGir/Sumer

r,a~u,š,a~u,

u-ru-du

=copper < *rattu

Magyar/Hungar

r,a~e,z~s,u~o,

réz

=copper; ( érc=metal ore < German erz)

Finn/Suomi

r,a,t,_,

ratu-a

=copper

.

*raćε

ATESTED

= fissure , narrow opening (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

r,a~u,š~s,i~e,

*raš > ri_

=to break open;

Magyar/Hungar

r,a~e,cs~gy~s,ε,

rés

=fissure, narrow opening (similar to rep-ed=crack open);

Vogul/Mansi

r,o~u,š~č,,

roź, ruź

=hole, opening;

Cherem/Mari

r,a~o~u,č~ź~z,,

raž, rož

=hole

.

*siðe

ATESTED

= brook > cold (nature) [may be wrong source!] (a)

EmeGir/Sumer

#,š,i~e,(d~l),(e~a),

sid

=cold water, cool down, calmed; *_ise_ > eš_ =cold;

Magyar/Hungar

_,i~e,j~gy,e~i,

_ügy

=river,brook; s>h ?hid-eg=cold (s>h); csit-it =to calm/quiet down;

Vogul/Mansi

t,i~ü,ĺ,i,

χèt

=freezing cold; < Hungarian hid-eg

Votyak/Udm

š,i,ĺ,,

zyĺa

=

Penuitan

s,i,d,e,

het-

=cool off/Calif Miss;

.

*säηke

ATESTED

= (and/or säη-ke) air > sky (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,a,ŋ~g,_,

*aη > _an_

=sky, high [ŋ>n]

Magyar/Hungar

_,e,g,e~i,

_ég_

=sky < säηke

Ostyak/Khanti

t~l,ä~e,ηk>ηχ,,

säηGe

=light,clear (sky,water)?; sa`ηki=the great god

Zuryen/Komi

š,e~i,g~k,,

syn-öd

=air; sinε-d=weather; _in-mar=god;

Finn/Suomi

s,ä,nk,e~ie,

sää-

=weather;

Lapp/Saami

s~š,ie~a,ηk~ηg~gg,e,

šańń

=weather;

Etruskan

_,a~e,χ,_,i~u,

_ani

=sky god, Janus > January=god of the highest heavens;

.

*sükse

ATESTED

= autumn , fall , rainy season < to fall down (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

#,š,u~i,š,(e~a),

šuš 2, šu_2,4

=overcast, cast down; šeη 3,7 =rain

Magyar/Hungar

_,ü~ö,sz,e~i,

_ösz

=autumn, fall time < rainy season; áz=to get soaked;

Vogul/Mansi

t,u~o~a,γt,,

tüyjs, takw@s

=fall time, autumn;

Ostyak/Khanti

t~l,u~o~a,γt,,

sög@as

==fall time, autumn;

Cherem/Mari

š,u~o,kš,e,

š@ž@

=fall time, autumn;

Votyak/Udm

š,i~e,s,,

siz'-yl, śiźel

=fall time, autumn;

Mordvin

s,u~o,kś,o,

śokś, sokś, śoks

=fall time, autumn;

Finn/Suomi

s,u,k,s,i,

syksy, syys

=fall time, autumn;

Estonian

s,u,k,s,i,

sügis

=fall time, autumn;

Lapp/Saami

s~š,o,k,s,e,

čâk'čâ

=fall time, autumn;

.

*terε

ATESTED

area of open land (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

t,a,r,i~e,

dari

=driver of animals

Magyar/Hungar

t,e~i,r,ε,

tér

=plaza, area of open land; ter-el=to drive animals, to keep within an area.

Votyak/Udm

t~d,o~u~e,r,,

tär

=to return, to fit in, find a place;

Zuryen/Komi

t,o~u~e,r,,

ter-ni

=have room, plaza

.

*tompε

ATESTED

= (t8mp3- ) hill , mound (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

d,a,b,,

dub > du_ 6,

=pile up; du_=hill; du-d=mound;tem-en =foundation platform;

Magyar/Hungar

t,a~é,b,,

domb

=hill, dob=pile/toss up?

Vogul/Mansi

t,a~o~u,mp,,

tomp

=hill, tump=island

ALTAIC

t,o,m,p,ε,

θujpe

=hill,top/A; *tepe=hill /Turkic; tumba/Tadjik; dobu/Mng; düb/Tng;

.

*tälwä

ATESTED

= winter < cold ? (nature) [? talme m~w > talwe] (time)

EmeGir/Sumer

t,a,ll,(a~e),

ten

=cold (l~n), en-ten =winter time (en=time locative);( L< > N)

Magyar/Hungar

t,e,l,e,

tél

=winter, tél-en =in winter time (en=time locative);

Vogul/Mansi

t,ä~e,l,,

täl,toal

=winter; tal-n@ =in winter time;

Ostyak/Khanti

t,ä~e,l,,

tat,taΛ,tal;

.

Cherem/Mari

t,ä~e,l,,

tel

=winter;

Votyak/Udm

t~d,o~u,ĺ,,

tol

=winter; tõl-yn=in winter time;

Zuryen/Komi

t,e~i,l,,

tel

=winter;

Mordvin

t~ť,ä~e,ĺ,e,

ťeĺe

=winter;

Finn/Suomi

t,ä,lv,ä,

talv

=snow;winter; talvõ-na =in winter time/Vaadja;

Livonian

t,e,l,e,

tōla

=winter

Estonian

t,ä,lv,ä,

talv

=snow;winter;

Lapp/Saami

d~t,ie~a,ĺv,ē,

dalve

=winter;

ALTAIC

t,ä,l,w,ä,

*tuŋa

=cold,frost/A; doŋ=frost,freeze/Trk; taγara/Mng; doŋota/Tng;

.

*täwte

ATESTED

= fire (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

t,a,b,t,(e~a),

tab

=fever-to burn, sting, fever; tab,tab2=fire,to burn;

EmeSal/Sumer

t,e,b,t,(e~a),

dib

=to burn; (ES?)

Magyar/Hungar

t,e,-,d,e~i,

tüz

=fire; ?tap-ló=tinder;

Vogul/Mansi

t,ä~e,-,t,,

taβt

=fire;

Ostyak/Khanti

t,ä~e,-,t,,

tuγa,tut

=fire;

Etruskan

t~θ,a~e,_,t,i~u,

θuśti, tusti

=in fire, in the flame; from frunerary ash container

ALTAIC

t,ä,w,t,e,

togo

= /Tungusic;

.

*tōwe

ATESTED

= pond > lake (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

t,u,e~i,

tav, tó_

=lake

Vogul/Mansi

t,a,i,

tō

=see; tәw, tog, too =lake

Ostyak/Khanti

t,a,e,

tŏg, t@w

=pond;

Cherem/Mari

t,ū,e,

to-mõž

=

Votyak/Udm

t~d,ū~ō,,

ty

=pond;

Samoyed

t,ō,_,e,

to

=lake /Selkup; to,tó/Neńec; tu=branch of river/Kamas;

.

*tūle

ATESTED

= ( & tul-ma) wind (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

d,a,l,(a),

tu_ 15 & tu_-mu

=wind, direction; tu-ma =to fart;

Magyar/Hungar

t,u,l,e~i,

dúl

=raging (storm,war,etc); t>s?szél=wind

Cherem/Mari

t,uu,l,e,

tul

=storm

Votyak/Udm

t~d,i,l,,

tel

=wind

Zuryen/Komi

t,i,l,,

tel,tev

=weather,wind;

Finn/Suomi

t,uu,l,e~ie,

tuuli

=strom, wind;

Estonian

t,u~o,ll,e~i,

tuul

=wind

ALTAIC

t,ū,l,e,

*tavyl

=storm/Turkic; ?yl=wind/Turk

.

*wete

ATESTED

= [ also weðe ] water , river (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,a,š,(e~a),

_eš

=water; _a_, _e_ 4=water; ?_id =river;

Magyar/Hungar

v,e~i,z~s,e~i,

viz

=water; _ügy =small river; _i_=drink, i-t-al= a drink;

Savard/Hungar

v,e~i,z~s,e~i,

vezi

=water;

Vogul/Mansi

(w),i,t,i,

vüt ~_üt

=water

Cherem/Mari

w~β,e~y~@,δ~t,e,

β@t

=water,river

Votyak/Udm

v,o~u~e,_,,

va_, vu_

=water

Mordvin

v~β,e~i,d,o,

v'ed

=water

Samoyed

(β~b),e~a~o,d,e,

βit,bi_,_it

=water,river

Etruskan

(φ),e,t,i~u,

_iθ-al

= a drink; _iθta_=drinking vessel; ?_use-ti=draw water;

.

*wolnε

ATESTED

= tin, lead (nature) (metal)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,u~a,_,n~ŋ,,

_an(ak)

=tin

Magyar/Hungar

v,o~a,l,n,,

_ón

=tin; _olom=lead;

Vogul/Mansi

(v),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,n~ń,,

_alen

=tin

Ostyak/Khanti

(w),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,n~ń,,

_olnε, olna

=tin

Cherem/Mari

(β),a~o~u,l,(n),,

βuln@

=tinn

Etruskan

v,e~i,l,n,ε,

*pul-um >Latin p_lum-bum

=lead(Greek molubdos)

.

*wore

ATESTED

= mountain , peak , nose , muzzle, forrested mountain (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

_,u~a,r,_,

_ùr

= mountain pass, roof, beam; kiri=muzzle

Magyar/Hungar

_,o~a,r,e~i,

_or-om

=mountain peak(-om=formative); orr=peak,nose; er-dö=forrest;

Vogul/Mansi

(v),a~o~u,r,i,

_uor

=

Ostyak/Khanti

(w),a~o~u,r,e,

wur

=wooded mountain

Votyak/Udm

w~β,o~a,r,,

vyr

=hill

Zuryen/Komi

v~β,o~a,r,,

vor

=forrest

Lapp/Saami

v,œ,rr,e,

varre

=forrest

ALTAIC

#,w,o,r,e,

_oroi

=summit/Mongol

.

*älü

ATESTED

tree sap (nature)

Vogul/Mansi

ä~a,l~Λ~t,u~o~a,

ol, il

=

Ostyak/Khanti

(i)ä,l~Λ~t,u~o~a,

ö@l, ĕl, ăl

=

Lapp/Saami

vuo,ll,o,

álos

=the sap layer of a tree

Samoyed

(j)e,l,ü~o,

yl, yllu öl

=

.

*äsε

ATESTED

= to heat , become very hot > fierry (a) (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

a,š,,

izi

=fire

Magyar/Hungar

e~i,s,ε,

izz-ó

=glowing hot coal; iz-ik =being very hot; iz-ad=perspire;

Vogul/Mansi

i,š,,

iš-m

=hot,warm

Ostyak/Khanti

(j)i,t~l,,

@at, ŏl

=to heat

Votyak/Udm

e,z,,

es-ty-

=to heat;

Zuryen/Komi

y,z,,

õz-jy

=catch fire; õzty- =fire;ignite,light;

Mordvin

ä~e,z,ε,

ež-ďa

=to heat,warm

Lapp/Saami

æ~a,ss~cc,ε,

accâ-gâs

=

Etruskan

u,s,ε,

ush-il

=sun; az_ = to burn, to sear/Az96

ALTAIC

#,ä,s,ε,

ase

=hot,catch fire/A; asa=hot/Chuv; isi=warm/Turk;(h)asa=burning/Mng;

.

*ćakä

ATESTED

= drifting ice, thin ice (nature) << a fragment;

EmeGir/Sumer

š>s,a~u,_,(a~e),

šeŋ_ 8

=ice,snow

Magyar/Hungar

s~cs,a~e,(v),e,

zaj, szaj, saj

=thin ice crust on water.

Vogul/Mansi

š~tš~č,o~u,(γ~x),,

ćoχ

=thin ice that floats before river freezes;

Lapp/Saami

č,o>uo,kk,ē,

čuokke

= =ice crust on pasture;

.

*ćelke

ATESTED

= sparkle 1, shine > star (heavens) (v) (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

š>s,a,l,_,

zal_-ag

=shine,star (-ag, -āk, -a =verbal formative suffix, "does")

Magyar/Hungar

s~cs,e~i,l,e~i,

csill-og

=shine,twinkle,gleam> csill-ag=star;(-og verbal formative)

Vogul/Mansi

š~tš~č,i,l(γ),,

sül-,sülγ

=flash,gleam,sparkle,twinkle;

Ostyak/Khanti

š~tš~č,e,l(γ),,

śuli-lta

=to shine,light;

Cherem/Mari

č~ś,e~y~@,l(γ),e,

ts@lγ@-žam

=to glimmer, shine; tsolγe=lightning;

Votyak/Udm

č~ts,e~i,l,,

čiĺ-al-,śijal-,śiĺal-

=to glisten, glitter, shine, sparkle;

Mordvin

ć,e~i,lg~ld,o,

tśiĺďo-r

=to glimmer,shimmer,shine;

Finn/Suomi

s,e~ie,l,k,e~ie,

selke-ä

=shiny sky/; Karelian: ťšilke-ttöa (tś>s)=to shimmer,shine

Etruskan

s~z,e,l(ac),i~u,

śale, śalie, śalvi

=star, splendid;zilac-al =stars; śal-tuc=shine

ALTAIC

#,ć,e,l,k,e,

*či_ōli

=light,grey/Altaic; cilâlι=shining/Turkish; čil,čel-/Mng; čolka/Tng;

.

*ćolmo

ATESTED

= (ćolme) knot , clump , bulb, tie , onion (nature) (food)

EmeGir/Sumer

š>s,a,_m,u,

šúm, ki-šúm-ak

= onion, garlic (bulb) ;

EmeSal/Sumer

š>s,e,_n,e~i,

sim

=carbuncle, skin sore;

Magyar/Hungar

s~cs,o~a,m,

csom-ó

=knot, nodule, clump, bunch, bulb; ha-gyma=onion (ć>gy)

Mordvin

ć,o~u,l,m,-,

śolmo

=knot, bundle; śulma-ms =to tie, to knot;

Finn/Suomi

s,a~o,l,m,o,

solmu-an

=to make a knot; solmi, solmu=knot, lump;

Estonian

s,a~o,l,m~mb,o,

sõlm_

=knot, lump, bun;

Lapp/Saami

č,œ,l,m~mb,_,

čuoĺbmâ

=knot

ALTAIC

#,ć,o,l,m,o,

čim_

=/Chagatai Turk; čomor-lik/C.Mongol;

.

*ćukke

ATESTED

hill, top (also ćuće ) (nature)

Vogul/Mansi

š~tš~č,u~o~ö,k,,

ćak@, śok@l

=

Ostyak/Khanti

š~tš~č,u~o~ö,k,,

tak, sak

=

Votyak/Udm

č~ts,i~e,k,,

č'uk

=

Zuryen/Komi

č~ts,i~e,k,,

ćuk

=

Finn/Suomi

s,u~o,kk~k,e~ie,

sukki

=

Lapp/Saami

č,u~o,kk~hk,e,

čokka

=summit

Samoyed

s,ü~o,kk~χ,e,

sok, sŏk, hok, hŏk

=/Selkup

.

*ćuća

ATESTED

= (ćukka) peak , point (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

š>s,a~u,š~s,a,

susi

=summit/Bobula; _iši =[#ć>š>_)mountain; (reanalyzed as dup.);

Magyar/Hungar

s~cs,u~o,cs~gy~s,a~e,

csúcs

=peak, point, mountain peak

Vogul/Mansi

š~tš~č,u~o~ö,š~č,,

ćak@

=hill, peak;

Ostyak/Khanti

š~tš~č,u~o~ö,š~č,,

sak

=peak, point;

Votyak/Udm

č~ts,i~e,ź~ž,e,

čuk

=

Zuryen/Komi

č~ts,i~e,ź~ž,a,

ćuk

=

Mordvin

ć,o,ć~ź,a~o,

ćoća-ńa

=pointed, sharp;

Finn/Suomi

s,u~o,s~ts,a~o,

sukki

=peak +?

Lapp/Saami

č,u~o,čč~šš,ē,

çok'ka

=summit, mountain top;

Samoyed

s,ü~o,č~s,e,

sok

=end of land, promitory /Selkup;

Etruskan

s~z,u,s~χ,a,

śaca

=point[az96], śacrni=sharp,pointed[az96]

.

*ćuηkä

ATESTED

=(ćiηkä) hill , peak , height (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

š>s,a~u,ŋ~g,_,

suk-un

=height; suh-ur=crest; hur-'ság'=highlands;

Magyar/Hungar

s~cs,u~o,g,e,

ség,ság,szeg

=hill (old usage); szig-et=island;

Vogul/Mansi

š~tš~č,u~o~ö,ηk>ηχ,,

śaχ-l

=mound; säηk=hill,mound;

Ostyak/Khanti

š~tš~č,u~o~ö,ηk>ηχ,,

ťäk

=point,corner,cape,promotory; śŭηk=small earthen hill;

Cherem/Mari

č~ś,o~u,ηg~g,,

ťšoηga, šüηk

=hill peak

Votyak/Udm

č~ts,i~e,(η)g,,

ćuk

=

Zuryen/Komi

č~ts,i~e,g~k,,

ćuk

=lonely hill, mountain, cone-shaped mountain or peak;

Mordvin

ć,o,ηg,e,

ćoηgă

=island

Estonian

s,u~o,ng,ä,

sünk

=higher

Lapp/Saami

č,u~o,ηk~ηg~gg,ē,

čok'kâ

=summit, mountain top;

Samoyed

s,ü~o,η~k,e,

sok,

=hilly cape, promotory/Selkup;

ALTAIC

#,ć,u,η,k,ä,

śúgu

=promotory; śúka=mountain range/Nanay;

.

*ćärlε

ATESTED

= rapids in_a_river, surf (nature)

Magyar/Hungar

s~cs,e,ll,,

sell-ö

=rapids,mermaid;sürög=spin,move fast;seringö=spining water,surf;

Vogul/Mansi

š~tš~č,ä~e,r,l~Λ~t,,

särlä

=waterfall or rapids of a river;

ALTAIC

#,ć,ä,r,l,ε,

serle

=rapids/Chuvash Turk

.

*čette

ATESTED

dark, early dawn; (nature)

EmeGir/Sumer

s,a,d~t,(e~a),

*sudu > ud-šu

=dark (metathesis) =become/time dark;

EmeSal/Sumer

z~š,e,z~š,(e~a),

gan-'sis'

=dark;

Magyar/Hungar

s~cs,e~i,t,e~i,

set-ét ~ söt-ét

=dark

Vogul/Mansi

č~š,i,t,,

šät, šät-kur

=greying sky, early dawn; jäl-šäte-mi=gets dark;

Ostyak/Khanti

tś~ś,e,t,,

tš@tī-m@tà

=dawn;

Estonian

s,e~i,s,e~i,

sitik

=black currant;

.