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1234 Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *äčä== love , like , desire (v) u,z~š,_,......................Sumerian EG áš_ 2, a-áš 2 =desire,wish; ás-gál=curse; ä,š,_,........................Sumerian ES . a,s,e,........................Hungarian ás-kál =scheme,intrigue ; ( ??szer-et=to love -unknown origi) (j)i,č~š~s,,..................Ostyak/Khan ič-ag, ješ-ək,ječ-ek=beloved; æ~a,ćc~s,ē,...................Lapp/Saami æćce =show love,tenderness,keep with, be attached to; a,č,a~e,......................Etruskan ??cara = dear, beloved, be pleasant; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *aća== lawn , medow , field (possibly related to ..........................................asz-ik per MSzFE) (nature) a,š~s~z,a,....................Sumerian EG aša 5 =field, plot; isi =clay pit, pit; e,d~t,e,......................Sumerian ES . a,cs~gy~s,a~o,................Hungarian asz-ó=dry riverbed, depression, valley; tel-ek=field(for cultvati ..........................................on) o~u,ź~ž,e,....................Votyak/Udm aDź_=depression,valley; a~e,s~ts,ē,...................Estonian aas_=depression,valley; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *aśe==to lay , place , set ; to set up a tent (v) a,š,_,........................Sumerian EG uš_ =foundation, stand upon, to lift; -eš =loc.suffix "to, at" e,š,_,........................Sumerian ES . a,s,,.........................Hungarian szá-l=landing(of birds), szál-ó, szál-ás =hotel, temp.lodging ; a~e,ś,o,......................Mordvin eze-m=place,position a~e,s~ts,i,...................Finn/Suomi asu- =reside, dwell, inhabit; ase-ma=place,station a~ä,čč~ss,e,..................Lapp/Saami assâ- =errect a forrest hut (v)o,s,e,.....................Samoyed ηä-eso-=stop and put up the tent; ηy-ysy=tent settlement a,ś,e,........................Etruskan sal = settle to rest, lodging; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *äimä== (äjmä) bone_or_wood needle (?sharp object) (tool) i~a,,m~w,,....................Cherem/Mari ime i~a,,m~v,,....................Votyak/Udm jem ä,i~y,m,ä,....................Finn/Suomi äimä a,i~ie,m~mb,ē,................Lapp/Saami aibme, aime =a needle with triangular point for sewing furs (j)e,i,m~β,e,.................Samoyed ime #,ä,i,m,ä,....................Penuitan ym=head of a salmon harpoon/Calif Nisenan Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ääjä== to chase , to drive animals , to lead (v) e~_,g~ŋ,a~i,..................Sumerian EG _ŋá = to go (from different roots?); e,m,e,........................Sumerian ES . ha,j~gy,e,....................Hungarian haj-t=to drive(animals), to drive a car or wagon; haj-dú=cowboy wo,j~i,,......................Vogul/Mansi woj-t=to chase, pursue; vujt=sm /Konda u,j~i,,.......................Votyak/Udm uj-, uľ =chase,drive, pursue vo,j,e,.......................Mordvin voje-dli- ää~a,j~y,ä,...................Finn/Suomi aja=- =chase,drive, go, travel ää~hä,j~i,ä,..................Estonian aja=chase, go after, depart, drive, to make one's way somewhere vuo,ggj~kk,ē,.................Lapp/Saami vuoggje=drive on,drive over; vuodje =to drive (a horse/reindeer); Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ajηe== skull (body) a~u,g,e~i,....................Sumerian EG ugu=skull e,η,e~i,......................Sumerian ES . a,gy,_,.......................Hungarian agy ~ áj_ =brain; áj-ul=loose consciousness; a~e,_,η~j,o,..................Mordvin uj_=marrow, brain a~e,j~i,v,i,..................Finn/Suomi ajv-ot? a~e,j~i,v,i,..................Estonian aju =skull vuo,ig,η,e,...................Lapp/Saami vuoigηâ-šak=brain (v)o,?,η,e,...................Samoyed ae =skull/Eńec ALTAIC ongo-ro=skull bone/Manchu Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *al== false (** Altaic origin) (a) a~u,l,........................Sumerian EG _lul =to be false; lu-lul=liar; ?ál,al-am, al-aŋ =immage,statue ; e,l,..........................Sumerian ES . a,l,..........................Hungarian ál=to be false,fake,deception ; alak=image,figure; ..........................................ál-arc =mask, "fake face" ALTAIC al=deceit,deception,fraud/ChagataiTrk; al=deception,ruse,trick/ ..........................................Osman,Uigur Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ala== under , down , low (a) a~u,l,a,......................Sumerian EG _lá=kneel down?, _lal, _lá=lessen, reduce, fall back e,l,e,........................Sumerian ES . a,l,a~o,......................Hungarian al=lower, al-á=to under (-a=locative), le =down ; al-só =lower; a~o,l~Λ~t,,...................Vogul/Mansi iala,jol_=lower a~o,l~Λ~t,,...................Ostyak/Khan it, yl=lower u~o,l,,.......................Cherem/Mari ül- =sub o~u,l,e,......................Votyak/Udm uly-n=under (n= ?locative) o~u,l,a,......................Zuryen/Komi uly-n= being under a~e,l,a~o,....................Mordvin alo-=under a~e,l,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi ala- =lower, sub- vuo,ll,ē,.....................Lapp/Saami vuolle-n=underneath (v)o,l,e,.....................Samoyed iðo =ground/ Eńec, yl-=base/Selkup; aa,l,a,.......................Yukagir -aal=under(suffix) a,l,a,........................Etruskan al-ś+ase =alsium, lower-southern Etruria; *aśe =settlement in FU. ALTAIC *ale=below,lower/Altaic, allo/Korean Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *alka== to begin , begining (location) a~o,l(γ),,....................Vogul/Mansi awl =begining a~o,l(γ),,....................Ostyak/Khan aləŋ =begining, end a~e,l,k,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi alka- =begin (v)o,ll,e,....................Samoyed ol, ol-am =to begin/Selkup; oðo=early,prior/Eńec; ALTAIC ilk=first/Turkish; äki=begining/C.Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *alte== (or ale) recite a spell , enchant > bless > curse , pray ............................................ (v) a~u,l,d,e~i,..................Sumerian EG alad=protective spirit, al_=protect from evil/DEL18; e,l,z~s,e~i,..................Sumerian ES . a,l,d,_,......................Hungarian áld=bless; áltd-oz=sacrifice to god; át-ok = a curse(-ok=deverbal a~o,l~Λ~t,t,,.................Vogul/Mansi al-il = enchant a~o,l~Λ~t,t,,.................Ostyak/Khan àl-il-tà u~o,l,δ~t,e,..................Cherem/Mari ult-ém =to pray a~e,l,d,o,....................Mordvin alt-=curse, consecrate; al(v)t=to promise a,l~t,e~a,....................Etruskan al-=offer up, to give; alθ =to curse,put a spell on;>Latin/alt-ar Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *amta== give food or drink , give (v) _,d,a,........................Sumerian EG _dah, _tah =to add; addir =wages (portion?), ?_su-m =give; _,z,e,........................Sumerian ES _zé-èg = to give; a,d,,.........................Hungarian ad =give,to add; ad-ag=a portion of food; ital= a drink; o~u,d,e,......................Votyak/Udm ud- =to give a drink to; o~u,d,a,......................Zuryen/Komi ud-ni=trink, give drink; a~e,nd,a~o,...................Mordvin ando-ms = a~e,nt,a~o,...................Finn/Suomi antaa =give, a~e,nt~nn,ē,..................Estonian and-ma=give vuo,dd,ē,.....................Lapp/Saami vuovdd-et =distribute, sell; uūdteD= give; u,t,a,........................Etruskan ut, aθ = give; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ańa== brothers wife (family) a,ny,a~o,.....................Hungarian ángy =brother's wife, sister in law ( ny ~gy) a~o,ń>n,,.....................Vogul/Mansi aańy' =wife of an older relative o~u,ń,e,......................Votyak/Udm öńe o~u,ń>n,a,....................Zuryen/Komi õńa =wife's mother in law vuo,ń~n,ē,....................Lapp/Saami viońńe=wife of an elder brother (v)o,n,e,.....................Samoyed oońe=aunt/Selkup ALTAIC jänga /Uigur Turk; yenge/Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ańa== mother 1 , wife (family) a,ny,a~o,.....................Hungarian any-a =mother a~o,ń>n,,.....................Vogul/Mansi o'a'ń=mother o~u,ń,e,......................Votyak/Udm ań_,ańi=mother o~u,ń>n,a,....................Zuryen/Komi niz-ańa =aunt, sister in law, mother in law a~e,ń,a~o,....................Mordvin ańa-ka =older sister (small mother?) ALTAIC anne=mother/Turkish; eniye/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *saśe== to dry [Ugrian] (a) s,a~u,š,_,....................Sumerian EG ša_=dry up (reevaluted ending and dropped); s,e,š,_,......................Sumerian ES . -,a~o,s,,.....................Hungarian _asz-ik =drying; _asz-alt=dried (fruit); asz-ály=drought; ..........................................szi-k=arrid; -,a~o,s,,.....................Savard Hung _si-ki =arrid; t,o~u,ć~s,,...................Vogul/Mansi tōsi=get thin; tāšε=to become dry, dry out/Tavda t>l,o~u,ć~s,,.................Ostyak/Khan sos_=dry out/Vah; sas-əm=dry, receed/Konda; š,o~u,z,,.....................Zuryen/Komi śu_-kes =thirst? < dry Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ańća-== groin area (body) _,g,a~u,-,....................Sumerian EG _ga-l 4 = genitalia, vulva; _,g,e,-,......................Sumerian ES . a,gy,a~o,-,...................Hungarian ágy-ék =groin area a~o,ńś~ńć,a,-,................Vogul/Mansi úńš =buttock, rear, rump Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *üηeśe==(ükse) totality > one , all , whole #1 (number) _,ŋ,e~i,š,_,..................Sumerian EG _ŋeš, _gé, _aš=one ; _keš, kiš =totality,all; _,n,e~i,š,_,..................Sumerian ES _di.ta, _di.id =one ?dz > d i,g,e~i,s,,...................Hungarian egész=whole,all,complete>>[g>gy] egy_=one, egy-ed-ül=alone, ..........................................egyen-es=straight,regular; i,g,e~i,s,,...................Savard Hung ? , idźi =one (dź representation of gy by Armenian scribes) a,k,e,ć~s,,...................Vogul/Mansi akva_ =one i,ηk,e,ć~s,,..................Ostyak/Khan it=one,this < iηket ? y,k,e~y~ə,ž,,.................Cherem/Mari ykit ηg>k =one o~u,h,e~i,z~ś,,...............Votyak/Udm ühsi =one ü,t,e~i,z,,...................Zuryen/Komi ö_ti =one ü,k,e~i,ś,o,..................Mordvin yksi=one,-ise=this ü,k,e~ie,s~ts,i,..............Finn/Suomi yksi (eliminated internal vowel) ü,k,e,ś,e,....................Livonian ikš =one ü,k,e~i,s~ts,i,...............Estonian üks =one ?,η,e~a~o,s,e,................Samoyed ŋo_-poy _,n,e~a,ś,e,..................Etruskan ?thu=one ( idźi > thu ??) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ükse= < *üηese =one #2 (number) a,γt,,........................Vogul/Mansi akva_ =one i,γt,,........................Ostyak/Khan ?it=one < this y,kš,e,.......................Cherem/Mari ykit = one o~u,s,,.......................Votyak/Udm ühsi =one ü,s,,.........................Zuryen/Komi ö_ti =one ü,kś,o,.......................Mordvin yksi=one,-ise=this ü,k,s,i,......................Finn/Suomi yksi=one ü,k,s,e,......................Livonian ikš =one ü,k,s,i,......................Estonian üks =one ?,t~d,e,......................Samoyed ŋo_-poy Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ääne== noise , sound , voice > song (v) e~_,n~ŋ,e~i,..................Sumerian EG en 2=incantation;èn-du=song;_na-r=singer; ..........................................gungu,gù_=noise,sound,voice; e,n~ŋ,e~i,....................Sumerian ES e.ne-èŋ =word ha,n,,........................Hungarian _én-ek=song; én-ek-lös=singer; ..........................................han-g=sound; han-g-os=loud;hal=hear ää~a,n,i,.....................Finn/Suomi ääni=tone ää~hä,n,i,....................Estonian ääl, hääl =noise, sound,tone ji~ai,ń~n,e,..................Lapp/Saami jínn,jien; jiednâ=sound,voice; a,n~η,e,......................Samoyed ani =sound /ŋanasan ALTAIC *ūnŋe =sound/Altaic; ün/Turkic; uŋ/Mongolic; (x)uŋ(ia)/Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *aηε==(aηe) white grouse ? white bird (bird) a~o,k,,.......................Vogul/Mansi äηg-hå=white grouse; a~o,ηk,,......................Ostyak/Khan iηk =white grouse, eηχ= white grouse, partridge; vuo,k,ε,......................Lapp/Saami hâη'ηa =long tailed duck; (v)o,η,ε,.....................Samoyed _ηau=duck/Eńec; uηa=partridge/Kamas; ηaηod'a=duck/ŋanasan; ALTAIC ?ak=white/Turk; aη-kat=flamingo/Chagatai; haηkut=heron/KyK; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *appa== father > grandfather (family) a,b,a,........................Sumerian EG abba=father, elder, ancestor;_pa 4, _pa-b =father, brother,leader a,p~b,,.......................Hungarian ap-a=father , >> ap-ó =old man; ipa=father in law;_pá=elder man; a~o,p,,.......................Vogul/Mansi åpå=father,elder brother;ōpä=grandfather,bear; a~o,b,,.......................Ostyak/Khan ab-raś =father's grandfather (ras=old man); u~o,w,,.......................Cherem/Mari owō =father; a~e,pp,a~o,...................Finn/Suomi appi=father in law vuo,p'p,ē,....................Lapp/Saami vuop'pä=father; a,p~b,a,......................Etruskan apa=father; pa-pa =grandfather; ..........................................pa-pals =grandchild; (ap > pa metathesis) ALTAIC áp`a=father/Altaic;apa/Turkic;ab(u)/Mongolic;apa/Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *appe==father in law (family) a,b,e~i,......................Sumerian EG _pa 4=brother, elder; ab-ba =ancestor, elder, father; a,p~b,_,......................Hungarian ip-a =father in law; ..........................................ap-os=father in law (modern);nappa=motherinlaw a~o,p,,.......................Vogul/Mansi ååp=father,older brother,uncle,bear; a~o,b,,.......................Ostyak/Khan op_ =father in law; ab-raś =fathers grandfather; u~o,w,e,......................Cherem/Mari owõ a~e,pp,i,.....................Finn/Suomi appi =father in law; a,p~b,e~a,....................Etruskan apas =father in law; ex: ..........................................apa-s tanasar=relatives of the father's(inlaw); ALTAIC áp'a =father; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *äppere-ke== mulberry (tree) i,p,e,r,e,-,γ~x~-,e,..........Vogul/Mansi äper-eχ =mulberry tree Hungarian eper =mulberry Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ar-ap== relative from mother's side (family) a~u,r,-,a~u,p,................Sumerian EG er-ib 2 =daughter in law; uru 7, úr-um=relatives; a,r,-,a~o,v,..................Hungarian ar-a =bride,earlier daughter in law; _rok-on=relatives a~o,r,-,a,p~w,................Vogul/Mansi åår- =relative from mother's side; op-ars=in laws (metathesis). a~o,r,-,a,p~w,................Ostyak/Khan or-di=mother's brother, oår=relative from mother's side; a~e,r,-,a,p~v,................Mordvin əaŕve=wife; ur'va=daughter in law; a~e,r,-,a,p,..................Finn/Suomi or-pa-na=cousin; ALTAIC ur-un=daughter in law/Manchu; urug=relatives /Uigur Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *arε== damage , hurt (v) a~u,r,i~e,....................Sumerian EG ari 2, uru 4 =desease; ér, ir ??=complaint, lamentation, tears; a,r,ε,........................Hungarian ár-t =hurt, damage a~o,r,,.......................Vogul/Mansi ór-ti,ári-ta o~u,r,,.......................Votyak/Udm or-ny,ur- a,r,ε,........................Etruskan ar-na=to afflict, affliction; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ar-näkke== shadow (protected / shaded + light) (nature) a,r,-,n,e,k,_,................Hungarian ár-nyék =shadow, shade, spectre (ár + nyék) ALTAIC ary=bright,clean/Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *arwa== consider, to value, price, worth > cost (v) (adj) a~u,r,,a,.....................Sumerian EG er_-im=treasury (-im=deverbal suffix) a,r,v,,.......................Hungarian érv=reason; ér-t =understand; ár=cost; ..........................................ér = worth; ér-t-ék=valuable; a~o,r,-,,.....................Ostyak/Khan ar-ta =consider,deliberate o~u,r,-~v,e,..................Votyak/Udm ar-tal-ni=to think about; o~u,r,-~v,a,..................Zuryen/Komi ar-tal=consider, deliberate,think;?att- =make a rough estimate; a~e,r,_,a~o,..................Mordvin ar-še-ms=be of this or that oppinion, think; a~e,r,v,o,....................Finn/Suomi arvo =value,worth, importance, dignity; arvele-=consider,think; a~e,r,u,o,....................Estonian aru =number, reason,understanding; (vu)a,r,v,o,..................Lapp/Saami arvo=value,significance,importance; arvâ-lit=to think,understad; Etruskan min-rva = Minerva, Goddes of wisdom; rva=*arwa; Min=*minia Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *arẃe==(also arwe) medicine (man), hex (society) a~u,r,b,e~i,..................Sumerian EG see arwe a,r,v,e~i,....................Hungarian orv-os=physician, medicine < medicine man, shaman a~e,r,v,i,....................Finn/Suomi arva-n, arpa=destiny,fate,magic wand <withchraft a~e,r,v,i,....................Estonian arp- =destiny,fate,magic,sorcery (vu)a,r,b,e,..................Lapp/Saami vuorbbe=magic, fortune,destiny (v)o,r,b,e,...................Samoyed arbe=witchcraft,charm/Teleut; orba=shaman's drumstick/Shor ALTAIC orba=hex/Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *oća==(oća) portion > a share > divide (v) u,š~s~z,a,....................Sumerian EG _si-la =divide (linked to sile=to slice,cut in two also) o,cs~gy~s,a~o,................Hungarian osz-lik =divide, separate; osz-t=divide, szét-oszt=dirstribute; a~o~u,č~ź~z,,.................Cherem/Mari už-aš =part-piece of; uža-š-lem =to share/divide; o~a,ź~ž,e,....................Votyak/Udm esa o~a,s~ts,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi osa- =share-divide o~a,ź,a,......................Livonian voźa o~a,s~ts,ē,...................Estonian osa-, osa-ma œ~oa,čč~šš,ē,.................Lapp/Saami ??oaž'že =flesh, get, obtain _,s~χ,a,......................Etruskan sa-, si, _za-l, _ze-l, = two < divide; tha= 2! Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *eće-== +tt evening < sunset < eće setting/falling (nature) u,š~s~z,e~i,-,................Sumerian EG ùs-an 2 ~ uzu- 5, =sunset,evening +ud=sun/time e,cs~gy~s,e~i,-,..............Hungarian es_-te=sunset, evening (see *ec'e=to fall ) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *elε== blade , sharp edge e,l,ε,........................Hungarian él = blade, sharp part; él-es=sharp; ə,l~Λ~t,,.....................Vogul/Mansi iľ-əm, ēl-mi, iľ-met =sharp; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *atta== father (family) a,d~t,a,......................Sumerian EG ada, ad_, a =father; a,t,,.........................Hungarian aty-a =father (ty=ť) u~o,ť>ć,,.....................Cherem/Mari aťa, aťša=father o~u,ť~t,e,....................Votyak/Udm ataj,atai=father a~e,t,a~o,....................Mordvin atťa=grandfather; a~e,tt~t,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi ati=father in law a~e,ťt~ht,ē,..................Estonian att=father (v)o,d,d,e,...................Samoyed aťa=father/Samoyed; ťa=father/Tavgi; a,t,a,........................Etruskan ate-na =father; (-na =personal ending, also he/she) ALTAIC ata =father /Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ante== to be visible , to look , to see (v) _,d,e,........................Sumerian EG éd_, è=become visible,to be,go out; a,d,_,........................Hungarian id-éz=conjure up (a spirit), to quote, cite (writing,recollection o~u,d,,.......................Votyak/Udm uť- =to have a look, look at, visit, look after, watch over; (v)o,tt~d,e,..................Samoyed oďi=visible/Eńec; əd-=to be visible;/Kamas; attua-=visible/Selkup Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *atta== say , tell (v) a,d~t,a,......................Sumerian EG _du-g 4 =to talk; _dé=cry out, hail, read aloud, to be full; a,t,,.........................Hungarian át-ok=a curse > át-k-oz> to curse (?may be related to áld=bless) a~o,t,,.......................Ostyak/Khan at- =to say ALTAIC _di /Altaic; dilmach =interpreter/Turk >tolmács/Hungarian; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *änte== to temper (steel) , harden > to train (v) _,d,e,........................Sumerian EG _ti-bir =metal worker. a,d,_,........................Hungarian ed-z =to temper steel, harden, to train (in sports); ..........................................Ti-bor=male name, bor=ber,berj,fér-fi =man,husband; ä~a,nt,,......................Vogul/Mansi öät=harden, temper steel; (i)ä,nt,,.....................Ostyak/Khan ättä = to harden (of ice), temper steel; ALTAIC _tim-ur =blacksmith/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *aiηa== (aηa) opening > (oje?) doorway > door (house) _,k~g,a,......................Sumerian EG _ká =gate (ŋ = g' > g); metathesis > ig_ =door; a,j,a~o,......................Hungarian aj-tó=door (t=deverbal); áj=opening; a~o,,γ,,......................Vogul/Mansi àηk-em=untie, loosen (the skin covering the door); a~o,η,,.......................Ostyak/Khan oη=opening,entrance,bay; eηkta=make loose,open; u~o,η,,.......................Cherem/Mari äη=opening,outlet,mouth o~u,m,e,......................Votyak/Udm ym=estuary,mouth a~e,η,a~o,....................Mordvin aη-kś-ima a~e,i~y,_,a~o,................Finn/Suomi ava-ta=open; uksi=door; a~e,i~y,η,ē,..................Estonian ava-ma =open; vuo,η~k,ē,....................Lapp/Saami uk'sâ (v)o,η,e,.....................Samoyed _na=mouth ALTAIC _ka-pi=gate/Turkic >> kapu =gate/Hungarian; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *aiηe== (aηe) mouth , opening (body) _,k~g,e~i,....................Sumerian EG _ku (ŋ>k)=mouth; a,j,,.........................Hungarian áj_=opening,fissure,slit,ravine; aj-ak =chin,lip; aj-tó=door a~o,η,,.......................Ostyak/Khan oη=mouth,opening,entrance,bay; u~o,η,,.......................Cherem/Mari äη=mouth,opening,outlet; o~u,m,,.......................Votyak/Udm im, em=mouth,opening; ym=estuary,mouth; o~u,m,,.......................Zuryen/Komi vom=mouth,opening,outlet; a~e,η,o,......................Mordvin οη,oj=bit on a bridle; vuo,η~k,e,....................Lapp/Saami vuoηâ-s=mouth muzzle for a dog (v)o,η,e,.....................Samoyed ń-àη_=mouth/Yurak; na'=mouth/Eńec; _ηa-n=mouth/Selkup; àη_/Kamas; aa,i,η,e,.....................Yukagir aŋa=mouth ALTAIC *ágà=mouth, to open mouth/Altaic; *agyŕ/Turkic; *ag/Mongolic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *äηe== burn > roast cook (v) _,ŋ,e~i,......................Sumerian EG *izi+eŋe > š-eŋ 6=to be hot,boil,cook; (izi=fire ) a,g,,.........................Hungarian ég_=burn; (i)ä,ηk,,.....................Ostyak/Khan iaη-ləltä =to roast over fire; i~a,k,,.......................Cherem/Mari eη_ = fire (?); o~u,t,,.......................Zuryen/Komi yń_ , yń-bi =flame; yń-al-ni=to be ablaze, aflame;? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *aηke== to become anxious , distress , torment , worry (v) _,ŋ~g,e,......................Sumerian EG _ga-mar=be overwhelming;gan-du=responsibilities; .........................................._ka-na 3,5=troubled,apprehension,worry; a,g,_,........................Hungarian agg-od =to worry,be anxius, _go-nd =thought,worry; gond-ol=thinks o~u,(η)g,,....................Votyak/Udm š-ug=difficult,painful,tiresome,sadness,sorrow; o~u,g~k,,.....................Zuryen/Komi š-og=grief,sorrow,worry; a~e,nk~ng,i,..................Finn/Suomi anke-a =grave, sad, serious; a~e,nk~ng,i,..................Estonian ?angu-ma =??to clot,coagulate? u,χ~k~c,e~a,..................Etruskan ac-ns =terror, veneration; (+ns=nesz? = sense) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čaś-ku== falcon , eagle + ku=common bird name ending (bird) š~s~z,a~u,š,-,η~h,a,..........Sumerian EG ses = a bird type; zu_ (as in AN-zu=eagle of HEAVEN) + hu=bird; s~sz~cs,a~o,s,-,v,u~o,........Hungarian sas- =eagle č~š~ź,o~u,z~ś,-,_,,...........Votyak/Udm źuś- =falcon; š~č~ź,o~u,z,-,_,,.............Zuryen/Komi źuś- =type of falcon; śuź =horned owl; č~c,o>uo,čč~ss,-,k,_,.........Lapp/Saami cis-ku=sparrow hawk; (ku=common bird name ending in FU) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćakä== drifting ice, thin ice (nature) << a fragment; š~s~z,a~u,η~h,_,..............Sumerian EG šeŋ_ 8=ice,snow š~tš~č,o~u,γ~x~-,,............Vogul/Mansi ćoχ =thin ice that floats before river freezes; č,o>uo,kk,ē,..................Lapp/Saami čuokke= =ice crust on pasture; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čäkka== [čoka?] shallow , low lying , dry up (a) š~s~z,a~i,g~h,a,..............Sumerian EG sig =low, small, weak; sig 4=sun dried brick; s~sz~cs,e,k,,.................Hungarian sek-ély =shallow; szik=dryed out; č~c,ie~a,kk~hk,ē,.............Lapp/Saami coakke=low water; coag-eb =that which has a lower water level; č~x~ht,o~u,kk~χ,e,............Samoyed čaga,cakka=dry up; čage-mba=shallow/Selkup Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćappe== strike , smash , cut (v) š~s~z,u,b,e~i,................Sumerian EG šub_=cast,throw out; ša_ 5=cut,break; su-d=crush,pound; s~cs,a~o,p~b,_,...............Hungarian csap =strike, smash, pound; č~ts,o~u,p,,..................Votyak/Udm čap-ki =clap, hit; č~ts,o~u,p,,..................Zuryen/Komi čap-ki-=to throw ć~tś,a,v,o,...................Mordvin čap-ams =hit; s,a,pp~p,i,...................Finn/Suomi čap-an=cut/Veps č,o>uo,p'p,e,.................Lapp/Saami čuop'p-ât=cut,divide into pieces, slice; ALTAIC čap =swing or hit with a strike/Turkic; cabči=cut,slice/Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čappe== make a cut , notch or groove (v) š~s~z,u,b,e~i,................Sumerian EG šab=chip out,snip out; zubu, zubi = sickle, cut off; s~sz~cs,a~o,p~b,_,............Hungarian szab=cut out(some material); szab-ó=tailor; szab-ol= cuts out; č~š~ź,o~u,p,,.................Votyak/Udm čupy =cut, notch; š~č~ź,o~u,p,,.................Zuryen/Komi čup- =make a notch; timber, make a framehouse; čupõd=notch; tš~š~č,a,v,o,.................Mordvin čapo =cut (framework), make a notch, a notch; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čāppe== pale (a) š~s~z,u,,e~i,.................Sumerian EG sa_ 5=redish-brown, red-ocher; se 12= pale, sallow; s~sz~cs,ā,p~b,_,..............Hungarian sáp-ad-t =pale skin, to go pale č~š,ā~ō,p,e,..................Cherem/Mari šap-algõ =pale; šap-eme,šàpõ =shameless; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćara== door hanger , door hinge (house) s~cs,a~o,r,a~o,...............Hungarian csir(ja) =door hanging joint; š~tš~č,o~u,r,,................Ostyak/Khan ťerε < from Votyak; č~ts,o~u,r,e,.................Votyak/Udm žyry =door angle; č~ts,o~u,r,a,.................Zuryen/Komi tšir,d'źir s,a,r,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi särä-nä =hinge; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćärε==[Ugor] hurts, burns (flamelessly) (v) š~s~z,a~i,r,_,................Sumerian EG šér, sír =to shine brightly; sír=feverish; šušur 2=grill; s~cs,e,r,ε,...................Hungarian sér-t=injure; ?saj-og=throbing pain as when burnt. š~tš~č,ä~e,r,,................Vogul/Mansi śārγi =hurts;be sorry for; śar =burns; śär=ash; š~tš~č,ä~e,r,,................Ostyak/Khan tēreγ, śàri =hurts; šărε =burns; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćare== shit (body) š~s~z,a~u,r,_,................Sumerian EG šur-im, sur-un=animal excrement; ..........................................še_ 10 =excrement (im=deverbal suffix) s~cs,a~o,r,,..................Hungarian szar =shit š~tš~č,o~u,r,,................Ostyak/Khan śor =shit; č~ś,a~o~u,r,,.................Cherem/Mari šur =shit; ć~tś,a,r,o,...................Mordvin śer-ńe- =shit; ALTAIC sèrV=buttock,defficate/A; *syry~*sary/Turkic; ..........................................*sari-/Mongolic; seri(gi)Tungus Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćärlε== rapids in_a_river, surf (nature) s~cs,e,r,l,,..................Hungarian sellö=rapids,mermaid;sürög=spin,move fast; ..........................................seri-ng-ö=spining water,surf; š~tš~č,ä~e,r,l~Λ~t,,..........Vogul/Mansi särlä =waterfall or rapids of a river; ALTAIC serle/Chuvash Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čape== sour , become sour > acidic (also čum?) (a) š~s~z,a~u,m,_,................Sumerian EG sum-un =to decay, rot; s~sz~cs,a~o,v,,...............Hungarian sava-nyu=sour; sav- =acid; č~tš~š,o~u,p~w,,..............Vogul/Mansi šēβ=to sour; šäwi-=turn sour, č~tš~š,o~u,p~w,,..............Ostyak/Khan tšeγtä =become sour; č~š,a~o~u,w~j~-,,.............Cherem/Mari šà-pə =sour; tš~š~č,a,p~v,o,...............Mordvin tšapa-mo, šapa-mă=sour s>h,a,p,i,....................Finn/Suomi hapa-n=sour s>h,a,p~b,i,..................Estonian hape=sour Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćaδa== to flee, to run, fleeing (v) š~s~z,a~u,d,a,................Sumerian EG zah 2,3= to flee, hide, to abandon;šed=to be together,join,couple s~cs,a~o,l,a~o,...............Hungarian szal-ad=to run; csöd-ör=stallion, mate to herd; č~ts,o~u,l~j~-,a,.............Zuryen/Komi ťśuv-avni=pass time, pass by; tśuedni=to excite,make restless; s,a,t~d,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi suotia=to mate,pair; č,o>uo,ďď,ē,..................Lapp/Saami čuoððt=to look for a female reindeer outside the herd; #,č~s,ā,d,e,..................Samoyed sājjē =to mate,pair (of birds) /Neńeć; ? ALTAIC čavdur=stallion/Chagatai Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čaηε==to strike (v) š~s~z,a~u,g,_,................Sumerian EG sag 2,3, sig 3,11 =a blow, stroke; to chop down (trees), crush.. s~sz~cs,a~o,k>v,ε,............Hungarian civa-kod ?=to be constantly fighting, arguing; č~tš~š,o~u,χ~γ,,..............Vogul/Mansi šaηk, sāηχ, šak- =knock out, a kick; č~tš~š,o~u,η(k)~γ,,...........Ostyak/Khan čoηχ =knock out, knock over, trip up;čoγ=give a kick, knock out; tš~š~č,a,v~η,ε,...............Mordvin čavo =beat,fight, hit, strike; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćaηke== person , head , spirit-soul , warm (body) š~s~z,u,ŋ~g,e,................Sumerian EG saŋ, sa_12=head, point, human; saŋ-gig=Sumerian ethnic group š~s~z,e,n~m,e,................Sumerian ES šen =head, point, human; s~cs,a~o,g,_,.................Hungarian _agy=brain; -ság=suffix of ethnic groups > generalities; ..........................................(?sukku=family) š~tš~č,a,ηk>ηχ,,..............Ostyak/Khan šăηk, tšeηk=warm,heat s,a,nk~ng,i,..................Finn/Suomi henki=air,life, person, head, ghost (s>h); ..........................................suku=family;siki= ofspring s,a,nk,e,.....................Livonian ?suk=family s,a,nk~ng,i,..................Estonian hing_=life, person, head, soul ; sugu =family; č,o>uo,ηk~ηg~gg,e,............Lapp/Saami haeg'â=life, body, womb < from Finnish; sokkâ =family s~z,a,χ~k~c,e~a,..............Etruskan śacu, śaxu =head; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćäηke== breakoff > separate > boundary , edge (v) š~s~z,a~i,ŋ~g,e,..............Sumerian EG šag 2,3=chop,uproot; zag,zà_=boundary, border; s~cs,e,g,_,...................Hungarian szeg-ély=boundary, szeg-öd=breakoff, szig-et=island/isolate š~tš~č,ä~e,ηk>ηχ,,............Vogul/Mansi ćäηki=to break, šaχ-el=island č~ts,o~u,(η)g,,...............Votyak/Udm ťśeηgi=break, čeg=break away ć~tś,ä~e,ηg~k,o,..............Mordvin ćoηga=island Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćečä==uncle, father's brother; š~s~z,e~i,z~š,_,..............Sumerian EG šeš_ =brother,brethren; š~tš~č,e,č~š~s,,..............Vogul/Mansi *čäššə =uncle; š~tš~č,e,č~š~s,,..............Ostyak/Khan šäš =uncle; č~ś,e~y~ə,č~z,,...............Cherem/Mari čəčə =mother's brother; č~ts,o~u~e,s,,................Votyak/Udm čuž=relative from mother's side; ć~tś,e~i,s,e,.................Mordvin čiče = husband of sister,older than I; s,e~ie,ć~s>h,ä,...............Finn/Suomi seta =uncle ; s,e~i,č,ä,....................Estonian sedi =uncle from mother's side; č,æ~ie~i,ćc~s,ē,..............Lapp/Saami čæcce =father's brother, paternal uncle -younger than father; #,č~s,e~a~o,č~s,e,............Samoyed cica, citca=brother in law/Selkup; čača=older brother/Yukagir; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćele== to relax , quiet down (v) š~s~z,e~i,l,_,................Sumerian EG zil=gentle/loving s~cs,e~i,l,,..................Hungarian csill-ap-od =settle down, relax č~ts,e~i,l,,..................Votyak/Udm ťśel- Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćelke== sparkle 1, shine > star (heavens) (v) (nature) š~s~z,e~i,l,e~i,..............Sumerian EG zal_-ag=shine,star (-ag, -āk, -a =verbal formative suffix, "does" s~cs,e~i,l(og),_,.............Hungarian csill-og =shine,twinkle,gleam> csill-ag=star(-og verbal formative š~tš~č,e,l(γ),,...............Vogul/Mansi sül-,sülγ =flash,gleam,sparkle,twinkle; š~tš~č,e,l(γ),,...............Ostyak/Khan śuli-lta=to shine,light; č~ś,e~y~ə,l(γ),e,.............Cherem/Mari tsəlγə-žam=to glimmer, shine; tsolγe=lightning; č~ts,e~i,l,,..................Votyak/Udm čiľ-al-,śijal-,śiľal-=to glisten, glitter, shine, sparkle; ć~tś,e~i,lg~ld,o,.............Mordvin tśiľďo-r =to glimmer,shimmer,shine; s,e~ie,l,k,i,.................Finn/Suomi selkeä=shiny sky/; Karelian: ťšilke-ttöa (tś>s)=to shimmer,shine s~z,e~a,l(ac),e~a,............Etruskan śale, śalie, śalvi =star, splendid;zilac-al =stars; śal-tuc=shine ALTAIC *či_ōli =light,grey/Altaic; cilâlı =shining/Turkish; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čeγelte== tickle s~sz~cs,e~i,v~u,e~i,l,d,_,....Hungarian csikland-oz =tickle; č~š,e~y~ə,γ~-,e~y~ə,l,δ~t,e,..Cherem/Mari tsəγelte_m =tickle; č~c,æ~ie~i,γ~k~hk,æ~ie~i,l,ht~tt,e,Lapp/Saami čâgâlduťtet =tickle; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čemε== sour 2, sour-spoiled (a) š~s~z,e~i,m~n,_,..............Sumerian EG sum-un =to decay, rot š~s~z,e~i,m~n,_,..............Sumerian ES suŋ-in =to decay, rot s~sz~cs,e~i,m~v,ε,............Hungarian sava-nyú (m>v)=sour č~tš~š,e,m,,..................Vogul/Mansi šim,čim=ferment,go sour č~š~ź,e~i,m~v,,...............Votyak/Udm šom Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćene-== wilting , tired (v); šoηk=old (a) š~s~z,e~i,n~ŋ,e~i,-,..........Sumerian EG sun ~ suŋ-in=old, decayed, ruined s~cs,e~i,n,e~i,-,.............Hungarian csün ~csüg-ed? =wilt,loose heart; szün =to cease to exist,cease š~tš~č,e,n~ń,e,-,.............Ostyak/Khan śən-da =dry up, shrivel up, contracted č~ts,e~i,n,o~u~e,-,...........Votyak/Udm śin č~ts,e~i,n,o~u~e,-,...........Zuryen/Komi ťśin-ni=to decrease, lessen, shrivel up #,č~s,e~a~o,n~η,e,-,..........Samoyed šyn-emDža =reduce /Selkup ALTAIC sön-mek =cease to be, fall asleep; sin-uq=destroyed;/O.Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćoppe== drip , dribble , drop (v) š~s~z,u~a,b,e~i,..............Sumerian EG šub=to fall s~cs,o>a,p~b,_,...............Hungarian csöp, csep =a droplet, csep-eg=drips č~ś,a~o~u,w,e,................Cherem/Mari čev-em=to drip č~ts,o~a,p,,..................Votyak/Udm ťśop=droplet s,a~o,pp~p,i,.................Finn/Suomi tippa=water droplet s,o,p,e,......................Livonian sippà=water droplet č,œ,p'p,e,....................Lapp/Saami cahpa=dribble ALTAIC čib =drop;čoborixo=dropping of tears/C.Mongol; ..........................................sabda=trickle/Manchu Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćeppe-== fingertip > pinch , sting (v) š~s~z,e~i,b,e~i,-,............Sumerian EG šub_=remove,throw out; šab =hips, middle; s~cs,e~i,p~b,e~i,-,...........Hungarian csíp =pinch; csípö =waist (where body narrows) š~tš~č,e,b,e,-,...............Ostyak/Khan ťśep-eľ =fingertip, a pinch č~ś,e~y~ə,p,e,-,..............Cherem/Mari ťseβè-štem =to pinch č~ts,o~u~e,p,o~u~e,-,.........Votyak/Udm ćep-elt ć~tś,e~i,v,e,-,...............Mordvin cew-ešt ALTAIC č'ip'ú =to press(with fingers), to pinch/Altaic; čibka/Mongol;+ Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćer-== spindle , rounded long_wood pointed at one end.(tool) š~s~z,e~i,r,-,................Sumerian EG šer-im=part of loom; sir5,zar5=spin,twine s~cs,e~i,r,-,.................Hungarian csür-öz =to spin twine; cér-na=thread; č~ts,o~u~e,r,-,...............Votyak/Udm čer-s = spindle č~ts,o~u~e,r,-,...............Zuryen/Komi ťśer-s =spindle Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćerε= grey š~s~z,e~i,r,_,................Sumerian EG šur =flash, gleam š~s~z,e~i,r,_,................Sumerian ES sur =flash, gleam s~cs,e~i,r,ε,.................Hungarian szür > szürke =grey; š~tš~č,e,r,,..................Vogul/Mansi sir =dawn < lightening, greying from black of sky; č~ts,o~u~e,r,,................Votyak/Udm dźar =dawn; dźarit=light red; džarit-lyz =light blue; č~ts,o~u~e,r,,................Zuryen/Komi dźor =grey, unripe berries; #,č~s,e~a~o,r,ε,..............Samoyed serako =white /Ńeńeć; ALTAIC shiro=white/Japan; suru=white horse/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćerke== germ , seed , ovum (body) [Ugor] š~s~z,e~i,r,_,e~i,............Sumerian EG sir4,šir =testicles; śár = multiply, mix, to be many..; s~cs,e~i,r,v,_,...............Hungarian csira,sarj,serk-en =germ, seed, ovum, shoot; serken =sprout,grow; š~tš~č,e,r,γ~x~-,,............Vogul/Mansi šerk, šürk =germinate Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čeηke== wedge , spike , nail (nature) ? ..........................................čänke = break off (sha-rd?) š~s~z,e~i,ŋ~g,e,..............Sumerian EG sag-tag 2,3,4 =wedge, triangle; ? zag =boundary, border; s~sz~cs,e~i,g,_,..............Hungarian szeg~szög=wedge,spike,nail,triangle;cseg-ely=wedge shaped;szegély č~tš~š,e,ηk>ηχ,,..............Vogul/Mansi saηki =to break off č~tš~š,e,ηk>ηχ,,..............Ostyak/Khan seηk č~š~ź,o~u~e,(η)g,,............Votyak/Udm čog =peg, spike; ťšog =nail; čig =break off,break; š~č~ź,o~u~e,g~k,,.............Zuryen/Komi ťśeg- =to break ś~_,e~a,χ~k~c,e~a,............Etruskan śaca =point; śacvni =sharp, pointed; _ak = point; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čikk-ur== creak , squeek , crunch , grind , high_pitched sound (v) š~s~z,i,g~h,,.................Sumerian EG *č~tc>t tigi_ = a harp like instrument with a sound box; s~sz~cs,i~e,k,-,u~o,r,........Hungarian csikor-og =creaking/squeeking noise; cincog = sound a violin makes č~tš~š,o,k,-,u~o~ö,r,.........Ostyak/Khan śeχrə-ldi - , tíkra- č~š~ź,i,k,-,i~e,r,............Votyak/Udm Džukirt =crunch, grind, grunt (of pigs) š~č~ź,e,k,-,i~e,r,............Zuryen/Komi ?t'śel = a quiet, soft (of music) tš~š~č,i~e,k,-,o,r,...........Mordvin tšikur, tšikor =the creaking, crunching, grinding noise; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćin= to make << from Slavic !! s~cs,i~e,n,...................Hungarian csin-ál=make, do; csin-ja=the way/trick of something; s~z,e,n,......................Etruskan zin = to make, to do; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćiźi== nipple, breast, tit (body) s~cs,i~e,ź,,..................Hungarian csecs, cici =nipple; š~tš~č,o,ź,,..................Ostyak/Khan cüci, tútí = nipple, breast č~ś,i,ź,,.....................Cherem/Mari cəzə, ćizi, ćiźi =nipple; č,i~ie,ź,i,...................Lapp/Saami čidžďže =breast, mother; ALTAIC čičig=breast/Turkic; čeγeDži/Mongolic'; ča(i)Džan/Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čijε== hurry {čiηe or čikε) (v) š~s~z,i,,_,...................Sumerian EG zì_, zìg =to go out (j>ĝ common,although jV endings normaly lost) s~sz~cs,i~e,j~gy,ε,...........Hungarian sije-t > sie-t =hurry; sietség=haste (old usage); tš~š~č,i~e,j,ε,...............Mordvin tšije-ms =run; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćette== tie , bind , fasten (v) š~s~z,e~i,d~t,e~i,............Sumerian EG šed 3,4,5 =to couple, join, link, to be together s~cs,e~i,t,_,.................Hungarian szöt-es=a weave; csat=join together,buckle,clasp;?csöd-ör=stalion č~ś,e~y~ə,ť>ć,e,..............Cherem/Mari šüδ-əš ?=hoop of a barrel "clasp" s,e~ie,tt~t,i,................Finn/Suomi siota= to bind č,æ~ie~i,ťt~ht,e,.............Lapp/Saami čâd-nâ =fasten by tying; #,č~s,e~a~o,d,d,e,............Samoyed ?sææny=necktie by which reindeer is harnessed/Neńec ALTAIC çit =tie together, fit together /Turkic; čid-ur =fetter/Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čokke== dense, thick > much (a) š~s~z,u~a,g~h,e~i,............Sumerian EG su_ , su_4 =grow, multiply; (h> -) s~sz~cs,o>a,k,_,..............Hungarian sok =much; č~tš~š,a~o~u,k,,..............Vogul/Mansi šau_,sau =thicket, dense; soåu=much; šoåu-ne =many; č~tš~š,a~o~u,k,,..............Ostyak/Khan šoh, šak =thicket, brushwood č~š,a~o~u,k,e,................Cherem/Mari čak-ata =dense, massive, thick; š~č~ź,o~a,k,,.................Zuryen/Komi čõk, čõk-id =dense, thick; ALTAIC č`ák'o =to be many/Altaic; čok/Turkic; čak/Tungusic;čha/Korean; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čolmo== (čolme) knot , clump , bulb, tie , onion(nature) š~s~z,u~a,m>_,a,..............Sumerian EG ki-šúmak= onion, garlic (bulb) ; sim =carbuncle, skin sore; s~sz~cs,o>a,m,o>a,............Hungarian csomó =knot, nodule, clump, bunch, bulb; hagyma=onion; tš~š~č,o~u,ľm',-,.............Mordvin śolmo =knot, bundle; śulma-ms =to tie, to knot; s>h,a~o,l,m,o,................Finn/Suomi solmu-an=to make a knot; solmi, solmu=knot, lump; s>h,a~o,l,m,o,................Estonian sõlm_ =knot, lump, bun; č~c,œ,lbm,_,..................Lapp/Saami čuoľbmâ =knot ALTAIC čim /Chagatai Turk; čomor-lik/C.Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćumpε-lε== drinking vessel of birch bark; š~s~z,a~u,b,ε,-,l,i~e,........Sumerian EG sab ? s~cs,u~o,b,ε,-,l,ε,...........Hungarian csobo-lyó = drinking vessel (archaic); ..........................................csob-og=sound of water run-ning; s,u~o,mp~mm,ε,-,l,ε,..........Finn/Suomi sampio, sammi, sammio =goblet; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćońε==any sort of male animal (bull,stalion,etc) (animal) š~s~z,u~a,(n~ŋ),_,............Sumerian EG sún=aurochs cow ? č~ts,o~a,ń,,..................Votyak/Udm čuńi =male animal; č~ts,o~a,ń>n,,................Zuryen/Komi ćań =colt,foal ? s,a~o,n,ε,....................Finn/Suomi sonni=bull; s,a~o,n,ε,....................Estonian sõnn =bull, ram; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćore== flow , dripping water > cry (v) š~s~z,u~a,r,_,................Sumerian EG šur,sur = drip, rain, flash, produce liquid; (a-ner=cry (nyir)) š~s~z,e,r,_,..................Sumerian ES a-še-er =cry; s~cs,o>a,r,,..................Hungarian csur-og =draining , flowing water/liquid, sír =cry; š~tš~č,a~o~u,r,,..............Vogul/Mansi śurγ- , śurr- , ćork š~tš~č,a~o~u,r,,..............Ostyak/Khan ťărə- =flow, run (of rain from rooftop), säri =s.m. s,a~o,r,i,....................Finn/Suomi soro =drop; sorotta=dribble,drop #,č~s,u~o,r,e,................Samoyed šor-mba=flow/Selkup;soru-=drip/Naηasan; šullas=be gurgling/Neńec; ALTAIC sir =drizzling rain/Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćuća==(ćuća) peak , point (nature) š~s~z,u,š~s~z,a,..............Sumerian EG _iši =mountain; (reanalyzed as reduplication) ?susi=summit/Bobula s~cs,u~o,cs~gy~s,a~o,.........Hungarian csúcs =peak, point, mountain peak ć~tś,o,ć~ź,a~o,...............Mordvin ćoća-ńa =pointed, sharp; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćuje== type of fishnet 2 (tool) s~cs,u~o,j,,..................Hungarian csu_-hé (+háló > hé?=net) =type of fish net š~tš~č,u~o~ö,j,,..............Vogul/Mansi sai-p, sai-t, sai-əp Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćukka== bend > bend down; čukka=enclose > lock (v) š~s~z,a~u,g~h,a,..............Sumerian EG suh 2,3,5=encircling wall, sah-ab=bolt(of a door) s~cs,u~o,k,,..................Hungarian csuk =enclose, lock; csuk-or-od-ik =to squat and enclose oneself š~tš~č,u~o~ö,k,,..............Ostyak/Khan tŏGā-nε =bend,"knick" č~ś,o~u,k,,...................Cherem/Mari tseγ-er-gem č~ts,i~e,k,e,.................Votyak/Udm ťśuk-ges =bend č~ts,i~e,k,a,.................Zuryen/Komi tsūk-ul = bend together #,č~s,ü~o,kk~χ,e,.............Samoyed tekaa =hide /Neńec; tâktõ =a lock/Kamas; takalŋa=to hide/Neńec; ALTAIC čigle=pack in a box/C.Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćukke== hill , peak , height (nature) š~s~z,a~u,g~h,e~i,............Sumerian EG suh-ur=crest; suk-un=height; saŋ = point; hur-ság=highlands; s~cs,u~o,k,_,.................Hungarian ség,ság,szeg =hill (old usage); szig-et=island; š~tš~č,u~o~ö,k,,..............Vogul/Mansi śax-l=mound; säηk=hill,mound; š~tš~č,u~o~ö,k,,..............Ostyak/Khan ťäk=point,corner,cape,promotory; śŭηk='erdhügelchen' č~ś,o~u,k,e,..................Cherem/Mari ťšoηga =hill peak č~ts,i~e,k,,..................Votyak/Udm ćuk č~ts,i~e,k,,..................Zuryen/Komi ćuk=lonely hill, mountain, cone-shaped mountain or peak; ć~tś,o,k,o,...................Mordvin ćoηgă=island s,u~o,kk~k,i,.................Finn/Suomi song?=top of head? s,u~o,kk~k,i,.................Estonian sünk =higher č,u~o,kk~hk,e,................Lapp/Saami čok'kâ=summit, mountain top; #,č~s,ü~o,kk~χ,e,.............Samoyed sok,=hilly cape, promotory/Selkup; ALTAIC śúgu=promotory; śúka=mountain range/Nanay; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čukke== thick , dense > much (a) š~s~z,a~u,g~h,e~i,............Sumerian EG su_ 4=to grow, to multiply; (h>-) s~sz~cs,u~o,k,_,..............Hungarian sok =much,many; sok-szor=often; č~tš~š,u~o~ö,k,,..............Vogul/Mansi šoåu,sau =much (h>-); šåβ, šoaβ =much,many; č~tš~š,u~o~ö,k,,..............Ostyak/Khan šòχ =thick; č~š,o~u,k,e,..................Cherem/Mari čok =thick, dense; čakata=dense,massive,thick; č~š~ź,i~e,k,,.................Votyak/Udm ¢ek š~č~ź,i~e,k,,.................Zuryen/Komi čõk,čõky-d=dense,thick; ALTAIC čoq =much,too much/Turkish-Osman;çok/Azeri,Turk;čoγča=heap/Mong Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćukke-lε== kiss (v) š~s~z,a~u,g~h,e~i,-,l,i~e,....Sumerian EG šag_ 5=friendly, sweet, good s~cs,u~o,k,e~i,-,l,ε,.........Hungarian csok-ol =to kiss; csók =a kiss; š~tš~č,u~o~ö,k,e,-,l~Λ~t,,....Vogul/Mansi šox-el=kiss Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čukke-tte== deaf , blind (a) š~s~z,a~u,g~h,e~i,-,d~t,e~i,..Sumerian EG suh 2,3,5=confused, sig 5,9= silent s~sz~cs,u~o,k,e~i,-,t,_,......Hungarian sük-et=deaf ~ sug=whisper s>h,u~o,kk~k,e~ie,-,tt~t,i,...Finn/Suomi soke-a=blind ALTAIC suk-ur=blind/Turkic; šük=quiet/Old Turkic; sükût=silence/Turkish Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čupa== thin , skinny , meager (a) š~s~z,a~u,b~p,a,..............Sumerian EG sub-ar = naked body, slave? (closer to csup-asz) s~sz~cs,u~o,v,a~o,............Hungarian sov-ány =skinny, meager; tš~š~č,o,p~v,a~o,.............Mordvin tšov-ińe =thin s>h,u~o,p,a~o,................Finn/Suomi hupa =become less, unlasting, č~c,u~o,hp~p,ē,...............Lapp/Saami hoppe =undurable, unlasting < Finn loan, not from protoform; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čuppa== naked , bare (a) š~s~z,a~u,b,a,................Sumerian EG šub=remove >šù_ =lay bare,to strip; šuba, šub 7=bathed,clean?; s~sz~cs,u~o,p~b,,.............Hungarian csup-asz=bare,naked; csupa = the plain,uncovered fact Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čūppa== peak , point , summit (nature) s~sz~cs,u,p~b,,...............Hungarian csúp =peak, hill, corner; ci-ci = tit, child word for breast; š~č~ź,i,p,a,..................Zuryen/Komi ťśup=woman's breast s>h,uu,pp~p,a~o,..............Finn/Suomi siuppu=summit, wedge; č~c,u~o,p'p,ē,................Lapp/Saami čuppa=top of a high (fur) cap Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćuppe== small container (?of birch) (tool) š~s~z,a~u,b,e~i,..............Sumerian EG u-šub =basket; sabura=vessel/Bobula; s~cs,u~o,p~b,_,...............Hungarian csup-or=small pot, csobolyó č~ts,i~e,p,,..................Votyak/Udm tśip-iš č~ts,i~e,p,,..................Zuryen/Komi ćib-ľeg=drinking vessel made of birch bark; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čuppe== suckle , suck (v) š~s~z,a~u,b,e~i,..............Sumerian EG sub_, su-ub = to suck; to suckle; to clog; to bless; šub =lick; s~sz~cs,u~o,p~b,_,............Hungarian szop=to suckle, szív=suck, cuppant=smacking sound č~tš~š,u~o~ö,p,,..............Vogul/Mansi sipγ=suckle č~tš~š,u~o~ö,b,,..............Ostyak/Khan šep-ta, šep-ti=suck,suckle č~š,o~u,p,e,..................Cherem/Mari šup-šam=suckle,tug č~š~ź,i~e,p,,.................Votyak/Udm śup-ś=suck,suckle ALTAIC *ši_úp'ù=to suck,hold in mouth/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćure== herd (animal) š~s~z,a~u,r,_,................Sumerian EG šár =to be many, totality s~cs,u~o,r,,..................Hungarian csor-da=cattle herd; ser-eg=army, multitude, szor-oz=multiply; š~tš~č,u~o~ö,r,,..............Vogul/Mansi śaaräk =pasture-ground of reindeer š~tš~č,u~o~ö,r,,..............Ostyak/Khan sur=herd of reindeer or moose, horses,, cows č,u~o,rr,e,...................Lapp/Saami čorâ=herd of reindeer ALTAIC sar-ig=army/Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćutte== ankle bone (body) s~cs,u~o,t,_,.................Hungarian csont =bone (t>nt reflex) č,u~o,ťt~ht,e,................Lapp/Saami čutta s~z,u,t,e~a,..................Etruskan śuθ-l =bone Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čüήke==(čüήke) joint , knuckle (body) š~s~z,u~i,_,e~i,..............Sumerian EG su_ =hand; sil-ig =hand; zid=right hand; s~sz~cs,ü~ö,n,v,e~i,..........Hungarian csög ~ csüd, =pastern, bird's foot; csül-ök=knuckle, č~tš~š,u~o~a,η,e,.............Ostyak/Khan ťuη-en=joint,limb,muscle; ťuń=finger; č~š~ź,i~e,n~ń,,...............Votyak/Udm čińi, čińe =finger š~č~ź,i~e,n~ń,,...............Zuryen/Komi ťśuń,ćyń=finger Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čukke== stump , block of wood ; ?*čuηke= knot (tree) š~s~z,a~u,g~h,e~i,............Sumerian EG sag2,3, zig =chop down; sig=low,small; sug 4=to empty,to strip s~sz~cs,u~o,k,_,..............Hungarian csög =stump,remnant;csökk-en=lessen,reduce;csök=decrease,shrink č~tš~š,u~o~ö,k,,..............Vogul/Mansi šäηgil=knot, šeηk=to tie a knot č~tš~š,u~o~ö,k,,..............Ostyak/Khan šek =stump < from Zürjen? č~š~ź,i~e,k,,.................Votyak/Udm žok = table < tree stump? š~č~ź,i~e,k,,.................Zuryen/Komi džek =stump ALTAIC čök- =collapse, tumble, condescend; fall,dip/ Uigur,Old Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćünte==(variant of ćukke?) (a) š~s~z,u~i,d,e,................Sumerian EG sud, sù_ =destitute, empty; sud-ug=a k. of reed; šud-ug2=reed hut s~cs,ü~ö,d,_,.................Hungarian csöd = bankrupcy, failure-empty; csut-ak=apple-'core', reed stump Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *eće== brother , sister (family) u,š~s~z,e~i,..................Sumerian EG _še-š =siblings (brother/sister) -reduplicated form. e,d~t,e~i,....................Sumerian ES . e,cs~gy~s,,...................Hungarian öcs(i)=younger brother; ə,š~č,,.......................Vogul/Mansi äś_, iś_=young brother; o~a,ć~ś~č,,...................Votyak/Udm uźi =sister in law ALTAIC iči=older or younger brother/Uigur Turk; aći=grandchild/Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *eće== fall > rain (nature) u,š~s~z,e~i,..................Sumerian EG _še-ŋ 3,7 =to rain, rain; šu-b =to drop, let fall, to fall,rain; e,cs~gy~s,,...................Hungarian es_=fall,es-ö=rain, es-ik=rains,falls;csep=drip; ..........................................es-te=evening "sunset" ə,š~č,,.......................Vogul/Mansi íse-pi=to fly; iś_=fall ə,š~č,,.......................Ostyak/Khan əsə-l=drop, let loose, shoot; es-t=drop,let down,loose o~a,ć~ś~č,,...................Votyak/Udm uś-,üś-; uśkyt =to drop o~a,ć~ś~č,,...................Zuryen/Komi uś_, ús-kal=fall down; uś-kõd=let down; e,č~s,e,......................Samoyed üs-te- =fell,fall down/Kamas; äs-tä-, äs-tä-pa=throw down/Selkup; ALTAIC *sigi(ä) =rain, snow storm /Altaic; *sögV=juice/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *eće-== +tt evening < sunset < setting/falling (nature) u,š~s~z,e~i,-,................Sumerian EG ùs-an ~ uzu- 5, =sunset,evening +ud=sun/time e,cs~gy~s,e~i,-,..............Hungarian es_-te=sunset, evening (see *ec'e=to fall + idö=time) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *aća== lawn, medow (possibly related to ..........................................asz-ik per MSzFE)(nature) a,š~s~z,a,....................Sumerian EG aša 5 =field, plot; isi =clay pit, pit; a,cs~gy~s,a~o,................Hungarian aszó=dry riverbed, depression, valley o~u,ź~ž,e,....................Votyak/Udm aDź=depression,valley; a~e,s~ts,ē,...................Estonian aas=depression,valley; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ðeme==bird cherry gy,e~i,m~v,,..................Hungarian ?me-gy =sour cherry (metathesis??) ľ~i,e,m,,.....................Vogul/Mansi ľaam j,e,m,,.......................Ostyak/Khan jom=bird cherry; ľ,e~i,m~v,,...................Zuryen/Komi ľõm-pu =bird cherry tree; ľ,e~i,m~v,o,..................Mordvin l'om =bird cherry; t,e~ie,m,i,...................Finn/Suomi tuomi =bird cherry; d,æ~ie~i,m~mb,e,..............Lapp/Saami duobmâ ALTAIC jymyrt =bird cherry/Altai; śəmərt/Chuvash; nymyrt/Khakas; ..........................................jumurt/Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *elä== live , life (v) (n) a~u,l,a~i,....................Sumerian EG al-ad=life force; metathesis >> ti-la, til=life,live,ripen; e,l,e,........................Hungarian él =live, él-et =life(-et =deverbal); telep=dwell, settle, colony ə,l~Λ~t,,.....................Vogul/Mansi ial-t e~i,l,,.......................Cherem/Mari ile o~a,l,,.......................Votyak/Udm uly- o~a,l,,.......................Zuryen/Komi ol- e,l,ä,........................Finn/Suomi elä æ~va,ll,ē,....................Lapp/Saami aelle e,l,e,........................Samoyed jire/Ńeńec; dili =alive/Kamas; ńile/ŋaŋasan; ela- /Selkup; e~a,l,a~e,....................Etruskan ala =vital,lively, moving,boldly; sv-al-ce =he/she lived Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *elme==(?) skirt , shirt , ? habit e,m,_,........................Hungarian üm-eg = shirt (archaic) ing=shirt (modern); e,l,m,i,......................Finn/Suomi helma = skirt, frock; e,l,m,i,......................Estonian hilm =skirt, frock; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *elm-pi== son of air (god), man; a~u,m>_,-,p,i,................Sumerian EG (lú =man, lúlu=mankind ) e,m,-,p,i,....................Sumerian ES mu-lu =man ( imi =wind) e,m,-,v,i~e,..................Hungarian em-ber =man e,l,m,-,p~b,i~y,..............Estonian elmpi=man Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *emä== wife , mother , female (family) _,m~n,a~u,....................Sumerian EG _me=female; em-ma>ama e,m~v,e,......................Hungarian emse =mother (animal), em-ik =to suckle?, ?anya=mother; e,m,ä,........................Finn/Suomi emä =wife, mother (especially of animals) e,m,ä,........................Estonian ema =mother æ~va,m~mb,ē,..................Lapp/Saami oebme ? e,m~β,e,......................Samoyed ämä/Selkup; name/Tavgi; emme/Taig; eé /Eńec e~a,m~v,ä,....................Etruskan ama-ke=spouse, married; θ_r-ama = storage woman; θr = tár in Hu; ALTAIC eme= wife /Kalmuk,Chuvash; ème= woman, female /ProtoAltaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *empe== hound > dog (animal) e,b,_,........................Hungarian eb =hound, dog ə,mp,,........................Vogul/Mansi amp =dog ə,mp,,........................Ostyak/Khan ämp =dog Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ońε-==(8ńε-) flirt , gossip (v) o,ny,ε,-,.....................Hungarian eny-el-eg =flirt , lounge , gossip ; (arch) a,ń>n,ε,-,....................Vogul/Mansi əń-il, ańiγl =kiss; (l is frequentive suffix) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *erε== big , many >giant (related to uras=to lead/big male) (a) a~u,r,i~e,....................Sumerian EG uru 16 =huge, giant; e,r,ε,........................Hungarian ori-ás =giant (-ás=adj suffix), ör-eg=elder, old; ə,r,,.........................Vogul/Mansi är=much, ariγ=more,too much, very ə,r,,.........................Ostyak/Khan ärə=excess, surplus, too much e~i,r,ε,......................Mordvin ?sire=old; e,r,ε,........................Samoyed jīrī=grandfather/Neńec; iri/ŋanesan; ür=for long time/Kamas,Tuva ALTAIC ür=long/Uigur; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *eś== female , heifer (animal) u,š,..........................Sumerian EG us 5=mother ewe; ùz=female goat; ge-as-an > gasan=queen (ge=girl) e,s,..........................Hungarian üsz-ö=heiffer; asz-ony=lady of house,// lady; queen (archaic); e,s,..........................Savard Hung as-uni=lady ə,ć~s,........................Vogul/Mansi əs, as=mother,wife ALTAIC asinga=woman,girl/Tungus; asina=female royal wolf,totem of Turks; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śäβtε==(säβtε) many , week , rest-free > seventh , sabath , ........................................................Saturday [Ugrian] š~s~z,a~i,β,d,i~e,............Sumerian EG su-bat =resting the heart > God rested on the 7th day, the Sabath sz,e,β,t,,....................Hungarian hét =7(#s>h),week;szab-ad=freedom,allowed>(rest);Szombat=Saturday s~t,ä~e,β,t,,.................Vogul/Mansi šōt = seven, week; s~t,ä~e,β,t,,.................Ostyak/Khan tāβet, λāpət =seven, week; ALTAIC *jedi=7(#s>_>j)/Altaic,sat/Uigur, sicce/Chuvash; ..........................................*(s)edu =7/Dravidian Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *suγe== finn, flipper > rudder > oar (tool) s,a~u,(h~g),_,................Sumerian EG e-ssa-du =fin, flipper (-du =formative verbal suffix) -,u~o,v~u,,...................Hungarian u-szony=flipper like divers glove; .........................................._eve-z=to paddle a boat >>_ve-z-et=steer>lead,drive; vez-ér=leader; t,u~o~ö,γ~x~w,,...............Vogul/Mansi tow t>l,u~o~ö,γ~x~w,,.............Ostyak/Khan təw, lag-ənt š,o~u,γ~-,,...................Cherem/Mari šua-, šue- š,i~e,k~j~-,,.................Zuryen/Komi syn- s,u~o,v~_,i,..................Finn/Suomi sou-ta- ; ?ewä =flipper,paddle,fin (problem is no lead s); s~š,u~o,γ~k~hk,e,.............Lapp/Saami sukkâ t,ü~o,_,e,....................Samoyed tú-, túb /Kamas; tu-, tua- /Selkup; ALTAIC vezir/Turk isn't the same but an Arabic loan word. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *eẃi==(ewi-ηä) sash , belt (tool) i,b,i,........................Sumerian EG íb_ e,v,i~e,......................Hungarian öv(e)_ =sash, belt o~a,w,i,......................Votyak/Udm _ve-ń e,v,i~y,......................Finn/Suomi _vyö_ ALTAIC obi =sash /Japan Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *alwe-== (alwe-me) other side , far away > away (a) a~u,ll,e~i,-,.................Sumerian EG ul_ =distant, remote, enduring; (suffix dropped) a,l,e~i,-,....................Hungarian elve > elü > el- = opposite side (archaic usage); el- =away; a~o,l,e,-,....................Vogul/Mansi al-em=from the other side, away a~o,l,e,-,....................Ostyak/Khan aλ-em =other; a,l,_,e~a,-,..................Etruskan el- =away (ablaitive prefix); -ala-s, -als=ablaitive suffix; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *eδe== front , lead > 1st (number) u,d,_,........................Sumerian EG èd, e 11=to lead e,l,,.........................Hungarian elö =in front,lead; el-sö=first; ..........................................el-ég = "front+terminative"=enough; ə,l~t~-,,.....................Vogul/Mansi ēl=forward; iil-t=in the front;iln,jäln=to the front,farther; ə,l~t~-,,.....................Ostyak/Khan ilə=forth,forward; e,t~d,i,......................Finn/Suomi eden, edellä > esi; δ > t ( > s if followed by e or i.) e,t~d,i,......................Estonian ette > esi e~a,l,e~a,....................Etruskan el-sśi=first; il-ac-ve = enough, completele + ve =translative ALTAIC ílé-k'a=front,before; eder=to follow;/Altaic,il=east,forepart/Ui Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *äsε== to heat , become very hot > fierry (a) u,š~z,,.......................Sumerian EG izi =fire a,s,ε,........................Hungarian izz-ó=glowing hot coal; iz-ik =being very hot; iz-ad=perspire; i,š,,.........................Vogul/Mansi iš-m=hot,warm (j)i,t~l,,....................Ostyak/Khan əat, ŏl i~a,z,,.......................Votyak/Udm esty- =to heat; o~u,z,,.......................Zuryen/Komi õzjy=catch fire; õzty- =fire;ignite,light; ä~e,z,ε,......................Mordvin ež-ďa=to heat,warm æ~a,ss~cc,ε,..................Lapp/Saami accâ-gâs a,s,ε,........................Etruskan ush-il =sun; az_ = to burn; ALTAIC asa=hot/Chuvash; esse/Tatar; isi=warm/Turk; asa=burning/CMongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ićä== ancestor (society) u,š~s~z,e~i,..................Sumerian EG _su-n=old i,cs~gy~s,e,..................Hungarian ös_ ~ is_ (arch) =ancestor; is+ten =god (is=ancient+spirit) i~o,š~č,,.....................Vogul/Mansi äš_ i,č~ź~z,,.....................Cherem/Mari iza i~e,ć~ź,e,....................Mordvin oťśe y~i,s~ts,ä,...................Finn/Suomi isä ? a,s~χ,ä,......................Etruskan ais-= god + tin = Jupiter, the chief god, strorm god; ALTAIC ?ys /Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ićä==(or üćá) small , few i,cs~gy~s,e,..................Hungarian ici (as in "ici pici") = tiny; öcs =younger brother; i~o,š~č,,.....................Vogul/Mansi iś_ =small; (?) i,č~ź~z,,.....................Cherem/Mari iźi, iźe =small; i,ć~ś~č,,.....................Votyak/Udm ići = little; i,ć~ś~č,,.....................Zuryen/Komi ićö-t =small; i,s~ts,ä,.....................Estonian üsä = a little, trifle; ALTAIC az=insignificant, minor/Turkish; adzy=few/Uigur; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *iće==shadow (spirit) of one's body, self; (body) u,š~s~z,e~i,..................Sumerian EG _zi=soul, breath, breathing; sexual ardor; zu=know,mind-spirit? i,cs~gy~s,,...................Hungarian iz = shadow spirit(arch);iz=mouth gum disease;zi-hál=breathe hard i~o,š~č,,.....................Vogul/Mansi is=(in yiw-is) shade of a tree (is=shade, yiw=tree) i~o,š~č,,.....................Ostyak/Khan is=mind, soul; is-χŏr=ghost,phantom, spirit; aťś- =I myself; i,ć~ś~č,,.....................Votyak/Udm ač- =I myself; i~e,ć~ź,o,....................Mordvin äś, eś =oneself y~i,s~ts,i,...................Finn/Suomi itse =oneself i,s~ts,i,.....................Estonian ise =oneself i,čč~šš,e,....................Lapp/Saami ieš, jieš =oneself; i,č~s,e,......................Samoyed eDZie = myself, yourelf #,i,ć,e,......................Yukagir ipse Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *īki== ? ordinal numbers; u,η~h,_,......................Sumerian EG igi =reciprocal number (like thir-d),the abreviation of igi-``'ál #,ī,v,,.......................Hungarian -ik =numeric designator; (más-od-ik =second, -d is a fraction ); Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ińe== (ike-nε) cheek , palate (body) _,(n~ŋ),e~i,..................Sumerian EG unu 2=cheek i,ny,,........................Hungarian iny =palate; iny-enc=some especially tasty food; i,ń,,.........................Votyak/Udm aη =palate i,ń>n,,.......................Zuryen/Komi an=gums, flesh around the teeth y~i,n,i,......................Finn/Suomi ien =gums i,n,i,........................Estonian ige? =gums; (this form is not normal) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ićä==father,<?> ancestor (family) i,cs~gy~s,e,..................Hungarian ös=ancestor, ös-apa =gr.gr.grandfather; is-ten=old god, God; i~o,š~č,,.....................Vogul/Mansi āś=father; i,č~ź~z,,.....................Cherem/Mari əzä =elder brother, paternal uncle,younger than father of person i~e,ć~ź,e,....................Mordvin oće =paternal uncle, younger than father y~i,s~ts,ä,...................Finn/Suomi isä=father; i,čč~šš,ē,....................Lapp/Saami âččĕ =father; i,č~s,e,......................Samoyed ese =father/Eńec; nise/Neńec; jase/Danasan; ALTAIC aćV =ancestor/Altaic; ačV/Turkic; (x)ači/Tungusic;aźa=father/Chuv Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ičēppe==(?) mire , muck (nature) u,z~š,ē,,e~i,.................Sumerian EG isi_= pit; clay pit i,s,ē,p~b,_,..................Hungarian isz-ap= muck, mire, wet sediment in rivers Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ikä== year (nature) i,v,e,........................Hungarian év_=year i,_~j,,.......................Cherem/Mari ii, ji =year i~e,j~v,e,....................Mordvin ije_ =year y~i,k,ä,......................Finn/Suomi _ika =year i,kk,ē,.......................Lapp/Saami jâkke =year a,v,a~e,......................Etruskan av-il =year (-il =locative) > ave /Latin; (Hurrian sawala) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ilmä== air , weather , sky & creator god ; (nature) (religion) a~u,m>_,a~i,..................Sumerian EG i_mi = wind, imi-en-ur-ta = storm god,NImrod; _an_ =sky god; i,m,,.........................Hungarian _lev-eg-ö =air, atmosphere; (*ilmä > limä > leve- metathesis] i~o,l~Λ~t,m,,.................Vogul/Mansi eeləm, iiləm =weather, world; i~o,l~Λ~t,m,,.................Ostyak/Khan iləm ~ itəm = sky, weather, cloudy (day); i,n,,.........................Votyak/Udm in = heaven; in-mar=god; i,n,,.........................Zuryen/Komi jen =god, heaven; y~i,l,m,ä,....................Finn/Suomi ilmä =air,weather, storm; Ilmarinen =sky & smith god; i,l,m,ä,......................Estonian ilm_ =weather, world; i,lbm,ē,......................Lapp/Saami âľbme = heaven, snowstorm; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ime== suck , suckle (v) (?related to amta =give food or drink) _,m~n,e~i,....................Sumerian EG ?ama =mother ?? i,m~v,,.......................Hungarian em-ik=suckle; i~o,m,,.......................Ostyak/Khan em- i,m~v,,.......................Votyak/Udm ńim- y~i,m,i,......................Finn/Suomi ime i,m~mb,e,.....................Lapp/Saami njâmmâ i,m~β,e,......................Samoyed ńime/Ńeńec, ńimiri/Ŋaŋasan; ńemarna/Selkup; #,i,m,e,......................Yukagir ibi ALTAIC αmi/Altaic; äm, ämik/Middle Turkic; äm, im/Uigur; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ime== I , me (pronoun) _,m~n,e~i,....................Sumerian EG _ŋá-e =I; -m=self ;me, me-n 2,3: I, myself; ní=self; _,m~n,e~i,....................Sumerian ES _ma(-e) =I; me=we; i,m~v,,.......................Hungarian _me > én = I, self; 1st person possesive suffix =-om; i~o,m,,.......................Vogul/Mansi äm, män =I i,m~w,,.......................Cherem/Mari _miń =I i,m~v,,.......................Votyak/Udm _me, _mon =I i~e,m~v,o,....................Mordvin _mon =I y~i,m,i,......................Finn/Suomi _minä =I i,m~mb,e,.....................Lapp/Saami _mó-n = I i,m~β,e,......................Samoyed _mań, man =I a,m~v,e,......................Etruskan _me = I, mir= we; ex: mi ma = I am; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ime-tt== eincorn wheat (food) (tree) i,m~v,e~i,-,t,................Hungarian evet =eincorn wheat (*t>tt early and stayed) i~o,m,e,-,t,..................Vogul/Mansi imet y~i,m,e~ie,-,tt~t,............Finn/Suomi evä i,m~β,e,-,d,d,................Samoyed t-aβé-k (swapped t to front?) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ińε== safe place , protected place > ...........................................nä-kke/Ugrian rest place?(society) _,(n~ŋ),i~e,..................Sumerian EG _ni-ŋ-in 2=enclosure, surround,faint i,ny,ε,.......................Hungarian enyh,eny =safe haven, resting place; nyu-g=to rest; un-=boredom i,ń,,.........................Votyak/Udm iń, in =place; y~i,n,ε,......................Finn/Suomi ?nu-kkua=to sleep ALTAIC ?inu=to sleep/Japanese; un-ta=sleep/Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ipse-== (+kke?) smell > taste > flavor (body) u,,š~z,e~i,-,.................Sumerian EG _zí_=stench; _ša-g, šig6, ša6=sweet,good; i,v,s,e~i,-,..................Hungarian iz_=flavor,sweet( smell*) ,_sza-g=smell i~o,p~w,t,e,-,................Vogul/Mansi ät=smell; ätaη=smelly; et=flavor i~o,p~w,t~l,e,-,..............Ostyak/Khan ēpət,ewal=odor,smell i,w~j~-,ž,e,-,................Cherem/Mari üpś, =odor,smell i,p~-,z,o~u~e,-,..............Votyak/Udm opeś i,p~-,z,o~u~e,-,..............Zuryen/Komi i_s_=odor,stench; i~e,p~v,z,e,-,................Mordvin opōš=odor,smell; i,hp~p,s,e,-,.................Lapp/Saami afse,avse=odor; hapsa=odor,stench,reindeer excrement in summer; i,b,s,e,-,....................Samoyed η-ap_-t =odor,smell/Neńec; ηobta=odor,smell/ηanasan; aptea; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ir-== travel , move fast ; a~u,r,-,......................Sumerian EG ir 10 = to bring, lead away ? ŋiri dab=take to the road; ..........................................ŋiri gub=step; i,r,-,........................Hungarian ir-am-lik =to move fast, speedily; jár =walk about, travel; i,r,-,........................Votyak/Udm ir-gat =set on, urge on (of a dog); i,r,-,........................Zuryen/Komi yr-maś-ni =to hurry; ar-də-ms =run (of wild) animals; i~e,r,-,......................Mordvin ar-do-ms = run (of wild) animals; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *irwε== glad , happy ; (v) a~u,r,,i~e,...................Sumerian EG ár, ára = to glorify, praise; i,r,v,,.......................Hungarian örv-end=be glad; öröm = joy, gladness; örül=(is) happy; y~i,r,v,ε,....................Finn/Suomi riemu =joy i,r,u,ε,......................Estonian riim =joy i,r,v,ε,......................Lapp/Saami ârvuk =gay, lively spirited ALTAIC ürgün/Shor Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *itε== jump run, chase (v) u,d,,.........................Sumerian EG éd=to go out i,z~s,ε,......................Hungarian üz=to chase,hunt down > to follow a profession/trade; öz=deer; i~o,t,,.......................Vogul/Mansi it=to go hunt ALTAIC üd=chase/Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ina== ? irrigate , pour (v) _,n~ŋ,a,......................Sumerian EG _na , _na8: n., drink, irrigate i,n,a~o,......................Hungarian inni=to drink; ön-t- =to irrigate, to pour out; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *aśe+kuj== aśe = settle + kuje=setling place/kila=town > roost > ............................................chair > throne (v) a,š,e~i,+,η~h,a~u,g,..........Sumerian EG uš_ =foundation + ku_ =lie down,base > .........................................._su + ku_ > gu-za =throne(metathesis) e,š,e~i,+,η~h,e,g,............Sumerian ES aš_-te_ or aš_-ti_ =throne (ku=to settle replaced w. ti(l)=-dwell a,s,e~i,+,v,u~o,j,............Hungarian _szé-k_ =chair, throne; székül=to rule from a place; ..........................................szál-ás=temporary residence; a~o,ć~s,e,+,γ~x~-,u~o~ö,j,....Vogul/Mansi isi =to settle down, the roosting of birds; a~e,ś,e,+,j~v,o,j,............Mordvin eze-m=place,position a~e,s~ts,e~ie,+,k,u~o,j,......Finn/Suomi asu- =reside, dwell, inhabit; ase-ma=place,station a~ä,čč~ss,e,+,k,u~o,dj,j,.....Lapp/Saami assâ- =errect a forrest hut; a,ś,e,+,v~_,u,j,..............Penuitan isi-we=to rest/Calif.Mutsun; is-kit=to sit down/Calif.Maidu a,ś,e~a,+,k,u,j,..............Etruskan sal = residence or settlement place, to locate, ALTAIC isu_=chair/Japan;üs-tal=chair/Turkic; ..........................................köshgü=chair, kiz=throne/O.Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jalka== foot , legg , > walk "on foot" (body) ŋ~g,u,l,a,....................Sumerian EG ŋiri =road trip. feet. foot. step, way, path; hala=upper thigh; n~m,e,l,e,....................Sumerian ES meri =foot; j~gy,a~o,l(og),,..............Hungarian gyal-og =on foot;gyalogol=walk;[l~r] jár=go about,running machine j>d'>-,a~o~u,l(γ),,...........Cherem/Mari jol =foot j,a,l,k,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi jalka =foot j,a,l,k,ē,....................Estonian jalk = foot, legg; j,o>uo,lg,ē,..................Lapp/Saami juol'ge =foot, legg; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jälke== sighn , track > ornament (v) g~-,a~i,l,e~i,................Sumerian EG gal-am=artistic? < ?ornament-er, decorator. (-am =deverbal suffix j~gy,e,l(og),_,...............Hungarian jel~jegy =sign,symbol,stamped ticket; jelv-ény =medal,decoration j~i,ä~e,l(γ),,................Vogul/Mansi iäγ-el=ornament j,ä,l,k,i,....................Finn/Suomi jälki=track j,ä,l,k,i,....................Estonian jälg=track j,ie~a,lg,e,..................Lapp/Saami joelga-s =track (from Finn) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *joke== river , water (nature) ŋ~g,u~a,η~h,_,................Sumerian EG gu_=riverbank; i7,id =river; ea=got of waters, rivers, wisdom,etc j~gy,o>a,v,,..................Hungarian -jó_ =river; i-(t/sz)=drink; j,a~o~u,γ~x~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi ie, ia =river; j,a~o~u,γ~x~-,,...............Ostyak/Khan ioγan =small river; ioχ=river; j>d'>-,a~o~u,_~j,,............Cherem/Mari jòγe=river,waters j>d',o~a,_,,..................Votyak/Udm ju-šur=river; j>d',o~a,_,,..................Zuryen/Komi ju =river; (j),o~u,j~v,o,................Mordvin jov =the river Moksa j,a~o,k,i,....................Finn/Suomi joki=river;juχke=brook; j,a~o,k,i,....................Estonian jiki =river; j,œ,kk,e,.....................Lapp/Saami jokka=river; j,u~o,gg,e,...................Samoyed jaχa=river/Eńec; d'aga=brookriver,stream/Kamas; jæha/Neńec; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ðokkε= [j8kkε] pierce, stabb, butt; (v) gy,o>a,k,,....................Hungarian gyak- ik =drill, stabb, mark by inscribing; ľ~i,a~o~u,k,,.................Vogul/Mansi iēk = =pierce through; j,a~o~u,k,,...................Ostyak/Khan iăγə-stĭ = stabb, to stick, prick; l,a~o~u,k,,...................Cherem/Mari loγ-em=to stick with horns; ľ,o~a,k,,.....................Votyak/Udm ľeka-l=to stabb with horns, or some splinter. z,a,ch,ε,.....................Etruskan zix =to paint, to write, to incise a book or letter; zixu=scribe; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jokk-er== root (nature) j~gy,o>a,k,-,e~i,r,...........Hungarian gyökér =root, origin j,a~o~u,k,-,e,r,..............Vogul/Mansi jekwer Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *joήe== come (v) ŋ~g,u~a,n~_,e~i,..............Sumerian EG ŋan,ge_ 4=come; gi_ 4=return; gan=bring forth; di-m=approach? j~gy,o>a,n,e~i,...............Hungarian jöv, jö=come; jön=comes ; jövö=future; j,a~o~u,η~-,..................Vogul/Mansi jäj~juw=come !frontvowel must have switched early to backvowel j,a~o~u,η~-,..................Ostyak/Khan jio-taγε, iotä=come; jĕw=arrive, become, come, start; j,a~o,_,i,....................Finn/Suomi jää-dä =be left, remain, stay? j,a~o,ή,i,....................Estonian jää-ma =be left, remain, stay? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jäηe== ice g~-,a~i,k~g,_,................Sumerian EG š-en =ice, snow; < *jäήe variant; j~gy,e,j>g,,..................Hungarian jég ~ gyég =ice; j~i,ä~e,γ,,...................Vogul/Mansi joaηk, ľääη =ice; j~i,ä~e,ηk~ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan jöηk =ice; j>d'>-,ä~e,η~j>-,,............Cherem/Mari ij_, _i_ =ice; j>d',o~u,_,,..................Votyak/Udm jö_,jõ_, ďõ_ =ice; j>d',o~u,_,,..................Zuryen/Komi ji_,jy_ =ice; (j),ä~e,j~ng,o,...............Mordvin ej_, eη' =ice; j,ää,_,.......................Finn/Suomi jää_ =ice j,ää,k,e,.....................Livonian jej =ice; j,ää,_,.......................Estonian jää_ =ice ALTAIC ťeη =snow/Soyot; iηe-kse =freeze over/Evenki; iηīn=cold/Evenki; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *joŕε== planing iron , shaver , to scrape , shave (tool) (v) ............................................(metal) ŋ~g,u~a,r,ε,..................Sumerian EG gur 10,14 =sicle < shaver,cutter; gur 5=separate,divide; j~gy,o>a,r,ε,.................Hungarian gyalú=wood plane,gyal-ul=shave off; nyír=shave(j~gy~ny dialects) j,a~o~u,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi iarr =to plane, scrape, shave; iorγ=plane, scratch; ALTAIC jïlïg=cut,slice,shred/Chuvash;(most Turkic is is- not jil-) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jorke== spin , wind , roll , travel (järe=circle) (v) ŋ~g,u~a,r,_,e~i,..............Sumerian EG gur 4=to gallop,roll over, turn; ŋiri=road,trip,feet; ŋa_=to go; n~m,e,r,_,e~i,................Sumerian ES me.ri =feet, trip j~gy,o>a,r,v,_,...............Hungarian jár=travel, move, walk; gyor-s=quick (-s =adjectival suffix) j,a~o~u,r,γ~x~-,,.............Vogul/Mansi jouer=travel; j,a~o~u,r,γ~x~-,,.............Ostyak/Khan ?jogər=become complicated (rotacism r-g); ?kore=legg, feet; j,œ,r,k,e,....................Lapp/Saami jorg-ot =chase, drive back, wind; jorrât=rush about, go around; ALTAIC yor,jür=travel/Tatar;yürü/Turk;yuriudu/Uigur;yura=leave/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jowkke== often (a) j~gy,o>a,-,k,_,...............Hungarian gyako-ri =common occurance; gyak-ran =often; j>d',o~a,-,k,,................Votyak/Udm juk j,a~o,u,kk~k,i,...............Finn/Suomi juokko Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *juoηk-se== (joηk-se) bow (v) 1st root, other root is *kajε=bend,bow ŋ~g,a~u,u~a,ŋ~g,-,š~z,e~i,....Sumerian EG (go to second root *kajε=bend > bow) j~gy,u~o,o>a,g,-,s,e~i,.......Hungarian (go to second root *kajε=bend > bow); hajit=toss; j,u~o~ö,a~o~u,ηk>ηχ,-,t,e,....Vogul/Mansi jäi-t, jow-t=bow; j,u~o~ö,a~o~u,ηk>ηχ,-,t~l,e,..Ostyak/Khan iōγ-et j>d'>-,o~u,a~o~u,ηg~g,-,ž,e,..Cherem/Mari jaηg-ež (j),o,o~u,ηg~k,-,z,o,.........Mordvin joŋ-ks j,u~o,a~o,nk~ng,-,s,i,........Finn/Suomi juo-si j,u~o,œ,ηk~ηg~gg,-,s,e,.......Lapp/Saami juok-sa j,u,o,η,v~_,-,s,e,............Penuitan jawe=bow/Calif Miwok ALTAIC jaj /Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *juj== pain , hurt , ouch (a) ŋ~g,a~u,g,....................Sumerian EG aya=cry of woe; _ug, gag-ig=to lament (η>g); ..........................................gig=sick; gi 17 =illness; injury; i=cry of pain j~gy,u~o,j,...................Hungarian juj=so bad, oh no; gyenge=weak; (j>ng); gyógy=heal; j,u~o~ö,j,....................Vogul/Mansi χoχ=bitter?; ALTAIC yangi=weak/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jukta== entertain , recite , speak , tell > perform (v) j~gy,u~o,t,,..................Hungarian ját-ék=play; ját-sz-ik=play an instrument, perform > play a game; (j),o,j~v,d,a~o,..............Mordvin jovt-ams =explain, narrate, report, state, tell, outline, plan; j,u~o,tt,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi jutt- =amusement, chatting, entertainment, story, tale, speech; j,u~o,t,ē,....................Estonian _üte-l-ma=to assert, declare, express, say, voice; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jelä== light , day , sun (nature) g~-,e~i,l,_,..................Sumerian EG _íla, _íli, _íl =to shine; j~i,e,l~Λ~t,,.................Vogul/Mansi jâľli=lighten, jâlâ-kas=completely cloudless; j,e~a~o,l,e,..................Samoyed jelo-Dze=sun/Yukagir; jere=day/Eńec; jale=day/ηanasan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jokke= (j8kkε) to stabb, to separate j~gy,o>a,k,_,.................Hungarian juk, luk =hole; giuk > gyak-ik = to stabb,pierce, to separate z,a,ch,e,.....................Etruskan zic~zix, zicu =to incise, to chissel; (similarly gyula = zilac) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *jume== good (a) ŋ~g,a~u,m~n,_,................Sumerian EG lam, la_=abundant, good fortune; ia =a god which is good,caring? j~gy,u~o,m~v,,................Hungarian jóv > jó,jav =good, for the best; jav-ul=get well/healthy; j,u~o~ö,m,,...................Vogul/Mansi jåm-es=good, pretty, j,u~o~ö,m,,...................Ostyak/Khan iəm, iăm, iim =good,healthy; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *leme== juice , soup (food) ?lije=tree sap; l,e~i,m~n,_,..................Sumerian EG lum = soak,cloud; làl=date syrup, honey; l,e~i,m~v,,...................Hungarian lev, lé_ =juice, syrup, liquid; lev-es= soup; l,e,m,,.......................Vogul/Mansi lääm =broth; ľem=gelatine,jelly; l,e~y~ə,m~w,,.................Cherem/Mari lem=broth,soup,fat,tallow; l,e~i,m~v,o,..................Mordvin lem=broth,soup,fat,tallow; l,e~ie,m,i,...................Finn/Suomi lieme=broth,soup; l,e~i,m,i,....................Estonian leem =broth, soup; l,æ~ie~i,m~mb,e,..............Lapp/Saami liebma=broth,soup; l,e~a~o,m~β,e,................Samoyed lym=fish soup; sherbet; l,e,m,e,......................Yukagir läp=blood?; ALTAIC làlè =sticky juice/Altaic;*jilik/Turkic; nila/Mongolic; lala/Tung Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kaćε== split , slice (v) [Ugrian] ? *keće=knife,cut; g~h~_,u,š~s~z,_,..............Sumerian EG haš=break or cut off; h,a~o,cs~gy~s,ε,..............Hungarian haś-it =slice, cut in two; haś-ad= burst, crack apart, split; χ~h,o~u,š~č,,.................Vogul/Mansi χåš- =break or come off, separate, flake, peel, scale off; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuća== (kaća) hero , man (society) g~h~_,u,š~s~z,a,..............Sumerian EG ģiš 2,3, ģeš, _ěš=man, penis; kuš 7= servant, boy, groom, valet; m,e,d~t,e,....................Sumerian ES meš =young man, prince; (also found in FU for man) h,u~o,cs~gy~s,a~o,............Hungarian höś=hero; hiés, héś=bridegroom, young man; geci=semen; χ~h,u~o~ö,š~č,,...............Vogul/Mansi khūs=young man k~χ,ü~o,č~s,e,................Samoyed koč, kes-ka =workman; χ~h,u,s~χ,a,..................Etruskan hus = buy, young man; ALTAIC koca=husband/Turk; gazi=hero/Turk < Arabic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kače== able , know, understand > smart g~h~_,a~u,z~š,_,..............Sumerian EG gaššu = intelligent; gaš-am=wise; ka-aš, ga-eš 8 =decision; h,a~o,s,,.....................Hungarian o-koś=smart, wise; hasz-on=usefull,profitable; χ~h,o~u,č~š~s,,...............Vogul/Mansi hoč- = be able to, understand k,o~u,š,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kuž- = be able to, know, understand g,o>uo,ćc~s,e,................Lapp/Saami qweiče- = recall in memory; understand (ts~č) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kaða==mountain (or from *kaća = peak , end point ) g~h~_,a~u,d~š,a,..............Sumerian EG _iši =mountain; < *kaća h,a~o,j~gy,a~o,...............Hungarian hegy =peak, point, mountain k,a,d,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi *kaća > kasa = end, peak, summit, top; k,a,d,ē,......................Estonian kadsa =the pointed corner of the ax; g,o>uo,δδ,ē,..................Lapp/Saami goečče < =*kaća end point < *kaća k~χ,ā,ð~j,e,..................Samoyed ?possibly also χoi /Yurak, kûeo, kuiju/Jen; koaja/Samojed; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koćme== onion (food) (tree) g~h~_,u,š~s~z,m~n,e~i,........Sumerian EG kišumak, _šum =garlic, onion (oš > šu ) h,o>a,cs~gy~s,m~v,_,..........Hungarian hagyma=[cs~gy)onion, fok-hagyma=garlic; see _csomó=nodule, bulb; χ~h,a~o~u,š~č,m,,.............Vogul/Mansi kośśəm =onion; k,o~a,ź~ž,m~v,,...............Votyak/Udm kumyDź=onion; k,o~a,ź~ž,m~v,,...............Zuryen/Komi komiDź=onion; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kaða== leave , let , allow > precative , cohortive (v) (suffix) g~h~_,a~u,d~š,a,..............Sumerian EG ha-,hé_=let there be(precative,affirmative modal suffix) ..........................................?kuš-um=abandon; m,e,b~m,e,....................Sumerian ES _da-, _dè-, _du5- =precative & cohortive prefix; "lett" h,a~o,j~gy,a~o,...............Hungarian hagy- =leave, lett, allow; ha=if; .........................................-het- =lett, allow (precative, affirmative infix) χ~h,o~u,ľ,,...................Vogul/Mansi kōľ =allow, let k,a~o~u,ð~d,,.................Cherem/Mari koδ-em=let k,o~u,ľ,e,....................Votyak/Udm kōľ-ni,kiľ k,a,d~l,a~o,..................Mordvin kado-ms k,a,d,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi kado-ta/kadu-ma g,o>uo,δδ,ē,..................Lapp/Saami guoďď-et k~χ,ā,ð~j,e,..................Samoyed kuote-t ALTAIC kod =let /Uigur; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kaðwe== bride 2, beloved , lady , ermine (family) (animal) g~h~_,u,l,,e~i,...............Sumerian EG gil-im, gili =bride crown; (ge 2,6=girl +lum =to be fruitful) m,e,l,,e~i,...................Sumerian ES . h,a~o,j~gy,v,_,...............Hungarian hölgy =lady, damsel, ermine female (gy>lgy); χ~h,a,ľ,-,,...................Vogul/Mansi χaľ=wife,female animal; k,a,l~j,-,,...................Ostyak/Khan köjeŋ=female;köjəh =female of (sable,fox,ermine,marten,wolverine) g,o>uo,δδ,v,e,................Lapp/Saami gaďfe=ermine female; ALTAIC gelin=bride/Turk; xala=aunt/Azeri; hala/Turkish Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kajε-== bend , bend down , bow (v) 2nd root for bow (tool) g~h~_,a~u,g~ŋ,ε,-,............Sumerian EG gil=to bend, bow;_ill-uru=bow,throwing stick;gil-im=twisted, bend h,a~o,j,ε,-,..................Hungarian haj-ol=bow down; haj-li-t=bends; _ijj=bow; haj-lik=bending; h,a~o,j,ε,-,..................Savard Hung viju =bow; χ~h,o~u,j,ε,-,................Vogul/Mansi xoi-t=to bow, bend k,o~u,j,ε,-,..................Votyak/Udm kuj-al=throw up k,a,j~-,ε,-,..................Mordvin kaj-ams k,a,j~i,ε,-,..................Finn/Suomi kaj-ra=crooked; ALTAIC gay-ir=bend/Uzbek;ghalj-ir=crooked(of bow)/CMongol; ..........................................xaji=bend/Kalmuk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *käktä== (or kättä) two 2 > separate (number) k~g,a~u,g~_,a~i,..............Sumerian EG kid 2,7=divorce, separate, split in two; (g>d?), pinch off; k,e,t,,.......................Hungarian két=two of; kett-ö =2; kett-é=apart,separate; kett-en=together; k,e,t,,.......................Savard Hung keltü=two k(w),ä~e,t,,..................Vogul/Mansi kit,kitü,kitäγ =2 k,ä~e,t,,.....................Ostyak/Khan kat=2 k,ä~e,kt~t,,..................Cherem/Mari kot-êt,kok,kokt-ət=2 k,o~u,k,,.....................Votyak/Udm kik,kek=2 k,o~u,k,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kik=2 k,ä~e,j~v,d,e,................Mordvin kavto=2 k,ä,ht~ks,ä,..................Finn/Suomi kaksi=2 k,ä,ht~ks,ä,..................Estonian keks=2 g,ie~a,kt,ē,..................Lapp/Saami guokťĕ=2 s~k,o~u,t,e,..................Samoyed siti/Selk; siti/Tvg; šede/Kamas;śid'è/Yur; c,a~e,_,a~e,..................Etruskan ci ~ ki =2; (perhaps d>t>c in leu of t>s from IE duo?) ALTAIC *gàkta=one of a pair/Altaic (Starostin) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kala== fish (animal) g~h~_,u,_,a,..................Sumerian EG kua_ ~ ha_ =fish;(dialectical variations) h,a~o,l,a~o,..................Hungarian hal_ =fish h,a~o,l,a~o,..................Savard Hung kala =fish χ~h,o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi xūl=fish k,ö,l~Λ~t,,...................Ostyak/Khan χut,kuλ =fish k,a~o~u,l,,...................Cherem/Mari kol=fish k,o~u,l,e,....................Votyak/Udm kol=fish k,a,l,a~o,....................Mordvin kal=fish; k,a,l,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi kala=fish k,a,ll,ē,.....................Estonian kala=fish g,o>uo,ll,ē,..................Lapp/Saami guöllé=fish; k~χ,ā,l,e,....................Samoyed χāľľe/Yur; kare/Yen; kole/Tvg; kuel/Selkup; h,a,l,a,......................Penuitan hol=fish/Cal-Maidu; ALTAIC _ollo/Tungus;kul-=salmon/Mongolic;xalim=whale/Khalka; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kāle== net (tool) g~h~_,u,_,_,..................Sumerian EG gu_ =net; _all-al, _alla=net; h,ā,l,,.......................Hungarian hál-ó =net ( -ó = participle suffix ) k,u,l~Λ~t,,...................Ostyak/Khan khul-p,χuleB=net; k,ā~ō,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari χōD-əp,kāl-ew=net; k,ū,l,,.......................Zuryen/Komi kul-em =net; k,a,l,i,......................Finn/Suomi kali-n =net; kaľeg=net/Vepse; k,ā,ll,i,.....................Estonian kale = net k~χ,ū,l,e,....................Samoyed kuoðe-se=net; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kale== (kale) sleep , rest , settle, spend the night (v) g~h~_,u,_,_,..................Sumerian EG ku_ =lie down; hu_-ŋ =repose, rest; _ù_ =sleep (pronounce "o") h,a~o,l,,.....................Hungarian hál_ =to lie down, to relax, go to bed; huny=shut the eye; χ~h,o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi khúl-i=spend the night, overnight; koj-, xoj- =to be lying down; k,ö,l~Λ~t,,...................Ostyak/Khan χott-a, kàlt-a =overnight; k,o~u,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm kõl,kül =sleep over, go to bed, over night; k,o~u,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kol =overnight; h,a,l,e,......................Penuitan hu'l_=find shelter/Calif-Miss; c,a,l,e~a,....................Etruskan ce(i)-s - = to lying (down), to exist somewhere; ALTAIC kal-dïk=rest/Tatar; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kalke== hair 1 (body) g~h~_,u,l,e~i,................Sumerian EG à-ka_=fleece; h,a~o,l(og),_,................Hungarian haj=hair; l>j χ~h,a,l(γ),,..................Vogul/Mansi χaj=hairstrands k,a,lg~ld,o,..................Mordvin kalgo=chaff,shive? k,a,l,k,i,....................Finn/Suomi kalki =single hair? g,o>uo,lg,e,..................Lapp/Saami guoľgâ =coat,hair? ALTAIC *khïl=hair/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kaľwe== thickening skin , scabb (body) g~h~_,u,l,,e~i,...............Sumerian EG kul =thick,heavy h,a~o,l,v,_,..................Hungarian hály-og =thickening of the cornea χ~h,a,ľ~ť~>k',-,,.............Vogul/Mansi χaľ-p =dandruff; χaľeB= "birkenrinde" k,o~u,l'~j,-~v,,..............Votyak/Udm kiľ = small fleck like bark on the upper part of pine trees. k,o~u,l'~j,-~v,,..............Zuryen/Komi kiľ k,a,l,v,i,....................Finn/Suomi kalvo= thick skin, eye cataract k,a,l,u,i,....................Estonian kale =eye cataract Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kame== wetlands, swamp, moore (nature) g~h~_,a~u,m~n,_,..............Sumerian EG a-gam = swamp (a=water designator); gán=field,track of land; h,a~o,m~v,,...................Hungarian hány, han-t =marsh,moore,swamp (m>n) χ~h,o~u,m,,...................Vogul/Mansi xåm-es =; khåm-šel=clump,mound in a marsh; kān-əη=shore of sm. k,o~u,m,,.....................Ostyak/Khan χom-əs =island in a swamp; k,o~u,m~v,,...................Zuryen/Komi kán =side of something; k~χ,ā,m~β,e,..................Samoyed konné =up to the shore/forrest from the shore/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kāma== membraine, peel (body) g~h~_,u,m~n,a,................Sumerian EG kum ?/ref.missing/ h,ā,m~v,a~o,..................Hungarian hám_ =membrain, covering χ~h,ā,m,,.....................Vogul/Mansi kam-tul=crust,rind; k,ā~ō,m~w,,...................Cherem/Mari kom =crust,rind; k,ā,m~v,e,....................Votyak/Udm kum-el=crust,rind; k,a,m,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi kama-ra=crust,surface, the hard surface of something; k~χ,ū,m~β,e,..................Samoyed qååm_/ Selkup; kåm =fish scale/Kamas; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kämä== hard , tough (a) k~g,a~u,m~n,_,................Sumerian EG kan-kal =hard earth; ŋin, ŋen = firm, solid, ordinary; k,e,m~v,e,....................Hungarian kem-ény =hard, difficult; köv =stone ?[m>v]; k,ä~e,m~v,e,..................Mordvin keme=hard k,ä,m,ä,......................Finn/Suomi kämä=hard,rigid,difficult,troublesome, thick,stout,wise; s~k,o~u,m~β,e,................Samoyed koom,kuum=hard/Selk;komdəlam=harden; k,ä,m,ä,......................Yukagir kim=hard; c,a~e,m~v,ä,..................Etruskan cemu- =burden, heavy; cum-n, lulmn =burden, through; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kälmä==[and karma] want, desire, wish [rm~lm]; ..........................................*kame=pleasure;(v) k~g,a~u,m>_,a~i,..............Sumerian EG kam_ 2= to desire; k,e,m,,.......................Hungarian kiv-án=desire[lm>m>v]; kel=need, akar=want (l>r) k,ä~e,ľm',e,..................Mordvin karma =want (l>r) s~k,o~u,m,e,..................Samoyed koma=want/Eńeć; harwa/Neńeć; ALTAIC küb=wish/Turkic; küvän=confide in/Chag; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kente==(?) time (time) k,e~i,d,_,....................Hungarian kéd, e-kkéd-ig=for this time; ..........................................?_idö=time< related to kegy- =circular? or Turkic öd k,o~u~e,d,,...................Zuryen/Komi kad =time; c,e~a,t~χ,e~a,................Etruskan _ide-s /Latin from Etruskan meaning of division of time; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kańe== pile up , throw up , spoon , shovel up (v) g~h~_,a~u,(n~ŋ),_,............Sumerian EG karam [l>r] =heap, ruin mound; ??? h,a~o,ny,,....................Hungarian hány =toss up, pile up-repetitively,strew;to throw up; halom=heap χ~h,o~u,ń>n,,.................Vogul/Mansi khūn = to draw, laddle (serve up?), pick, scoop; k,o~u,ń>n,,...................Ostyak/Khan χan-da- =draw, ladle, scoop; k,o~u,ń>n,,...................Zuryen/Komi kun-di-ni=to bury, dig in; ALTAIC χōńa =spoon /Nanay; kalbaγa =to ladle, spoon/ C.Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *käne== light > easy (a) k,e,n,,.......................Hungarian könnyü =easy, light (of weight) k(w),ä~e,n~ń,,................Vogul/Mansi kinnä =light (of weight) k,ä~e,n~ń,,...................Ostyak/Khan kene =light (of weight) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *karε== bite > bite of food (v) g~h~_,a~u,r,_,................Sumerian EG kur 6=food ration; har,_àr,_ur 5=to chew, millstone; _ara=miller; h,a~o,r,ε,....................Hungarian har-ap=bite,bit of food, kúra=food diet; _ör-öl=to mill; k,o~u,r,,.....................Votyak/Udm kur-ťťśi-ni, kur-tči k,o~u,r,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kur-tči=to bite into, to bite,to bite off; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *karε== woodpecker (bird) < onomotopeic word. h,a~o,r,ε,....................Hungarian har-kály =woodpecker (ka=birdname ending) χ~h,o~u,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi χår-χēj= spotted woodpecker k,o~u,r,,.....................Ostyak/Khan χă-χrài= black woodpecker; χoηra=woodpecker; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kärte==metal > iron > knife (metal) sword (tool) k~g,a~u,r,e~i,................Sumerian EG gur 10,14=sickle; ..........................................gíri,gir 2=dagger,knife,sword,thorn,scorpion,lightning flash; k~g,e,r,e~i,..................Sumerian ES me.er=dagger k,e,r,d,_,....................Hungarian kard =sword k(w),ä~e,r,t,,................Vogul/Mansi keer =iron k,ä~e,r,t,,...................Ostyak/Khan koert=iron, metal k,ä~e,r,δ~t,e,................Cherem/Mari kürt-ńe =iron k,o~u,r,d,,...................Votyak/Udm kort =iron Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kaś-em== grow > profit > useful (v) g~h~_,a~u,š,-,e~i,m~n,........Sumerian EG he_2=abundance, (dropped unnecesary suffix -em) h,a~o,s,-,e~i,m~v,............Hungarian hasz-on=profit, advantage, benefit; hasz-n-os=usefull;?híz=fatten k,a~o~u,ž,-,e~y~ə,m~w,........Cherem/Mari kuš-k-am=grow; kuž-im=gift? k,o~u,z,-,o~u~e,v,............Zuryen/Komi koź-in=weding gifts, gift; k,a,ś,-,e~i,m~v,..............Mordvin kaś-oms=enlarge, grow; k,a,s~ts,-,e~ie,m~v,..........Finn/Suomi kas-vaa k,a,s~ts,-,e~i,m~v,...........Estonian kas-vama k~χ,ā,s,-,e~a~o,m~β,..........Samoyed xaš-su Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kāηe==(or kāηke) climb up , ascend , ladder (house) g~h~_,u,n,_,..................Sumerian EG kun 4,5 =ladder, stairs; (*käηke > kāηe >kun) h,ā,k>v,,.....................Hungarian hág=climp up; hág-csó=ladder (old usage); hágó=mountain pass; χ~h,ā,χ~γ,,...................Vogul/Mansi χāηγ=ascend, climb up; k,u,η(k)~γ,,..................Ostyak/Khan χoη-ta=ascend, climb (a hill) k,ū,_,,.......................Zuryen/Komi kaini =to climb up, go up, raise oneself; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *käppa== breast , chest [body] k~g,a~u,b,a,..................Sumerian EG gaba: breast; chest; side (of a field or mountain) k,e,p~b,,.....................Hungarian keb-el=breast,chest < most likely a Turkish loan perhaps? k(w),ä~e,p,,..................Vogul/Mansi keep-el=bosom of a garment; k,ä,pp~p,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi kuba =bird's chest; ALTAIC kabirga=chest/Turk; gabir-ga=chest/Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *katte==move , penetrate , influence (v) g~h~_,u,d~t,e~i,..............Sumerian EG gud-uru=border stone ?uru=city,country (also in Elamite) h,a~o,t,_,....................Hungarian hat~het< hot=affect,influence,impression(of person);hat-ár=border k,a,t,,.......................Ostyak/Khan ket-e=creep,sneak up to, steal towards; k,o~u,ť~t,,...................Votyak/Udm kut- =catch, complete,keep,seize,take,follow; k,o~u,ť~t,,...................Zuryen/Komi kut-ni=be able to bear,carry,endure,stand,take; k,a,tt~t,i,...................Finn/Suomi ?saa- =get,reach,sart,travel k~χ,ā,d,d,e,..................Samoyed qat-iqo =force ones way (into)/Selkup ALTAIC had =boundary, limit /Turkish; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kaðe==abandon , leave , remain (v) g~h~_,a~u,d~š,_,..............Sumerian EG kud =cut off,separate; h,a~o,j~gy,,..................Hungarian hagy =leave, abandon, allow; χ~h,o~u,ľ,,...................Vogul/Mansi xūľi =to abandon, leave; k,o~u,l~j,,...................Ostyak/Khan kăj, kij, haj=leave, let k,a~o~u,ð~d,,.................Cherem/Mari koda- =be left over; kode- =abandon; k,o~u,ľ,,.....................Votyak/Udm kyľ =remove (a garment), remain; k,o~u,ľ,,.....................Zuryen/Komi koľ =abandon, remain; k,a,d~l,o,....................Mordvin kado =abandon, desert, leave behind; k,a,d,i,......................Finn/Suomi kado-ta=disappear,vanish; g,o>uo,δδ,e,..................Lapp/Saami guoδδe- =abandon, desert; k~χ,ā,ð~j,e,..................Samoyed kojo- =remain behind/Kamas;ka_e- =abandon,leave behind/Eńec; .. ALTAIC koj- =allow, decree,abandon,leave,let/OsmanTurk; xayax/CMongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *keće== circle , hoop ,ring; (tool) (a) k~g,e~u,š~s~z,_,..............Sumerian EG kéš=to bind, tie, wrap (around); k,e~i,cs~gy~s,,...............Hungarian kégy=arena, circle, stadium, curved; kegy-elet=rainbow (a curve); k(w),e,š~č,,..................Vogul/Mansi kis, kiš=hoop; k,e,š~č,,.....................Ostyak/Khan kösä=barrel hoop; kusi-lak=ring on the ski-staff; köč=hoop,ring; k,e~y~ə,č~ź~z,,...............Cherem/Mari kečəa =day,sun (?disk); k,e~i,ć~ś~č,,.................Votyak/Udm kyč =loop,snare; k,e~i,ć~ś~č,,.................Zuryen/Komi kyč=earring,loop,snare; k,e~i,ć~ź,o,..................Mordvin ši ?=day,sun; k,e~ie,s~ts,i,................Finn/Suomi kećoj=distaff ring, distaff wheel; trundle/Karel; keha=circle.. k,e~i,s~ts,i,.................Estonian kets_ =round wooden disc,trundle; kits=spining wheel; g,æ~ie~i,čč~šš,e,.............Lapp/Saami giessâ=wind into a ball,roll or wrap around; kesa=circle,ring; s~k,e~a~o,č~s,e,..............Samoyed koce, kuoče=earing/Selkup Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *keče== knife , cut (v) k~g,e~u,z~š,_,................Sumerian EG guz=cut; kiši =1/2; ku 5,ku-d=separate,cut off; k,e~i,s,,.....................Hungarian kés=knife, has-it=cut, has-on-lo=likeness,similar (cut in 1/2); k(w),e,č~š~s,,................Vogul/Mansi kāsi=knife k,e,č~š~s,,...................Ostyak/Khan kečə, köčəh k,e~y~ə,č~z,,.................Cherem/Mari kəzə, küzü k,e,č,e,......................Penuitan kice=knife/Cal-Miwok; ceis-artu= one who cuts, butcher; ..........................................caś-ni=sharp cutting; ALTAIC kuče/Ewenki,kutu/Tungus; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kećä==fish type (animal) k,e~i,cs~gy~s,e,..............Hungarian kesz-eg = a type of whitefish; bream; k(w),e,š~č,,..................Vogul/Mansi kasu = red finned whitefish, roach; k,e,š~č,,.....................Ostyak/Khan kŏsε, kusε =small young fish, "barbe" "Leuciscus rutilus" k,e~i,ć~ś~č,,.................Zuryen/Komi giťś =Cyprinus carassius, Crucian Carp; k,e~ie,s~ts,ä,................Finn/Suomi keso = type of small fish; "cyprinus" g,æ~ie~i,čč~šš,ē,.............Lapp/Saami koeč-uk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *keje-== mating, pleasure; kej-m=to rut,heat of mating > lust (v) k~g,a~u,g~ŋ,e~i,-,............Sumerian EG kiág =love/from Gordon; kam 2 =desire; k,e~i,j~gy,e~i,-,.............Hungarian kéj=lust ~ kegy=care, good will; k(w),e,j~i,e,-,...............Vogul/Mansi kaii =charming,magic songs; kim=play,call(of mating);koi-tä` k,e,j~i,e,-,..................Ostyak/Khan köj- =speak incantations (of ecstatic shaman)?, kei-ti =rut k,o~u~e,j~i,o~u~e,-,..........Votyak/Udm koi-ni=rutting,mating; k,o~u~e,j~i,o~u~e,-,..........Zuryen/Komi koj=make amorous calling sounds;ka-m =mating, pairing;koi-ni=rut k,ee,_,-,.....................Finn/Suomi kii=rut,mating; kii-ma=heat,rut; kii-m=desire,heat,mating season; g,æ~ie~i,ggj~kk,e,-,..........Lapp/Saami gikk-ât=to pair, play, call (of birds), call (at mating time); c,e~a,χ~n,e~a,-,..............Etruskan ceχa = care, good will; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kappe== defeat , ??? g~h~_,u,b,e~i,................Sumerian EG hub, hup = depth, defeat; h,a~o,p~b,_,..................Hungarian ki-kap =defeat; (ki- = outward direction, away); kap=receive; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *keẃe== [or keje] be lightly boiled, cooked (a) k~g,e~i,b,e~i,................Sumerian EG gib-il =to burn; ?gun=kiln k,e~i,v,e~i,..................Hungarian köv-ed, köveszt < küeszt =parboil (slow boil), partially cooked; k,e,w~β,e,....................Cherem/Mari kü-äm =bake, cook, heat, ripen; k,e~ie,v,i,...................Finn/Suomi kei-tää =to boil, cook k,e~i,v,i,....................Estonian kee-ma =to be boiling, be feverish, simmer; g,e,b,e,......................Lapp/Saami kipte, ?kih-te- = boil, cook heat; s~k,e,b,e,....................Samoyed kū_-š =ripen (of a kind of berry); ALTAIC kön, köj- =to burn/ Uigur; kün =the sun/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kele== speech , tongue , sing (body) k~g,a~u,l,_,..................Sumerian EG gal-a =singer priest, cantor; ?gal-am=artistic; k,e~i,l,,.....................Hungarian köl-t-ö=poet; kiál-t=shouts; k(w),e,l~Λ~t,,................Vogul/Mansi kelä =word, report; k,ö,l~Λ~t,,...................Ostyak/Khan köl =speech, word, news; k,e~y~ə,l,,...................Cherem/Mari kõl =chord, string; k,e~i,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm kyl =language,tongue, speech, word; k,e~i,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kyl =language,tongue, speech, word; k,e~ie,l,i,...................Finn/Suomi kieli=language,speech,tongue, chord, string; k,e~i,ll,i,...................Estonian keel=tongue,language k,e,l,e,......................Yukagir kal-=speak/Yukagir; ALTAIC *ki_ăli=tongue/Altaic; kele/Mong,Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *keleće== millet , flour (food) k~g,a~u,l,e~i,š~s~z,_,........Sumerian EG kiraši = emmer wheat (l~r also a rare alteration in Sumerian) k,e~i,l,e~i,cs~gy~s,,.........Hungarian köles = millet; kölyü=hand mill(archaic); k(w),e,l~Λ~t,e,š~č,,..........Vogul/Mansi kwolas = flour; kólas=meal made of fish or meat; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kelke== must have, should, important (a) k~g,a~u,l,e~i,................Sumerian EG kala, kala-g > kal_ =to value, valuable; k,e~i,l(og),_,................Hungarian kell =need, must, should; kel-me =prized woven materials; k,e~y~ə,l(γ),e,...............Cherem/Mari kel-eš, kül-eš =it is necessary, must; k,e~i,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm kol-ni,kov-ni=be necessary; k,e~i,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kol- =it is necessary, must, ought to; k,e~i,lg~ld,o,................Mordvin keľge-ms =must, ought to; shall; g,æ~ie~i,lg,e,................Lapp/Saami gãlg-ât=must, ought to, shall ; ALTAIC gali- /Nanay; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kepä== easy (a) k~g,a,m,_,....................Sumerian EG gam=decline k,e~i,v,e,....................Hungarian kev-és =insufficient, small amount; k,o~u~e,p~-,,.................Votyak/Udm kap-či=mild,moderate,slight; k,e~ie,p,ä,...................Finn/Suomi kepeä k,e~i,p~b,ä,..................Estonian kebja =easily,quickly g,æ~ie~i,hp~p,ē,..............Lapp/Saami gæp'p-âd=easy, small,trifling,idle,unoccupied; s~k,e~a~o,b,e,................Samoyed sebi=easy,simple/Neńec;seppu/Selkup; ALTAIC *kupe=light weight/Altaic; << ? float on surface of water? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kerä== around , roll, turn, > look around (a) k~g,a~u,r,_,..................Sumerian EG gúr=circle, kára=encircle, gi-gir=wheel,wagon; k,e~i,r,e,....................Hungarian ker~kör=circle,around; ker-es=search; ker-ék=wheel; gör-gö=roller k(w),e,r,,....................Vogul/Mansi kir-=go around; turn towards the side; k,e,r,,.......................Ostyak/Khan ker-at=circle back,return; kaŕəaj=spin,turn around; karim=revolve k,o~u~e,r,,...................Votyak/Udm kur-i k,e~ie,r,ä,...................Finn/Suomi kierä, kiero=bent,crooked; kiereä=rolling around; kieri=curl,roll k,e~i,r,ä,....................Estonian keer =spinning, stone wheel in a spindle; keera-=spin,turn,wind; g,æ~ie~i,rr,ē,................Lapp/Saami ģierre=twist; skierro =wooden disk, cart wheel; ALTAIC kerü- =circle, go roundabouts/C.Mongol; hergin=circle/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kere== bark , rind , shell , crust (tree) k~g,a~u,r,_,..................Sumerian EG kára=encircle; k,e~i,r,,.....................Hungarian kér-eg =bark; kér=membrain around the brain (obsolete); k(w),e,r,,....................Vogul/Mansi keer=bark,shell(of eggs,etc); k,e,r,,.......................Ostyak/Khan kär=bark,shell;ker=snow crust; k,e~y~ə,r,,...................Cherem/Mari kəer,kür=(thick) linden tree bark; k,o~u~e,r,,...................Votyak/Udm kur,kyr=piece of bark; k,o~u~e,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi kor=bark (of conifer); k,e~i,r,o,....................Mordvin keŕ=linden bark; k,e~ie,r,i,...................Finn/Suomi keri=birchbark; kerma=soft or thin shell thin crust,virginity; k,e~i,r,i,....................Estonian koor =bark, peel g,æ~ie~i,rr,e,................Lapp/Saami gârrâ=bark (of conifer), shell,crust; k,e,r,e,......................Yukagir χar=hide,skin/Yukagir; ALTAIC kurəs=bark of linden tree/Chuvash <loan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kerε== open stone fireplace , oven ; k~g,a~u,r,_,..................Sumerian EG kur_ =to burn, to light up; k(w),e,r,,....................Vogul/Mansi kur = stone oven k,e,r,,.......................Ostyak/Khan kor, kor =stone oven; k,o~u~e,r,,...................Votyak/Udm kur =stone oven; k,e~i,r,ε,....................Estonian ker-is =oven c,e~a,r,ε,....................Etruskan k_l-umie = oven's opening (r > l) ; ( FU Umε=opening) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kere-me== bind > rope > fence in (v) k~g,a~u,r,e~i,-m,e~i,.........Sumerian EG kíri=rope, kára=encircle, beseige k,e~i,r,e~i,-m,e~i,...........Hungarian ker-it=fence in, kar-ám=animal fence, kert=garden; k(w),e,r,e,-m,e,..............Vogul/Mansi këri k,e~y~ə,r,e,-m,e,.............Cherem/Mari ker-am k,o~u~e,r,o~u~e,-m,,..........Votyak/Udm ker-tni k,e~i,r,e,-m,o,...............Mordvin ker-ks Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kerje== (kelke) request > want , need > ask (v) k~g,a~u,r,,e~i,...............Sumerian EG áka_ = comand, to order; u-kur 3,4=poor man (needy?) k,e~i,r,,_,...................Hungarian kér=ask for, request, besech; akar=want; akar-at=the will; k,o~u~e,r,j~-,,...............Votyak/Udm kury-=beseech,ask for; k,o~u~e,r,j~-,,...............Zuryen/Komi kor_ =ask,beg; k,e~ie,r,- ~j,i,..............Finn/Suomi kerjä-tä=to beg k,e~i,r,- ~j,i,...............Estonian kerja-ma=to beg g,æ~ie~i,r,j,e,...............Lapp/Saami goerje-dit=to beg c,e~a,r,_,e~a,................Etruskan cer, cer(i)-xun = to ask, expect to get; ALTAIC kördjüö, körjüö=to ask,beg /Sakha; χéri- =to call/Nanay; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kälä== wade , cross over /Rédei; keδe = arise /Coliander; (v) k~g,a~u,l,_,..................Sumerian EG gal-am =climb; [l>r] kur 9=enter; kir 5, kur=eastern,to light up k,e,l,e,......................Hungarian kel-=arise, cross over, wade, start traveling; kel-et=east,become k(w),ä~e,l~Λ~t,,..............Vogul/Mansi kwääl-=arise, climb out, etc; ..........................................Kal-tes=goddess of dawn, mother goddes k,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,.................Ostyak/Khan kül=climb up,go onto land; kit =climb up; k,ä~e,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari kel-äm =wade; k,o~u,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm kel-ni, kol- =wade; k,o~u,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kel- =ford, wade, wander aimlesly; k,ä~e,l,e,....................Mordvin kele-ms k,ä,l,ä,......................Finn/Suomi kaala-a=wade; g,ie~a,ll,ē,..................Lapp/Saami galle- =wade; s~k,o~u,l,e,..................Samoyed kolu- =come,go; kel-ge=crossing (place); kelie-=go away/Yukagir c,a~e,l,a~e,..................Etruskan cel 2 =a god name << to originate ALTAIC gel- =come/Turkish; qali- =emigrate,rise,fly up/C.Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kalema==(?) grave mound (religion) g~h~_,u,l,e~i,m~n,a,..........Sumerian EG _un-ug =elevated shrine ? h,a~o,l,e~i,m~v,a~o,..........Hungarian halom =mound; halm-oz =to pile up; hal=to die + om=deverbal; k,a,l,e~ie,m,a~o,.............Finn/Suomi kalma =grave; k,a,ll,e~i,m,ē,...............Estonian kalm =grave; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *käte== hand (body) k~g,a~u,d,_,..................Sumerian EG kùš, a-kùš =forearm; kišib=hand, wrist; haz-a =to hold; k,e,z~s,,.....................Hungarian kéz =hand; kesz-tyü = glove; kez-el=to handle; kéz-el=with hand; k,e,z~s,,.....................Savard Hung kezi =hand k(w),ä~e,t,,..................Vogul/Mansi koåt ~ kåt, kä:t =hand k,ä~e,t,,.....................Ostyak/Khan ket, kot, =hand k,ä~e,δ~t,,...................Cherem/Mari kit=hand k,o~u,_,,.....................Zuryen/Komi ki =hand k,ä~e,d,o,....................Mordvin k'eď =hand k,ä,s,i,......................Finn/Suomi käsi =hand; kasivarsi=arm; k,ä,d~t~s,i,..................Estonian käsi=hand g,ie~a,ht~tt,e,...............Lapp/Saami giettâ =hand Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *keńer== groats , cereal meal > bread (food) k~g,e~i,(n~ŋ),e~i,r,..........Sumerian EG __gà_r=cake (η > j> _); ga_r-ud =bread ; ŋiŋ 2-ar-ra=groats; k,e~i,ny,e~i,r,...............Hungarian kenyér =bread (g>gy~ny) k,e~i,ń,o~u~e,r,..............Votyak/Udm keńir =groats Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kēme== [or *kewe] female animal; [ m~w] (animal) (family) k~g,ē,m~n,_,..................Sumerian EG ŋéme =slave? girl (m~w); ŋe =girl; [né ] k~g,ē,m~n,_,..................Sumerian ES gi4-īn =slave? girl; [jány] k,ē,m~v,,.....................Hungarian gím =female deer; [ jány=girl, né =mrs, woman] g,ē,m~mb,e,...................Lapp/Saami kieuva=female raindeer; s~k,ē,m~β,e,..................Samoyed keibe =mare (female horse) ALTAIC gibe =mare/Altaic; Kebel/Turkic; geγün/Mongolic; gibu/Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ki-me== (kü-me) outside , outland (nature) k~g,i,-m,e~i,.................Sumerian EG ki'ed =exit; k,i~e,-m,e~i,.................Hungarian ki =outward; kiv-ül=out of; kin-t =outside; k(w),i~ü,-m,e,................Vogul/Mansi kün, kwän, kwämnə=(being) out; kon =being out/Southern mansi k,o,-m,e,.....................Ostyak/Khan küm =out, the exterior part; kömən, kim=out,outdoors, outside; k,e,-m,,......................Zuryen/Komi kiń- , kińći, kińja =?except, save; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kin== who k,ö,n,........................Hungarian ki_ =who; k,i,(n),......................Cherem/Mari ke_ k,i,n,........................Votyak/Udm kin k,i~e,n,......................Mordvin ki_ k,i~y,n,......................Finn/Suomi ken=who k,i~y,n,......................Estonian kes=who g,i~ie,ń~n,...................Lapp/Saami gi_ =who s~k,i,n~η,....................Samoyed sie, sio /Eńeć; śa/Ńeńeć; sele/Ŋaŋasan; k,i,n,........................Yukagir kinek =somebody; who;/North; kin, kintek=somebody,who/Southern. ALTAIC k`a(j) =who/Altaic; kem, ka/Turkic; ken, ka/Mongolic;xia/Tungusic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kiće== small pot > basket (tool) k~g,a~u,š~s~z,_,..............Sumerian EG kasu=bowl, goblet; kisi =chamber pot; ŋá_ =basket,house,stable; k,a,cs~gy~s,,.................Hungarian köcs-ög=jug, kos-ár=basket (F>R allows); kas = basket like latic k(w),o~ä,š~č,,................Vogul/Mansi kuoss k,i~e,ć~ź,o,..................Mordvin ketše c,e,s~χ,e,....................Etruskan cesu =trunk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kije== snake < twisted , coiled , bent (animal) k~g,i,,_,.....................Sumerian EG gu_-gig ?= twisted; k,i~e,j~gy,,..................Hungarian kijó ~ kigyó ~ kinyó =snake (Middle Ages,dialectical variations) k,i~e,j~dz,,..................Savard Hung kila =snake (l~gy also exists in Hungarian) k,i,j,,.......................Cherem/Mari ki-ške =snake k,i,j~i,,.....................Votyak/Udm kyj_ =snake k,i~e,j,o,....................Mordvin kuj, guj, kij-ov =snake k,ii,_,.......................Finn/Suomi kyy =snake, adder; k,ii,_,.......................Estonian küü-uss =snake s~k,i,?,e,....................Samoyed syy =snake/Selkup; ALTAIC kalDa=lizard/ChuvashTurk; koľla/Nanay; kulV=snake,worm/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kiľä==dwelling (house) (society) k~g,i,l,_,....................Sumerian EG ki_ =place,town,earth; k,i~e,l,e,....................Hungarian hely =place,town; k(w),i~ü,ľ~ť~>k',,............Vogul/Mansi kwel,kül =house; k,i~y,l,ä,....................Finn/Suomi kylä =house,village (arch); k,i~y,l,ä,....................Estonian kyla =village; k,i,ľ,ä,......................Penuitan kewel=house/Penuitan; ALTAIC gul=home/Osman; külõ=hut/Ewenki --Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kińä-r== elbow , joint , bend (body) k~g,a,(n~ŋ),a~i,-,r,..........Sumerian EG gaŋ=knee,joint (suffix er dropped) k,ö,ny,e,-,r,.................Hungarian köny-ök=elbow ~ kegy-=bent; kany-ar =a bend in the road,river,etc k(w),o,ń>n,ä~e,-,r,...........Vogul/Mansi känγ-əľ =elbow k,o,ń>n,ä~e,-,r,..............Ostyak/Khan koηnai, košηai =elbow; k,i,ń~n~j,ä~e,-,r,............Cherem/Mari kiń-er [ń lost]=elbow; k,i,ń,o~u,-,r,................Votyak/Udm gi_r-pum [ń lost]=elbow; k,e,ń>n,o~u,-,r,..............Zuryen/Komi girďďźa=elbow? k,i~e,ń,ä~e,-,r,..............Mordvin keń-er =forearm, bend; k,i~y,n,ä,-,r,................Finn/Suomi kyyna-ra=elbow; k,i~y,n,ä,-,r,................Estonian küüna-r =forearm; g,i~ie,ń~n,ie~a,-,r,..........Lapp/Saami gaigηe-r, käηηir =elbow; ALTAIC keńa=elbow,angle/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kińe== a tear (body) k,ö,ny,,......................Hungarian könny =a tear; köny-ez=tears,weeps; k,i,ń,,.......................Votyak/Udm ki_li=tear; k,i~y,n,i,....................Finn/Suomi kyyn-el=tear g,i~ie,ń~n,e,.................Lapp/Saami gânj-âl=tear; (nj ~ ń) s~k,i,n,e,....................Samoyed xajjo-el=tear/Yurak; χājjoel=tear/Yenisey; kejel/Kamas; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kinte== fog , mist (nature) k~g,i,d,e,....................Sumerian EG gidi 6, gid-im 6= eclipsed, darkened k,ö,d,_,......................Hungarian köd ~ ked ~ kögy(dialects) =fog, (+öz) to cloud an issue; k,i,d,,.......................Votyak/Udm čõη-köd=haze,vapour (čõη=smoke);kid=understanding,mood k,e,d,,.......................Zuryen/Komi ked=smoke,haze,moisture,cloud;kid =understanding; mood; s~k,i,tt~d,e,.................Samoyed kinta=smoke/Tavgi; śuddo =(rising) smoke/Eńec; sümde/Selkup; ALTAIC *k`edo=fog, wind/Altaic; küden =(dark) smoke/C.Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kiśe== race , contest , fast (v) k~g,a~u,š,_,..................Sumerian EG kaš 4 =fluent, speed, travel fast; gaz 2 =to defeat,vanquish; k,a,s,,.......................Hungarian küz-d =compete,struggle,fight; gyöz=defeat,win; késö = late; k(w),o~ä,ć~s,,................Vogul/Mansi kási =to race k,o,ć~s,,.....................Ostyak/Khan kəs-tä =to race a horse; (ta=horse) k,i~y,s~ts,i,.................Estonian kisa =noise,quarreling,yelling ? g,i~ie,čč~ss,e,...............Lapp/Saami giDždže =fight,scuffle; c,e,ś,e,......................Etruskan ceśu =delays, puts of, one who indulges; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kośe== (kiśe) thick, fat, big, abundant > rich (a) g~h~_,u~a,š,_,................Sumerian EG kuš 6, ku_ 7= fat,plump; h,o>a,s,,.....................Hungarian gaz-da-g =rich, gaz-da=land owner (h>g) χ~h,a~o~u,ć~s,,...............Vogul/Mansi kos =material abundance, ?kot=fat,thick, k,a~o~u,ć~s,,.................Ostyak/Khan kŏt=fat, thick (book, clothing, object, width), kul=fat;köl=thick k,a~o~u,ž,,...................Cherem/Mari kəžγə = fat,thick; küzγü =sm k,o~a,z~ś,,...................Votyak/Udm kiz =big,robust; kizomiśk =become big, fatten, increase; k,o~a,z,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kiz =big,robust k,o~u,ś,o,....................Mordvin koza-v =rich k,a~o,s~ts,i,.................Finn/Suomi koso =abundant g,œ,čč~ss,e,..................Lapp/Saami kassa = fat, thick; gâssâg =fat,thick; k~χ,u~o,s,e,..................Samoyed gâss-âg =thick,fat χ~h,a,ś,e,....................Etruskan cuśu=patron; cuś=to keep; ?cuś-na=one who covers, Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kiske== back off , retreat (a) k~g,a~u,š~z,_,e~i,............Sumerian EG kuš-um=scorn,hurt, kuš 7=destruction k,i~e,s,v,_,..................Hungarian kis-ál=to enrage,to fight; kus!=stop/back off!, k,i~e,z,j~v,o,................Mordvin kəkə-ŕa-ms k,i~y,s,k,i,..................Finn/Suomi kiskoa=withdraw,retreat k,i~y,šk,i,...................Estonian kusku-ma g,i~ie,šk,e,..................Lapp/Saami kiška- Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kitke== (also kütke) tie 1 (v) k~g,i,d,_,e~i,................Sumerian EG kad 4,5 kad 6,8=to bind, to tie together; kid=weave; kešda=a knot k,i~e,t,v,_,..................Hungarian köt (was kut~ket)=tie; köt-él=rope; ki-kötö=harbor for boats; k(w),i~ü,t,γ~x~-,,............Vogul/Mansi kät, kot-e=tie; köt=bind, tie; k,i,t,_,,.....................Votyak/Udm kytki, kõtki=harness; k,i~y,d~t,k,i,................Finn/Suomi kythkeä=chain up, tie up, fasten; köysi =knot; k,i~y,d~t~s,k,i,..............Estonian kütke =halter; köis =knot; g,i~ie,ht~tt,k,e,.............Lapp/Saami gietko-s =collar,harness for a cow; ALTAIC kude=tie up a boat/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kiwe== stone , rock (nature) k~g,i,-,_,....................Sumerian EG gi-n=precious stone(gi+n); kù_ =metal; ?kim=stone type; k,i~e,v,,.....................Hungarian kö(v) =rock, stone; kav-ics=pebble; k,i~e,v,,.....................Savard Hung kevi =stone, rock; k(w),o~u,w,,..................Vogul/Mansi kúw,käw=stone k,eu~e,w,,....................Ostyak/Khan keu,koχ,kèw,kaw=stone k,ü,j~-,,.....................Cherem/Mari kü_,küi=stone k,ü~o,-,,.....................Votyak/Udm ko_,kü_=stone k,e,-~i,,.....................Zuryen/Komi iz-ki_ k,i~e,v,o,....................Mordvin kev_=stone k,i~y,v,i,....................Finn/Suomi kivi =stone; k,i~y,v,i,....................Estonian kivi,kive =stone k,i,w,e,......................Yukagir xai, šäu /Yukagir; c,e,u,e~a,....................Etruskan ku-ik-na =stone projectile in a weapon ( -ik =diminutive) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koće== long (a) g~h~_,u,š~s~z,_,..............Sumerian EG gi-d 2=long; + su-d 4, _su_ 13=long,lengthen,prolong; .........................................._eše =length unit; h,o>a,cs~gy~s,,...............Hungarian hosszú =long; hosszú-ság=length; hossz-it=lengthen; χ~h,a~o~u,š~č,,...............Vogul/Mansi kaša, qošow =long; hosa=long/Northern k,a~o~u,č~ź~z,,...............Cherem/Mari kužõ=long k,o~a,ź~ž,,...................Votyak/Udm kuź=long k,o~a,ź~ž,,...................Zuryen/Komi kuź=long k~χ,u~o,č~s,e,................Samoyed kun`zu=long Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *küćε-== follow a path (v) k~g,u~i,š~s~z,ε,-,............Sumerian EG _ús =to follow,to drive,to come near to,side,edge,length; k,ü~ö,cs~gy~s,ε,-,............Hungarian kis-ér =to follow behind; hoz=to bring; huz=to dragg along; k,u~o~a,š~č,ε,-,..............Ostyak/Khan küťśi =follow tracks; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koδe== remove , scrape , to skin (v) g~h~_,u~a,d,_,................Sumerian EG kud, ku_ 5= cut off, separate; ~ kid 2,7=remove, open; h,o>a,l,,.....................Hungarian héj-az? =to remove the outer cover, rind, skin etc. χ~h,a~o~u,l~t~-,,.............Vogul/Mansi haľt, kõlt =peel; k,a~o~u,-,,...................Cherem/Mari kõda-sa, kuda-sa=undress; k,o~a,l~j~-,,.................Votyak/Udm kyľy =remove, scrape, skin; k,o~a,l~j~-,,.................Zuryen/Komi kuľ =flay, skin, peel, undress; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koja== rind , shell , skin , bark (tree) g~h~_,u~a,,a,.................Sumerian EG gi_4 =surround; h,o>a,j,a~o,..................Hungarian héja =bark ~ kagy-ló=shell (front to backvowel swap allows gy ) k,o~a,j,a,....................Zuryen/Komi keja =tree; k,a~o,j~i,a~o,................Finn/Suomi koja =bark of a tree; rind; g,œ,j~i,ē,....................Lapp/Saami ku`oj`ε Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koje== dawn (time) (color) > kojetel= sun h,o>a,j,,.....................Hungarian haj-n-al=dawn; holnap =tomorow "dawn sun" χ~h,a~o~u,j,,.................Vogul/Mansi kuj=dawn, kui=morning redness; k,a~o~u,j,,...................Ostyak/Khan χunt =redness in the sky; kūńəl-kuńť =redness in the sky; k,o~a,j,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kia, kyva=redness in sky(especially at dawn) k,a~o,j~i,i,..................Finn/Suomi koi =dawn k,a~o,j~i,i,..................Estonian koi =morning redness of the sky; k~χ,u~o,?,e,..................Samoyed kajja=sun/Neńec ; kuja=sun/Kamas; kou=sun/Danasan k,o,?,e,......................Yukagir χoi =god ALTAIC kujaš=sun/Turkic; *gi_òjńu=dawn,daylight/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koj-mε== man , male ; koje =husband; g~h~_,u~a,g~ŋ,-m,i~e,.........Sumerian EG gu_ 2,4 =warrior; ŋeš > nu =male; h,o>a,j,-m,ε,.................Hungarian hím =male (of animals usually) χ~h,a~o~u,j,-m,,..............Vogul/Mansi hum, kom, qom =human male; kajm = male (of birds) ; kym=husband; k,o~a,j,-m,,..................Zuryen/Komi sarea-kum = a Komi person; k~χ,u~o,?,-m,ε,...............Samoyed kum(e), qum = man, human being/Selkup; χ~h,a,j,-,m~v,ε,..............Etruskan lu+cumo = horse + male,man,male sex; >> Latin homo ALTAIC κi-úne/A; kümün=person/C.Mongol; küm =human/Kalmuk; ..........................................Kün=person/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kolε== testicle (body) g~h~_,u~a,_,_,................Sumerian EG gal 4=genitalia, vulva; hal=crotch; h,o>a,l,ε,....................Hungarian ?_ágy-ék=groin area; (l>gy is attested); k,o~a,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm ko'ľ-an, keľ-an =testicle; k,a~o,l,ε,....................Finn/Suomi kolli=cat or dog in heat; k,a~o,ll,ε,...................Estonian koli =testicle; g,œ,ll,ε,.....................Lapp/Saami guoľlâ ~kuoľlâ = scrotum; k~χ,u~o,l,ε,..................Samoyed hile=testicle /Neńeć; ki_ =penis/Kamas; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kolja==angry ghost , devil (religion) g~h~_,u~a,l,a,................Sumerian EG gala=demons of the underworld;gul=evil,enourmous;gid-im=ghost; h,o>a,ľ,,.....................Hungarian golyho=an angry ghost; hagy-máz=spotted fever; [l or j >gy] χ~h,a~o~u,ľ,,.................Vogul/Mansi χuľ-ootər=ruler of the underworld, devil; k,o~a,ľ,e,....................Votyak/Udm kyľ =evil spirit which causes diseases; k,o~a,ľ,a,....................Zuryen/Komi kuľ- =evil spirit; water spirit in human shape; k,a~o,l,- ~j,a~o,.............Finn/Suomi koljo =giant; k,a~o,l,- ~j,ē,...............Estonian koľl=spectre (which frightens children) χ~h,a,l,_,a,..................Etruskan calu =infernal demon; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koŕme== (*kolme also claimed) three , 3 (number) g~h~_,u~a,r,m~n,e~i,..........Sumerian EG [ peš, _eš = three ] h,o>a,r,m~v,e~i,..............Hungarian három (ľm~rm occured in Ugrian) h,o,r,m~v,e~i,................Savard Hung khormu χ~h,a~o~u,r,m,e,..............Vogul/Mansi khúrem=3 k,a~o~u,t,m,e,................Ostyak/Khan xutem =3 k,a~o~u,_,m~w,e,..............Cherem/Mari kəm =3 k,o~a,j,m~v,,.................Votyak/Udm kujim, kwiń =3 k,o~u,l,m~v,o,................Mordvin kolma =3 k,a~o,l,m,i,..................Finn/Suomi kolme =3 g,œ,l,m~mb,e,.................Lapp/Saami goľbmâ, kolm =3 Etruskan ci =3 Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *konε== iner organs, inner spirit, soul (body) h,o>a,n,ε,....................Hungarian *hon as in jo-hon=inside, belly, heart,mind,liver,loin(archaic) k,a~o~u,n~ń,,.................Ostyak/Khan hon h,o,n,ε,......................Penuitan hon=soul-spirit >heart-breast-liver,navel,breath-speech/Cal.Majdu Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kone== shoulder , under arm , armpit (body) + ala=under (body) g~h~_,u~a,n~ŋ,_,..............Sumerian EG gú_=neck, nape...; gun =occiput, neck, nape; m,e,n~ŋ,_,....................Sumerian ES . h,o>a,n,,.....................Hungarian hón-alj ~ hony,holn =arm pit (alj=under,below); hón=shoulder(arch χ~h,a~o~u,n~ń,,...............Vogul/Mansi khan-l, hånl =armpit k,o~a,n,,.....................Votyak/Udm kun-ul=armpit (-ul=under) k,o~a,n,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kun-uvt (uvt=that which is beneath) k,a~o,n,i,....................Finn/Suomi kain-alo =armpit k,a~o,n,i,....................Estonian kaen-al=the embracing arm g,œ,ń~n,e,....................Lapp/Saami kaińń-el k~χ,u~o,n~η,e,................Samoyed kalin=shoulder/ŋanasan; ALTAIC qōn=armpit,bosom/Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kone== backward , lay back (v) g~h~_,u~a,n~ŋ,_,..............Sumerian EG hun, huŋ=rest, ku-=lie down h,o>a,n,,.....................Hungarian hany-at=supine ~ hen-ter-eg?=to roll around laying down; χ~h,a~o~u,n~ń,,...............Vogul/Mansi k`ånä,χoni =on the back,backward; xonDža k,a~o~u,n~ń,,.................Ostyak/Khan kŏn-Dža =on the back; k,o~u,n,o,....................Mordvin kun-ft=on the back,backward; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *konte== basket or satchel (made of birch bark) (tool) h,o>a,d,_,....................Hungarian ?kád = washtub. bathtub; (normally #kR should become h) χ~h,a~o~u,nt,,................Vogul/Mansi χūt= burden, something borne; khunt=to carry on the back; k,a~o~u,nt,,..................Ostyak/Khan χent, kint =birch bark basket; k,o~a,d,,.....................Votyak/Udm kudo = a big basket; k,a~o,nt,i,...................Finn/Suomi kontti=basket, satchel made of birch bark k,a~o,nt,i,...................Estonian kont ? ALTAIC kumta=casket,coffin,elongated box/Bašqort; ..........................................kamit=bark basket/Ewenki Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koppa== bark, crust, skin (body) g~h~_,u~a,b,a,................Sumerian EG huba, hup =weaver (?type of knoted cloth?) h,o>a,p~b,,...................Hungarian guba =knoted woven coat; [g>k] kab-át=coat; < Turkic influence k,a~o~u,w,,...................Cherem/Mari kuwo=hull, husk, scale, shell; k,o~u,v,a~o,..................Mordvin kuvo=bark, crust; k,a~o,b,ē,....................Estonian kõba=fir bark; k~χ,u~o,b,b,e,................Samoyed koba=hide,skin/Neńec; kooba=hide,skin/Selkup; kufu/ŋanasan; ALTAIC k'āp-a=/Altaic; Kāpuk/Turkic; kawda/Mongolic; xabda/Tungus; ..........................................kapa/Japan Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koppa==something hollowed inside > skull, forehead, basket..(a) h,o>a,p~b,,...................Hungarian kop-onya= skull ; kobak χ~h,a~o~u,p,,.................Vogul/Mansi håpi=the curved back of the hand; puηk-håpi =skull; k,a~o,pp~p,a~o,...............Finn/Suomi koppa=basket, crown (of a hat), forehead, pipebowl; g,œ,p'p,ē,....................Lapp/Saami gyõp'pe=skull; h,o,p,a,......................Penuitan _bok=knock,rap (as on a hollow instrument)/Maidu; ALTAIC kŏpe=convex/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kere==circle, circular > time , sun (a) k~g,a~u,r,_,..................Sumerian EG gar 4, gur =early; kára, guru 6=illuminate, shine ; k,e~i,r,,.....................Hungarian kör=circle. kor-án=early; kor=age, epoch, time; k(w),e,r,,....................Vogul/Mansi kwar-es =the name of the benefactor of man & sun god ; c,e~a,r,e~a,..................Etruskan xur=time = time, xur-al=in/at time; ALTAIC qor =time/oldTurkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kor-== bite of food (food) , dry fallen leaf (tree) g~h~_,u~a,r,-,................Sumerian EG kur-um =food rations; kur 6=basket of food; har,_àr,ur 5=to chew; h,o>a,r,-,....................Hungarian har-ap =bite of food;dry leaves and grass (? animal fodder) k,o~a,r,-,....................Votyak/Udm kur-tči=bite; kwar =leaf, leafy grass; k,o~a,r,-,....................Zuryen/Komi kur-ťťśini=bite; kor=leaf; k,a~o,r,-,....................Finn/Suomi kor-va =ear ? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koηke== adam's apple, throat; (body) h,o>a,g,_,....................Hungarian gége =windpipe; k,a~o~u,ηk>ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan kōηli =adam's apple; g,œ,ηk~ηg~gg,e,...............Lapp/Saami guog'gom =larynx; k~χ,u~o,η~k,e,................Samoyed huηku=windpipe/Ńeńec; ALTAIC gūngkan=adam's apple/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kore== bent , bend , curved , bow (v) g~h~_,u~a,r,_,................Sumerian EG gúr =circle, bow down h,o>a,r,,.....................Hungarian hár-ul=bend, get lost, fall to the lot; gör-be =crooked, bend; k,a~o~u,r,,...................Ostyak/Khan χor =river bend; k,o~a,r,,.....................Votyak/Udm kir-iž=bent, crooked,curved, cunning, false, sly; k~χ,u~o,r,e,..................Samoyed χara=askew,crooked/Neńec; kare-ηdal=crooked/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kore== anger (a) g~h~_,u~a,r,_,................Sumerian EG kúr~ gir 10 =anger, furry, hostile, emnity, enemy; h,o>a,r,,.....................Hungarian har-ag =anger; har-c =to fight,battle. χ~h,a~o~u,r,,.................Vogul/Mansi xur-em=angry; koorj k,a~o~u,r,,...................Ostyak/Khan kar-am=angry k,o~u,r,o,....................Mordvin kor=mortification; k,a~o,r,i,....................Finn/Suomi har-mistua=to be annoyed; χ~h,a,r,e~a,..................Etruskan har ~ hara ~ hurt = to fight, to war; ALTAIC hir-/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kore== [?käre ] bark , crust , peel , skin (body) h,o>a,r,,.....................Hungarian hár-tya = membraine;kér-eg =rind, bark; <Turk influence on phonet χ~h,a~o~u,r,,.................Vogul/Mansi χor-p =bark, crust, peel, skin k,a~o~u,r,,...................Ostyak/Khan χurə-ap =bread-crust;scaly skin; χāri=reddish inner skin of birch k,o~a,r,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kir-ś =bark (of a coniferous tree), thick bark under birch bark; k,o~u,r,o,....................Mordvin kaŕ =bast-shoe; k,a~o,r,i,....................Finn/Suomi kuori =bark, crust, peel, skin; k,a~o,r,i,....................Estonian koor =shell (of an egg), skin (of fruit); k,o,r,e,......................Yukagir χar,kar=hide,skin/Yukagir; ALTAIC ki_ùrú=bark,shell/Altaic;kyrtyl/Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *korε==a type of small fish (animal) g~h~_,u~a,r,_,................Sumerian EG gir =fish (type?) k,o~a,r,,.....................Zuryen/Komi guri-na =groundling, gudgeon "Cyprinus gobio" k,a~o,r,ε,....................Finn/Suomi kuore =smelt g,œ,rr,ε,.....................Lapp/Saami guora =small whitefish; k~χ,u~o,r,ε,..................Samoyed koor = "muksun", Siberian whitefish/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kor-pi== (?) swampi woodland g~h~_,u~a,r,-,p,i,............Sumerian EG gur =water basin; gu_ =river bank, front land; h,o>a,r,-,v,i~e,..............Hungarian hor-to -bágy =a marshy river wetlands in Hungaries Tisza River; k,a~o,r,-,p,i~y,..............Finn/Suomi kor-pi =swampy wood land; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kōrwε== scrape , scratch , grind (v) g~h~_,u,r,,i~e,...............Sumerian EG hur_, _ur5 =to scratch,incise, draw; ..........................................hara,_ara 5,3=to pulverise,grindstone; h,o,r,v,,.....................Hungarian hor-ul,hor-zs-ol=scrape,kar-c-ol=scratch, _ör-öl=mill ; χ~h,ú,r,-,,...................Vogul/Mansi kårš-el,kurav-ni=to scrape up the bottom of pond with a hook. k,ō,r,-~v,,...................Votyak/Udm kurj-al=scrape off, scratch; k,ō,r,-~v,,...................Zuryen/Komi kur-an=rake together, rake away/off; kurmal=rake,scrape; k,u,r,v,ε,....................Finn/Suomi karvi =polish,rub,scrape,scratch,shave,etc. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kośa== pointed weapon h,o>a,s,a~o,..................Hungarian ?fo-kos =battle ax with pointed head; χ~h,a~o~u,ć~s,,...............Vogul/Mansi χoś =spear; pine needles; h,o,ś,a,......................Penuitan hoča =spear/Calif Mich; hōše=pine needles//Calif Mis; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kota== house , room (of house) , tent , family~clan (house) g~h~_,u~a,d,a,................Sumerian EG gùd=nest; (ku)eš 3=tent; _e_, _é_ house; git-lam=m.spouse; m,e,z~s,e,....................Sumerian ES ŋá_ ~ ga =house h,o>a,z~s,a~o,................Hungarian ház=house,family; haz-a =homeland; ház-as=married; k,a~o~u,t,,...................Ostyak/Khan xot=house k,a~o~u,δ~t,,.................Cherem/Mari kùδe =summer house k,o~a,_,e,....................Votyak/Udm ka_, ko_, korka =house (kor=beam of house) k,o~a,_,a,....................Zuryen/Komi ka,ko, kerka =house k,o~u,d,a~o,..................Mordvin kudo =house k,a~o,d~t,a~o,................Finn/Suomi koti =home; kota=hut, cook house; k,a~o,d~t~s,ē,................Estonian koda =summer house g,œ,ht~tt,ē,..................Lapp/Saami goatte=tent, hut χ~h,a,t,a,....................Etruskan kate-kril = return home (Hu: haza kerül);ceus =family,community; ALTAIC kent=village/Turkish; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kotteη== swan (bird) [Ugor] h,o>a,t,e~i,(v),..............Hungarian hattyú_ =swan; (?mad-ár=bird) χ~h,a~o~u,t,e,η,..............Vogul/Mansi kotàη, xotaη =swan k,a~o~u,t,e,η,................Ostyak/Khan kŏtəη =swan χ~h,a,t,e~a,η,................Etruskan _tusna? = swan; ALTAIC *qotaŋ =stork, pelican /Turkic; xutan =pelican/Mongol;_ Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ku-== where , which , what interorgative1 (location) g~h~_,a~u,-,..................Sumerian EG ki =place, where h,u~o,-,......................Hungarian ho-l=where; ki=who; ho-gy=how; ho-vá=where to; ho-nan=where from χ~h,u~o~ö,-,..................Vogul/Mansi hoo, hon=who; hoo-t=where; kun=when; koza =to; k,u~o~ö,-,....................Ostyak/Khan koji=who; kŏti=what; hŏjə=who; hun=when; k,o~u,-,......................Cherem/Mari kudõ=which,who; kuštõ =where; kuze=how; k,i~e,-,......................Votyak/Udm ku =when; ku-diz=which; k,i~e,-,......................Zuryen/Komi ko=when;kod=which; k,o,-,........................Mordvin ko-da=how; kona=which; ko-so=where; k,u~o,-,......................Finn/Suomi ku-, ko-, koska =when, ku-inka=how; ku-ka=who;ku-ssa=where k,u~o,-,......................Estonian ku-, kõ- .. kus=who; kõis=when? g,u~o,-,......................Lapp/Saami gu-,go-,goa- .. gokťĕ=how; gu-tti =who; k~χ,ü~o,-,....................Samoyed hoo-ke=which/Eńec; kua=which,ku-ninu=where/Daηasan; hu=which/Neń χ~h,u,-,......................Etruskan ix_nac ??=how <metathesis xi <> ix> + from/of; ALTAIC *qa=interrogative/ProtoAltaic; qanta=where; qanyu=which/Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūće== [*kuńće also] urin (body) g~h~_,u,š~s~z,_,..............Sumerian EG kàš_ =urin h,u,cs~gy~s,,.................Hungarian hugy_ =urin [from *kuńće ! cs~gy] χ~h,u~o,š~č,,.................Vogul/Mansi khuś-wüť =urin (wüt=water) k,u~o,š~č,,...................Ostyak/Khan kŏs- =urin k,uu,č~ź~z,,..................Cherem/Mari kəž-am =urin k,i,ź~ž,,.....................Votyak/Udm kiž =urin k,i,ź~ž,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kud'ź=urin k,o,ć~ź,o,....................Mordvin kež-βet =urin k,uu,s~ts,i,..................Finn/Suomi kuse- =urin k,u~o,s~ts,i,.................Estonian kusi- =urin g,u~o,čč~šš,e,................Lapp/Saami gužžâ =urin k~χ,ū,č~s,e,..................Samoyed küz, kunsə, kənze,kunze =urin (from *kuńće) ALTAIC kaś-an=urin/Turk; kVd'žV=urin/Tungus Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *küç'e== container made of bark (tool) k~g,u~i,š~z,e~i,..............Sumerian EG kisi =chamber bot?; kuš =skin, leather, ?bark; k,ü~ö,s,e~i,..................Hungarian köcs-ög =jug (but originally not pottery); kos-ár=basket; k(w),u~o~a,ś~s,e,.............Vogul/Mansi kuoss =basket made of birch bark < bark k,u~o~a,ś~s,e,................Ostyak/Khan kŏDž-em =a round bag made of bark. k,u~o,ć~ś,o,..................Mordvin ketš-eń s~k,ü~o,ç,',e,................Samoyed χide " Tasse" , kide, kita < also containers from birch bark. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūće== to , to or next to, locative (suffix) g~h~_,u,š~s~z,_,..............Sumerian EG _še=onto (as suffix normally do this became truncated) h,u,cs~gy~s,,.................Hungarian hoz=to, toward suffix; χ~h,u~o,š~č,,.................Vogul/Mansi xŏ-źi=for, to, toward; kūťəη =place beside something; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūδe== morning, dawn > tomorow ; (nature) g~h~_,a,d,_,..................Sumerian EG húd=morning; ki-hul=morning rites; háda, had 2= to shine brightly m,e,d,_,......................Sumerian ES . h,u,l,,.......................Hungarian hol-nap=tomorow "dawn?light+sun"; hét=the weeks 7 days; χ~h,u~o,l~t~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi hol,qol=morning; holi=east, in the morning; kat-əl =sun;week; k,u~o,l~t~-,,.................Ostyak/Khan hŏt-ne =in the morning "dawn+sun" naj=sun?; kot-əl = sun;week; k~χ,ū,d,e,....................Samoyed kidü=wake/ŋanasan, kidu-duo=morning/Eńec;huu_,huuwi=morning/Neńec h,ū,t,e,......................Penuitan hōj =morning/Calif-Mich; χ~h,ū,t,e~a,..................Etruskan cat, caθ =sun; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuðja== cover , blanket , tarp , cloth , clothes (tool) g~h~_,a~u,d,,a,...............Sumerian EG gada=linnen-flax clothes, loincloth; gu_ =flax, thread; h,u~o,j~gy,,,.................Hungarian gatya=linen summer pants >> underpants (gy>ty)."" ..........................................gudajas used in a folksong? g,u~o,δδ,j,ē,.................Lapp/Saami kuðjo=cover,tarpaulin k~χ,ü~o,ð~j,?,e,..............Samoyed kuðej=cover,blanket Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuja== skin , leather , shell (body) > birch=*kojwa (tree) g~h~_,a~u,,a,.................Sumerian EG kulla=peel,membraine; gi_ 4=surround < ? kuš=skin,hide; h,u~o,j,a~o,..................Hungarian héja =shell, rind, covering; hüvej=shell/container;hajó=boat,ship χ~h,u~o~ö,j,,.................Vogul/Mansi χal = birch (shell,rind?) k,o~u,-~j,,...................Cherem/Mari kuγi =boat < shelled-skinn container,boat k,i~e,j,a,....................Zuryen/Komi köja =tree "schwam?" k,o,j~-,a~o,..................Mordvin kuj-ma =basket, flat basin; kilej=birch bark; k,u~o,j~i,a~o,................Finn/Suomi koja =bark,rind >> koivu=birch; k,u~o,j~i,ē,..................Estonian kõiv=birch g,u~o,j~i,ē,..................Lapp/Saami Gwõ`j`-εt =shell-rind? k~χ,ü~o,?,e,..................Samoyed kujoku=birch; kua=birch; ALTAIC *k`éjro=bark/ProtoAltaic;gaj-ik=ship/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuje== body fat 2, blubber , to fatten (body) g~h~_,a~u,,_,.................Sumerian EG he_ 2=abundance, _ia =fat, oil, butter h,u~o,j,,.....................Hungarian háj=blubber, body fat; hí-z = to fatten; χ~h,u~o~ö,j,,.................Vogul/Mansi χut,jaj=to fatten? k,u~o~ö,j,,...................Ostyak/Khan χottəeta =be fat ? k,o~u,-~j,,...................Cherem/Mari kaj-a, koj-a =fat, fatty k,i~e,j,,.....................Votyak/Udm köj, küj =bacon, fat, tallow k,o,j~-,o,....................Mordvin kuj-a, kuj-ε =fat k,u~o,j~i,i,..................Finn/Suomi kuu =fat, tallow ALTAIC χoju=fat /Yakut-Altaic; koju =fat/Osman-Turk; guja/Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuje== (küje) follow, trail (v) g~h~_,a~u,,_,.................Sumerian EG ku_ 4=to take in, enter, turn around, transform;ka_=entrance,gate h,u~o,j,,.....................Hungarian haj-sza =the chase, pursuit; haj-t=to drive; köv-et=to follow; χ~h,u~o~ö,j,,.................Vogul/Mansi käj-em =follow a track; pursue; k,i~e,j,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kyj- =go hunting, kyj-ed=follow the track of game; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kukku== anger (a) g~h~_,a~u,g~h,a,..............Sumerian EG gig=hostility, scorn, hates h,u~o,k,u~o,..................Hungarian hök=command to back off; gög=arrogant, hostile; k,u~o,kk~k,_,.................Finn/Suomi kiukku=anger,crossness;kiusaaja =temper; ALTAIC *ge(g)a=to be angry/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuja=resting place (society); g~h~_,a~u,,a,.................Sumerian EG ku_ =lie down,build,base; h,u~o,j,a~o,..................Hungarian hál=rest, sleep; háló-szoba=bedroom; hálóing=pijamas; χ~h,u~o~ö,j,,.................Vogul/Mansi kuj =to lie, sleep; k,u~o~ö,j,,...................Ostyak/Khan hoj- =to lie down (?this may be distantly linked) k,o~u,-~j,,...................Cherem/Mari ki(j)e =to lie down k,i~e,j,e,....................Votyak/Udm kyľľy=to be lazy, lie down h,u,j,a,......................Penuitan hul- =find shelter/Calif.-; kewel=house; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *koľa==(kiľa) dwelling; > town , village (house) g~h~_,u~a,l,a,................Sumerian EG ki_=place,earth,country,lower,town ending; h,o>a,l,a~o,..................Hungarian hej~hely=place,town; hely-ség=hall,large room; χ~h,a~o~u,ľ~ť~>k',,...........Vogul/Mansi kül,kwäl =house of the chief < *kiľa ; k,a~o,l,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi kyla=house,village (archaic) < *kiľa k,a~o,l,ē,....................Estonian kyla =village; h,o,ľ,a,......................Penuitan hul- =find shelter/Calif.-; kewel=house; χ~h,a,ľ,a,....................Etruskan hil-=place (in the province);c_lu-ven-ias = in place; ..........................................( ven = ben "in") ALTAIC gùli=dwelling/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kola-== (kule) die (v) g~h~_,u~a,l,a~u,-,............Sumerian EG gul_=to be destroyed;gil=destroy,gel.le.èŋ=to destroy, ..........................................hal-ib=netherworld; m,e,l,e,-,....................Sumerian ES ha.lam=to destroy h,o>a,l,a~o,-,................Hungarian hal-ot=dead(person), hal-ál=death; hal- =die(human); χ~h,a~o~u,l~Λ~t,a,-,..........Vogul/Mansi hool =die ; ?hool-ater=the devil of the underworld; k,a~o~u,l~Λ~t,a,-,............Ostyak/Khan χăλ,kăt=die k,a~o~u,l,a~o~u,-,............Cherem/Mari kole =die k,o~a,l,o~u,-,................Votyak/Udm kul-em=die k,o~a,l,o~u,-,................Zuryen/Komi kul- =die k,o~u,l,a,-,..................Mordvin kulo = die k,a~o,l,a,-,..................Finn/Suomi kuole =die k,a~o,ll,a,-,.................Estonian kool-ma =die; kulu =wear,be consumed, be used up,pass away,elapse k~χ,u~o,l,ā,-,................Samoyed kaa- /Eńec; kü- /Kamas; haa-/Neńec; ku-/Daŋasan; qu-/Selkup; h,o,l,a,-,....................Penuitan húl-wu=die/Calif-Mich; χ~h,a,l,a,-,..................Etruskan cal-u =the deceised, the dead person; calu-śt-la=immortal; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kal-ma= corpse < *kola=die + *ma=deverbal suffix; g~h~_,u,l,-m,a,...............Sumerian EG gil-im=corrupted, destroyed; h,a~o,l,-m,a~o,...............Hungarian hal-om=mound(burial?); hal-ot,hul-a =corpse <hal=die + t=deverbal k,a,l,-m,a~o,.................Mordvin kal-mo = grave,toomb; kal-ma- =burry; k,a,l,-m,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi kal-ma = corpse,death, ruler over the grave,cancer,ulcer, ...................................................netherworld k,a,l,-m,a,...................Livonian kaal-ma =grave site; ? _oo-da =grave; k,a,l,-m,ē,...................Estonian kal-m = grave site; ? hau-t=grave; g,o>uo,l,-m,ē,................Lapp/Saami guol-mâs =pale,pallid,wan; k~χ,ā,l,-m,e,.................Samoyed kame-ro=corpse/Eńeć; kol-mu =spirit of the dead/Kamas; haľmer/Ńeń c,a,l,-,m~v,a,................Etruskan celu-ca=internment(of the dead); ..........................................celu=sacred offering(?to the dead) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kulke== run, travel > flow > advance (v) g~h~_,a~u,l,e~i,..............Sumerian EG hal =run, stream; gi-m 4=run; h,u~o,l(og),_,................Hungarian hal-ad =advance, move forward; ?kul-og =to walk slowly behind; χ~h,u~o~ö,l(γ),,..............Vogul/Mansi χoγ-ət, χoγeλ=run k,u~o~ö,l(γ),,................Ostyak/Khan kog-əl =to stride, walk; hohət=sm k,i~e,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kil-al-ni=drift,float,flood,swim,travel; kil-av-ni k,o,lg~ld,o,..................Mordvin kolg'-ems =run,leak,drip k,u~o,l,k,i,..................Finn/Suomi kulke-a =go, stroll, walk k,u~o,l,k,i,..................Estonian kulge-ma g,u~o,lg,e,...................Lapp/Saami goľgâ-t =run, shower down, leak, drip (liquids) k~χ,ü~o,ll,e,.................Samoyed xú_; xúlly- =swim, travel downstream; move by ship ALTAIC k`òlke =to row,to boat/Altaic; kölge/Mongol; xulki/Tungusic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuľme== ash 2 / hot [ Ugric *kuδme] (nature) g~h~_,a~u,l,m~n,e~i,..........Sumerian EG kum=hot,heat? h,u~o,m,_,....................Hungarian hamu, hamv- =ash; ?hev-es=heated; χ~h,u~o~ö,j,,.................Vogul/Mansi kūľem =ash k,u~o~ö,j,,...................Ostyak/Khan χōjam =ash; kajəm=cinders; k,o,l,o,......................Mordvin kulov,kulu,kuloη =ash k,u~o,l,m,i,..................Finn/Suomi kulmu ? h,u,ľ,m,e,....................Penuitan kula=black paint,made of ash/C.Miwok; ALTAIC kül=ash/OsmanTurk;kəl=ash/ChuvashTurk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kulε== hear,ear; perceive ?*kunta-le? > listen > quiet! (v) g~h~_,a~u,_,_,................Sumerian EG a-ka_=hear; ŋeš-la =(to be) silent; ŋeš-tuku=listen h,u~o,l,ε,....................Hungarian hal= hear; hes=listen! quiet!, _ösztön =instinct; χ~h,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,.............Vogul/Mansi kwol,kol, qont- =find, perceive, see; kontəml=hear; qåål=hear; k,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,...............Ostyak/Khan kun-həl=hear,notice,perceive; kol =hear; k,o~u,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari kol-am =hear; k,i~e,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm kyl-ni=hear k,i~e,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi kyl-ni=hear k,o,l,ε,......................Mordvin kul-em =hear k,u~o,l,ε,....................Finn/Suomi kuune- ~ kuntee- =mark, trace , listen; kuule=hear g,u~o,ll,ε,...................Lapp/Saami gullâ =hear; k~χ,ü~o,l,ε,..................Samoyed ?kô- =ear/Eńec;kū=ear/Kamas; χā/Néńec;qō/Selkup ALTAIC *khüla=ear,hear/Altaic (normally just ear) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kulke== raven + ka/ke=bird name ending (bird) g~h~_,a~u,l,e~i,..............Sumerian EG u-ga_ =raven (u+ =hu = bird + ga/gi =black; swapped word order) h,u~o,l(og),_,................Hungarian holló=raven ; χ~h,u~o~ö,l(γ),,..............Vogul/Mansi χul-aχ =raven; k,u~o~ö,l(γ),,................Ostyak/Khan kol-ək, kōle-ηk =raven; k~χ,ü~o,ll,e,.................Samoyed kuru-ke=raven/Eńec; kule=raven/Selkup; küli /Kamas; hulō/Neńec; ALTAIC *k`ula =kind of big bird/Altaic; >>> ?kus =bird Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūm== heat , hot (a) g~h~_,a,m~n,..................Sumerian EG kúm = heat, hot m,e,ŋ,........................Sumerian ES e-me-eš = summer; h,u,m~v,......................Hungarian hev ~ hö:_ =heat, hot (m~v > _); mel-eg =warm; k,uu,m~v,.....................Finn/Suomi kuum-uus=heat~kiiv-as =heated, hot ( m~v); χ~h,ū,m~v,....................Etruskan cav-atha, cau-tha, cavu-tha =deity of heat, fire; "heat father" ALTAIC ?kum =desert/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuma== bend oneself , crooked position (a) g~h~_,a~u,m~n,a,..............Sumerian EG gam=to bend, curve, to kneel, sicle m,e,m~n,e,....................Sumerian ES . h,u~o,m~v,a~o,................Hungarian homo-rú=concave, hollow; gamó=bent,crook; χ~h,u~o~ö,m,,.................Vogul/Mansi kam-aj=on ones face, knock over k,u~o~ö,m,,...................Ostyak/Khan χomDa, komtaχ, χŏmta k,o~u,m~w,,...................Cherem/Mari kəm-ala=arch,bend k,i~e,m~v,e,..................Votyak/Udm kim-it-us=fall on ones face,fall over k,i~e,m~v,a,..................Zuryen/Komi kime-s k,o,m~v,a~o,..................Mordvin koma-ms=bow,bend down k,u~o,m,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi kuma-ra=bent downward k,u~o,m,ē,....................Estonian kuum=convex g,u~o,m~mb,ē,.................Lapp/Saami qumo=turned with the rounded, convex side up k~χ,ü~o,m~β,e,................Samoyed komm-at=upside down ALTAIC *kúmi=cavity,hollow/proto Altaic; *kume=throw upside down/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kume== forehead < "curved" upper part of the head (a) (body) g~h~_,a~u,m~n,_,..............Sumerian EG ka_ = face, mouth (m~w >_) h,u~o,m~v,,...................Hungarian hom-lok =forehead χ~h,u~o~ö,m,,.................Vogul/Mansi xom-ta =forehead k,o~u,m~w,,...................Cherem/Mari kim-es k,i~e,m~v,,...................Votyak/Udm kim-ás k,o,m~v,o,....................Mordvin kùm-ek k,u~o,m,i,....................Finn/Suomi kum-o ALTAIC χum-suri /Gold; kum-cuhun /Manchu Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūmε==fine snow (nature) h,u,m~v,ε,....................Hungarian hóv > hó, hav =snow k,i,m~v,,.....................Votyak/Udm kym =thin, newly fallen snow; k~χ,ū,m~β,ε,..................Samoyed hawa =brittle snow/Neńec; k,ū,m,ε,......................Yukagir ku_=snow/Yukagir; ALTAIC χuw-ān=hoar frost/Ewenki; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kumε-r== cloud , mist > shadow > dim (a) g~h~_,a~u,m~n,ε,-,r,..........Sumerian EG gan-zer 2,3 =darkness (m~n); hum =white?; _muru =fog mist (k>h>_) h,u~o,m~v,ε,-,r,..............Hungarian hom-ály=dimness, in old Hungarian it was a cloud also. χ~h,u~o~ö,m,ε,-,r,............Vogul/Mansi χom-χat=fog,mist k,i~e,m~v,ε,-,r,..............Zuryen/Komi kimer=cloud k,o,m~v,ε,-,r,................Mordvin kovəl=cloud k,u~o,m,ε,-,r,................Finn/Suomi kumuri ALTAIC *k'òlmV =shaddow,cloud*/pAltaic;*kōl-/Turkic; kurym=cloud/Korean Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kumme== ten, 10 (number) #1 g~h~_,a~u,m~n,m~n,e,..........Sumerian EG hu_ > _u_ =ten; also ni-min > nin =40; h,u~o,m~v,m~v,_,..............Hungarian ? -min > -ven =suffixes for ten; tiz=ten < desa k,u~o,m~n,m,i,................Finn/Suomi kummen =10 k,u~o,m~b,m,i,................Estonian kumme =10 Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kumpa== wave , turbulent water, foam (nature) g~h~_,a~u,b,a,................Sumerian EG _uh-pu=foam; _ab, _aba=sea,lake; ..........................................gúb=clense,purify; _ab-zu=sea(personified); h,u~o,b,,.....................Hungarian hab =foam,turbulent water,wave; habzó= foaming;_öb-lit=rinse,wash χ~h,u~o~ö,mp,,................Vogul/Mansi χump, kub =wave,foam k,u~o~ö,mp,,..................Ostyak/Khan χump, kump= =wave, foam k,i~e,b~p,a,..................Zuryen/Komi ?gibavni k,o,mb,a~o,...................Mordvin kombə-ldə=to undulate k,u~o,mp~mm,a~o,..............Finn/Suomi ?kummu-ta =, kumpuan k,u~o,mp~mm,ē,................Estonian ?kummuma g,u~o,m~mb,hp~p,ē,............Lapp/Saami ?gobolastet k~χ,ü~o,m~β,b,e,..............Samoyed χamp =wave/Yurak; kaba=wave/Yenisey; koηfu=/Tavgi; komb/Selkup Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuńa== shut eye (v) g~h~_,a~u,(n~ŋ),a,............Sumerian EG hun ~ huŋ = repose, rest m,e,(n~ŋ),e,..................Sumerian ES . h,u~o,ny,a~o,.................Hungarian huny =shut or close the eye; literary usage -to die. χ~h,u~o~ö,ń>n,,...............Vogul/Mansi hoń =to close the eye k,u~o~ö,ń>n,,.................Ostyak/Khan kuń =to close the eye k,o~u,ń~n~j,,.................Cherem/Mari kume =close the eye k,i~e,ń,e,....................Votyak/Udm kuń = k,i~e,ń>n,a,..................Zuryen/Komi kuń =close the eye k,o,ń,a~o,....................Mordvin końa =close the eye k,u~o,n,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi kyyny = the half-opened state of the eye k,u~o,n,ē,....................Estonian ?kuluma=to be consumed, wear away k~χ,ü~o,n,e,..................Samoyed hajla=wink; hajemla=close the eye/Neńec ALTAIC kon- =rest, sleep? /Turkish; xon-ugla =spend the night/Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuńće== kuńće star (heavens) < [ *kuče ] (nature) g~h~_,a~u,g,e,................Sumerian EG kug, kù_=bright,pure, sacred, silver..; háda=shine [č >tš>d?]; h,u~o,gy,_,...................Hungarian húgy =old term for star, constellation; χ~h,u~o~ö,ńś~ńć,,.............Vogul/Mansi χoś, koońš =star k,u~o~ö,ńś~ńć,,...............Ostyak/Khan hus, kos =star k,i~e,ź,,.....................Votyak/Udm koź-ul=star =star k~χ,ü~o,n,č~s,e,..............Samoyed kynDźigej, kúnDźegej/Kamas; keska/Selkup h,u,ń,ć,e,....................Penuitan hōs- =star/Calif Mich; ALTAIC *kùčV =type of star,constellation /Altaic? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuńśe== ant (animal) g~h~_,a~u,š~ŋ>g,e,............Sumerian EG kiši 7,8,9 , kiš-ib =ant h,u~o,ny,s,_,.................Hungarian hangya (gy~ny) =ant bug χ~h,u~o~ö,ńś~ńć,,.............Vogul/Mansi xońś, kōsəj =ant k,i~e,dž,,....................Votyak/Udm koź-ili k,i~e,dž,,....................Zuryen/Komi koDź-ul k,u~o,s,i,....................Finn/Suomi kusi-lainen, kusi-ainen k,u~o,s,i,....................Estonian kusi-line, kusi-kas k,u,ń,ś,e,....................Yukagir joja-konza =ant/Yukagir; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kunta== clan, gens, progeny > army , soldier , war (society) g~h~_,a~u,d,a,................Sumerian EG gud 2 =soldier; gud-bir=war; gu'ana=battle; ..........................................gabara=confront,to face, oppose; h,u~o,d,,.....................Hungarian hodu > had =army,clan; há_boru=war; ..........................................(db>b for ease of pronunciation χ~h,u~o~ö,nt,,................Vogul/Mansi hant-a =man; χónt=army,war; k,u~o~ö,nt,,..................Ostyak/Khan khanti=self designation of Ostyaks; person; k,o,nd,a~o,...................Mordvin końdä =friend? k,u~o,nt,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi kunta =assembly, community, crowd; kansa-kuna=clan; k,u~o,nt,ē,...................Estonian konda =family g,u~o,dd,ē,...................Lapp/Saami goďde =clan k~χ,ü~o,tt~d,e,...............Samoyed kode =gens,tribe/Eńec; k,u,d,a,......................Yukagir kudeje =tribe, generations/Yukagir; χ~h,u,t~χ,a,..................Etruskan catha, zat = war, prisoner (to tie up); ..........................................hate=hostile,angry; hatu=angry; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kunte== beaver (animal) h,u~o,d,_,....................Hungarian hód =beaver χ~h,u~o~ö,nt,,................Vogul/Mansi khunt-el=beaver h,u,n,t,e,....................Penuitan kot-ul=beaver/Calif Wintu; ALTAIC ?kund-uz,kumdus=beaver/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kutt-ur== border , boundary (society) g~h~_,a~u,d~t,,...............Sumerian EG gud-uru=boundary stone; _ed-in=plain, grazing land, back; h,u~o,t,-,u~o,r,..............Hungarian hat-ár < hot-ár =border, peripheral grazing land; (-ar=deverbal) k,u~o,ťt~ht,-,u~o,r,..........Estonian kant=edge, border; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kura== fine-powder snow , frost > dew (nature) g~h~_,a~u,r,a,................Sumerian EG hara = pulverize; kar-sag=name of the source of gods in far north h,u~o,r,a~o,..................Hungarian har-mat =dew, mist; k,i~e,r,e,....................Votyak/Udm ger =frost, frosty patterns (on window pane), icicles; k,i~e,r,a,....................Zuryen/Komi gier =frost cover on things; k,u~o,r,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi kura =fine snow, powder snow; k,u~o,r,ē,....................Estonian kuuru-kene =snow + ? g,u~o,rr,ē,...................Lapp/Saami kåårrō =form hoar frost on trees; kåårrā-lahka=ice,ice crust; k~χ,ü~o,r,e,..................Samoyed kuro =frost /Kamas; kurə=fine snow, frost; ALTAIC k'ĭrma =snow, hoar frost/Altaic; kyr/Turkic; kirmag/Mongolic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kura== mountain > height (nature) g~h~_,a~u,r,a,................Sumerian EG kur=mountain, highland, reach,attain,kindle,rise(sun); kur4=big; h,u~o,r,a~o,..................Hungarian -kora =big(not lead k!), -orm =peak, _ér=to reach, attain; χ~h,u~o~ö,r,,.................Vogul/Mansi kar-is=mountain, high; kwor-em=sun god, caretaker of man; k,o~u,r,,.....................Cherem/Mari kur-ok=mountain k,i~e,r,e,....................Votyak/Udm kur, gur-es=mountain k,u~o,r,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi kor-kea=high Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūrtε== (also kur) dragg , pull >> carry , bring along (v) g~h~_,a,r,i~e,................Sumerian EG gur=to carry,bear; giri=road/trip; ..........................................kar=carry away; _ur 2,3,4=drag(over ground h,u,r,d,,.....................Hungarian hor-d =carry, haul, wear; hur-c-ol =carry, drag, bring along; χ~h,u~o,r,t,,.................Vogul/Mansi χar-ti=drag, pull, haul; k,i,r,d,,.....................Votyak/Udm kar-nan ='zuberstange' k~χ,ū,r,d,ε,..................Samoyed quri-qo=drag? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūre==basket,container (tool) g~h~_,a,r,_,..................Sumerian EG kùr=reed container; kír=beer keg,large vessel; kur 6=food basket h,u,r,,.......................Hungarian hor-do=barrel,keg; kor-só=mug; χ~h,u~o,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi huri,kuri=bag,sack,pouch; k,u~o,r,,.....................Ostyak/Khan kir-əg=sack; k,o,r,o,......................Mordvin kur-ukš=basket made of bark; k~χ,ū,r,e,....................Samoyed hoor= bucket,keg, receptacle/Neńec; koare=box,kur=vat/ŋaŋasan ALTAIC *kùre =basket /Altaic; Küri/Turkic; xurid/Tungusic;kori/Korean; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūśe== meat , flesh (body) (food) g~h~_,a,š,_,..................Sumerian EG _uzu= flesh, cut of meat,omen,goat; kus=skin,leather; .........................................._su = body,flesh,skin..; h,u,s,,.......................Hungarian hus=meat < öz=deer [unknown origin] ALTAIC khush?/Tartar Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kiśε== [kuśe?] twenty ~ young man , male (society) (number) k~g,a~u,š,_,..................Sumerian EG ŋiš=man ŋ>g~n niš=20 k,a,s,ε,......................Hungarian hés,hies=young man,groom,hero; hős=hero ~husz=20, ..........................................kúsz =to be on all fours(10 finger+10 toes) k(w),o~ä,ć~s,,................Vogul/Mansi khús, χos, χuz =20; xoi=man k,o,ć~s,,.....................Ostyak/Khan χus,kòs =20 k,i,z~ś,,.....................Votyak/Udm kiź=20 k,e,z,,.......................Zuryen/Komi kiź=20 g,i~ie,čč~ss,ε,...............Lapp/Saami linked to kijj=male s~k,i,s,ε,....................Samoyed xajj-wppa=male k,i,ś,ε,......................Yukagir koj = husband c,e,ś,ε,......................Etruskan hush- =child; ce-alx =20 ; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kütta== dog (animal) k~g,u~i,d~t,a,................Sumerian EG kudda=to bite > biter? k,ü~ö,t,,.....................Hungarian kutya=dog k,ü~ö,t,,.....................Savard Hung kutha =dog k(w),u~o~a,t,,................Vogul/Mansi kuť-uw=dog; k,i~e,ť~t,e,..................Votyak/Udm kuti=dog k,i~e,ť~t,a,..................Zuryen/Komi kuti=dog k,u~o,t,a~o,..................Mordvin kut-ka=small dog,cub; k,u,tt~t,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi kuť-ś/Liv k,u,ťt~ht,ē,..................Estonian kut-s=dog Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūte== to drag , to tow (v) g~h~_,a,d,_,..................Sumerian EG gíd=to drag, to tow, to pull, long; .........................................._éše, _éš=measuring (pulled)rope h,u,z~s,,.....................Hungarian húz =to dragg, to tow, to pull; hoz=bring; hosz-ú=long; χ~h,u~o,t,,...................Vogul/Mansi kute, χåt k,i,_,,.......................Zuryen/Komi ki-ski-ni Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kütē-ppε== central , middle (a) +(ppε =formative suffix) (place) k~g,u~i,d,ē,-,b,i~e,..........Sumerian EG guz?=centrum (ref.uncertain) + ib=middle k,ü~ö,z~s,ē,-,p~b,,...........Hungarian köz-ép=center; köz=central,commons;köz-el=near;köz-öt=amongst; ..........................................kösz-ön=greet??; k(w),u~o~a,t,ē,-,p,,..........Vogul/Mansi kwät-l=central; koťəťľ=middle; k,u~o~a,t,ē,-,b,,.............Ostyak/Khan kŏt =between rooms; kŏDəp =in the middle; k,u~o,δ~t,ē,-,p,,.............Cherem/Mari kêδ-al=middle k,i~e,_,ē,-,p,,...............Votyak/Udm koit-_ Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kutte== (also *kute) six , 6 (number) g~h~_,a~u,d~t,e~i,............Sumerian EG ?_aš =six < *kute h,u~o,t,_,....................Hungarian hot(arch) > hat =6 h,u~o,t,_,....................Savard Hung hotu =6 χ~h,u~o~ö,t,,.................Vogul/Mansi khat, xót =6 k,o~u,ť>ć,e,..................Cherem/Mari kut =6 k,i~e,ť~t,,...................Votyak/Udm kwat =6 k,o,t,o,......................Mordvin kota =6 k,u~o,tt~t,i,.................Finn/Suomi kuusi, kuud-en =6 g,u~o,ťt~ht,e,................Lapp/Saami guťtâ =6 χ~h,u,t,e~a,..................Etruskan hut = 6 Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kuttε==(also *kutε) back > hump > belly > abdomen (body) g~h~_,a~u,d~t,i~e,............Sumerian EG _ed-in=back, spine, grazing land; ..........................................*kutε >haš 4=back; háš =lower abdomen; h,u~o,t,,.....................Hungarian hát=back; hát-ul=behind; (*tt>*t>s) haś=abdomen,belly >stomach; χ~h,u~o~ö,t,,.................Vogul/Mansi χutai=behind, back; k,u~o~ö,t,,...................Ostyak/Khan kùt-λ=in the 'protection' of the tree? k,i~e,ť~t,,...................Votyak/Udm gač?=to lie on the back;(loan) k,i~e,ť~t,,...................Zuryen/Komi gač?=from the back;(loan) k~χ,ü~o,d,d,ε,................Samoyed kotti =back,behind; koče=backwards/Selkup; ALTAIC qotu/CMongol, xoto/Kalmuk; qodo/Manchu; _ato=back/Japanese; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūwla== bladder (body) g~h~_,a,l,a,..................Sumerian EG -ella-g h,u,l,,.......................Hungarian holy-ag χ~h,u~o,βl,,..................Vogul/Mansi kaβl-elm, kamlex k,uu,βl,,.....................Cherem/Mari kùβel (βl> βel) k,uu,pl,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi kupla g,u~o,bl,ē,...................Lapp/Saami goblo/koble Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūδe== (?) cattle ? ox (animal) g~h~_,a,d,_,..................Sumerian EG gud, gu_ 4, guŕ =oxen h,u,l,,.......................Hungarian gulya =cattle; ökör =oxen; ALTAIC weker =oxen / Chuvash Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *kūηe== (kuηe) moon , month (heavens) g~h~_,a,n,_,..................Sumerian EG háda, had =shine?; _id =moon, month, moonlight; h,u,k>v,,.....................Hungarian *hóva > hava, hó_ =month, hó-d > hold =moon time >> moon k,u~o,η(k)~γ,,................Ostyak/Khan xaw=moon k,o,v~η,o,....................Mordvin koη, kov k,ūū,_,.......................Finn/Suomi kuu=moon k,ūū,_,.......................Estonian kuu=moon g,u~o,η~ń,e,..................Lapp/Saami gūj-iidit k~χ,ū,η,e,....................Samoyed ki_=moon k,ū,η,e,......................Yukagir kinze=moon,month/Yukagir; χ~h,ū,n,e~a,..................Etruskan [tiur?] ALTAIC kün=sun/Turkic; _od/Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *küniku= document > book from Sumerian > Assyrian kunuku k~g,u~i,n~ŋ,i,η~h,a,..........Sumerian EG kunuku =stamp, seal? k,ü~ö,n,i~e,v,u~o,............Hungarian köny_v_ =book; k,e,n,i~e,j~v,_,..............Mordvin końov=paper; ALTAIC küin =book roll/Uigur; kwen=book/Korean; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *küzü== a rodent k~g,u~i,z,u~i,................Sumerian EG kišib, kiši 5,10=mouse k,ü~ö,z,ü~ö,..................Hungarian güzü = a kind of rodent, "Mus spicilegus" ALTAIC küse =rat/Tatar; küske=mouse,rat/Khakass; kiske/Tuvan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *läče== keep an eye on , spy on , hideout (v) l,a~i,z~š,_,..................Sumerian EG lá_=to force in (to see), to be silent l,e,s,,.......................Hungarian les =spy on, keep an eye on l,ä~e,č~š~s,,.................Vogul/Mansi läč, läś l~t~λ,ä~e,č~š~s,,.............Ostyak/Khan lāśi =hideout Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lajε== small, young, powerless, weak, girl [sb lajε]; ............................................(as a child) (family) l,a~u,,_,.....................Sumerian EG lá_,la-l=deficient,light; [l>_] _ge 2,6=girl; gi_ 17=small,young l,e,,_,.......................Sumerian ES . l,a~o,j,ε,....................Hungarian le-ány ~ _jány =girl "female-child"; + "any" ; l,o~u,j,,.....................Vogul/Mansi läi_ =small,feeble,weak,young; l,a,χ~n,ε,....................Etruskan la-sa= bride??, nymph?? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lakka== shelter,eaves,roof (house) l,u,g~h,a,....................Sumerian EG ?dak-kan =living quarter l,a~o,k,,.....................Hungarian lak =renters quarters(arch) > apartment>abode,dweling,dwell; l,a,kk~k,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi lakka=attic, protruding eaves; l,a,kk~k,ē,...................Estonian lakk =deck,shade,long hair,mane; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lämpi== bog, swamp, marsh, marsh (nature) l,a~i,b,e,....................Sumerian EG ?illu_ =high water,flood l,e,b,i~e,....................Hungarian láp =swamp, area of high water; lep=inundate; l,ä~e,mp,i~ü,.................Vogul/Mansi lup l,ä~e,b,i,....................Cherem/Mari lap =low swampy ground,valley; ľ,o~u,b~p,e,..................Zuryen/Komi lep l,ä,mp~mm,i~y,................Finn/Suomi lampi= small lake,pond without outlet;lami=pond,woodland lake; l,ie~a,m~mb,hp~p,i,...........Lapp/Saami lapp-ad, luobbâl=small lake through which a river runs; l,o~u,m~β,b,i,................Samoyed lymb-ad =marsh,moor; ALTAIC *lé-bu=swamp/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lappe== flat (a) l,a~o,p~b,_,..................Hungarian lap-os=flat; alap=foundation; lap=flat side,page of book; levél= ..........................................leaf; l,a,p,,.......................Vogul/Mansi loB, luB=flat side; l~t~λ,a,b,,...................Ostyak/Khan lăp-sàχ=rudder-flat; ľ,o~u,p,,.....................Votyak/Udm lapä-g=low,short; ľ,o~u,p,,.....................Zuryen/Komi lap=flat,the flate side; l,a,v,o,......................Mordvin lap-š =flat; sheet; l,a,pp~p,i,...................Finn/Suomi lappea, lappia=flat; l,a,b,i,......................Estonian lapp=flat; lapa l,ā,b,b,e,....................Samoyed lap-sə3 =flat/ńeńec; l,a,p~b,e~a,..................Etruskan cleva =building, foundation or letter, document; *(kat-leva?) ALTAIC láp`i=flat,broad/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lēppe==(läppe) cover , roof , bedeck (v) l,ē,,e~i,.....................Sumerian EG la_l =cover,hang ; l,ē,p~b,_,....................Hungarian lep=cover,inundate; lep-ed-ö=coverlet; léla=curtain(dial); l,ē,p,,.......................Vogul/Mansi lēpi =cover, bedeck; l~t~λ,ē,b,,...................Ostyak/Khan tèp=sleeping tent; shed for drying fish; λip=sleeping tent; l,ē,p,e,......................Cherem/Mari leβè-δeš=deck; lep,tep ; lewäs=roof,shelter,shed,coverlet; ľ,ē,p,,.......................Votyak/Udm ľip=cover up, roof over; ľipet=roof; cover,tent; ľ,ē,p,,.......................Zuryen/Komi lep, leb =edge,rim, shelter; l,ē,v,o,......................Mordvin leb, lep l,ē,p'p,e,....................Lapp/Saami liehppa=tent of the most simple construction; primitive shelter; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *läppe== spleen , milt (body) l,a~i,b,e~i,..................Sumerian EG lib-iš =internal organ l,e,p~b,_,....................Hungarian lép=milt, spleen l~t~λ,ä~e,b,,.................Ostyak/Khan Λapətne? l,ä~e,p,e,....................Cherem/Mari lepə,lep ľ,o~u,p,,.....................Votyak/Udm lup ľ,o~u,p,,.....................Zuryen/Komi lop, slop l,ie~a,p'p,e,.................Lapp/Saami tab'tē=milt; l,o~u,b,b,e,..................Samoyed rapseä/Neńec ALTAIC *li_ap'V=spleen/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *le-== to be , become , live (v) l,e~i,-,......................Sumerian EG al-ad=life force? l,e~i,-,......................Hungarian le-ni=to be; le-sz=will be, lé-t=existance; él =live;élö=living; l~t~λ,e,-,....................Ostyak/Khan tutəan=become,be; l,e,-,........................Cherem/Mari li-äm =be,become; ľ,o~u~e,-,....................Votyak/Udm lo- =be,become; ľ,o~u~e,-,....................Zuryen/Komi lo- =be,become; l,e,-,........................Mordvin ľevks =child,young; l,e~ie,-,.....................Finn/Suomi lie- =be (only in the potential mode); elo =life l,e~i,-,......................Estonian elu =life; l,e,-,........................Lapp/Saami lae- = be l,e,-,........................Yukagir le- =be /Yukagir; l,e~a,-,......................Etruskan li-ne =living; from funerary urn that mentions the ones left ..........................................behind ALTAIC les=become (sufx) /Turkish; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *leil==(lewle) spirit 2, soul 2, damp air (nature) l,,i,l,.......................Sumerian EG lil=air,breath,soul,infection; l,e~i,,l,.....................Hungarian lél-ek=soul; lehel=breath; lég =atmosphere; levegö=air; l,ə,,l~Λ~t,...................Vogul/Mansi lili-ät=breath; lele,lel=soul; lil=air; l~t~λ,ə,,l~Λ~t,...............Ostyak/Khan tit, λiλ, lil =air; tit, λiλ=soul; ľ,o~a,,l,.....................Votyak/Udm lul=breath,breathe,steam,soul,spirit,heart,life; ľ,o~a,,l,.....................Zuryen/Komi lol,lov,lō =air,gas; l,e~ie,i~y,l,.................Finn/Suomi löyly=damp air; l,æ,i~y,l,....................Estonian leil=damp air, air, life l,æ,i~ie,l,...................Lapp/Saami liewlâ=steam l,e,i,l,......................Yukagir lul=smell/Yukagir; l,e~a,e,l,....................Etruskan ril = spirit ( l>r) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *leme== juice , soup (food) ?lije=tree sap; l,e~i,m~n,_,..................Sumerian EG lum = soak,cloud; làl=date syrup, honey; l,e~i,m~v,,...................Hungarian lev, lé_ =juice, syrup, liquid; lev-es= soup; l,e,m,,.......................Vogul/Mansi lääm =broth; ľem=gelatine,jelly; l,e~y~ə,m~w,,.................Cherem/Mari lem=broth,soup,fat,tallow; ľ,e~i,m~v,,...................Zuryen/Komi lym=snow; l,e~i,m~v,o,..................Mordvin lem=broth,soup,fat,tallow; l,e~ie,m,i,...................Finn/Suomi lieme=broth,soup; l,æ~ie~i,m~mb,e,..............Lapp/Saami liebma=broth,soup; l,e~a~o,m~β,e,................Samoyed lym=fish soup; l,e,m,e,......................Yukagir läp?=blood/Yukagir; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *leńće== the fly (animal) l,e~i,gy,_,...................Hungarian légy=a fly,gadfly; ľ,o~u~e,ź,,...................Votyak/Udm leďź,luž =fly, gadfly; ľ,o~u~e,ź,,...................Zuryen/Komi lõź =gadfly; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lepe== leaf,cover,sheet > letter (tree) l,e~i,m,_,....................Sumerian EG lam=luxuriant growth (p>mp>m) l,e~i,v,,.....................Hungarian lev-él=leaf, lomb-os=leafy branch l,e,p~w,,.....................Vogul/Mansi lap-ta~lüva=leaf (of a tree), laptà =page,sheet; l~t~λ,e,p~w,,.................Ostyak/Khan lüp-ta l,e~ie,v,i,...................Finn/Suomi leve=down,fluff,flake; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *leppe== butterfly < soar / fly (animal) + ke =flying thing; l,e~i,b,e~i,..................Sumerian EG la_-ŋa =butterfly; (g/h>ŋ) +hu =birds; l,e~i,p~b,_,..................Hungarian lep-ke =butterfly l,e,p,,.......................Vogul/Mansi lep-ax/lip-enti l~t~λ,e,b,,...................Ostyak/Khan ləBə-nDai, lĭpenta, làbàdi, līpentai l,e~y~ə,p,e,..................Cherem/Mari lepè-ńə l,e~ie,pp~p,i,................Finn/Suomi liippu-kka, liippo l,e~i,b,i,....................Estonian libli-kas l,æ~ie~i,p'p,e,...............Lapp/Saami lab-lok, libeluk l,e~a~o,b,b,e,................Samoyed leb-eru/Yurak; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *leśe== meal > flour , mill flour (food) l,e~i,š,_,....................Sumerian EG li=plant +_zi-d =flour,meal; liš_ =morsel, crumb; l,e~i,s,,.....................Hungarian lisz-t =flour; l,e,ć~s,,.....................Vogul/Mansi ?lānt=flour,meal l,e~ie,s~ts,i,................Finn/Suomi lesiä =to flail,to thrash; lestä= to mill(flour), l,e~i,s~ts,i,.................Estonian lese=barley husk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *latte== watch , see (v) l,u,d~t,e~i,..................Sumerian EG u-lut-in=attention getting; lá_ =look after,know; l,a~o,t,_,....................Hungarian lát =see; lám = see!, as can be seen; l,ā,d,d,e,....................Samoyed leada-,lõõta-, lett-ampa ;=guard,keep watch over; l,a,t,e~a,....................Etruskan -lat = see, look; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lewe==(lewe) throw > shoot (v) l,e~i,-,_,....................Sumerian EG lah 4,5 =to fling, propel, drive off; lá_=penetrate,pierce; l,e~i,v,,.....................Hungarian löv >lö =shoot, fling; lök=to shove/toss l,e,w,,.......................Vogul/Mansi lə-, li-, ly- =shoot,throw; laji=throw; l,e~y~ə,j~-,,.................Cherem/Mari lüje-m= shoot ľ,o~u~e,-,,...................Votyak/Udm lii-ni ľ,o~u~e,-~i,,.................Zuryen/Komi lyi =shoot,throw; l,e~ie,,......................Finn/Suomi lyõ-dä =beat,hit,strike l,e~i,,.......................Estonian lõõ-ma,lüüa, löön =beat,hit,strike Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lewδä== discover , find (v) l,e~i,l,a~i,..................Sumerian EG lal=to deduce, lá-=look after, know l,e~i,l,,.....................Hungarian lel =discover, find l,e~ie,yt~ys,ä,...............Finn/Suomi läytää l,e~i,yd~ys,ä,................Estonian leid-ma Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *leηe== very , most (a) l,e~i,j>g,,...................Hungarian leg- =most (perhaps a compound le+g=lative suffix) l,e~y~ə,η~j>-,,...............Cherem/Mari leη =fairly,pretty,rather, really,totally,truly,very; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lolke== limb (foot,hand, paw of a body) (body) l,u~a,l,e~i,..................Sumerian EG lill-an =stalk (with ripe ear of grain) l,o>a,l(og),_,................Hungarian lollu > loll =ham, roast ham (dialectical only) l,a~o~u,l(γ),,................Vogul/Mansi lel =foot, lāγl =foot; < may be related to *luwe=bone/leg; l~t~λ,a~o~u,l(γ),,............Ostyak/Khan lāγəl=paws Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lomk== warm , flame , burn , light (nature) l,u~a,m~n,_,..................Sumerian EG lah, àh =shine, dry l,o>a,m~v,v,..................Hungarian láng (mk >ng) =flame l,a~o~u,m,....................Vogul/Mansi lum-et l,a~o~u,m,_~j,................Cherem/Mari lom-əž=ash; ľ,o~a,m~-,_,..................Votyak/Udm lom-al-ni=to burn; lum-it=lukewarm,mild,tepid; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lońća== mild , soft , tepid (a) l,u~a,g,a,....................Sumerian EG lá_ =light,deficient,lessen..; luh=to wash ?; lahtan=washbowl; l,o>a,gy,,....................Hungarian lágy =tepid, soft; langy-os=lukewarm (water,air); lug=washwater; l,a~o~u,ńś~ńć,,...............Vogul/Mansi lańś-iη=warm; l~t~λ,a~o~u,ńś~ńć,,...........Ostyak/Khan lŏńśi = lukewarm; l,a~o~u,ń~n~j,č~ź~z,,.........Cherem/Mari lõnzõ-ra =soft and fluffy (of wool); worn, well-worn;? l,œ,žž,ē,.....................Lapp/Saami loažže =abaited, abaited wind-weak wind; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lowkke== hole , opening , hollow , cavern , pit (place) l,o>a,-,k,_,..................Hungarian luk,lik = a hole, opening; lék =opening (cut); l~t~λ,a~o~u,-,k,,.............Ostyak/Khan ľök =angle,corner,inlet,small bay; l,a~o~u,-,k,e,................Cherem/Mari luk, lõk=bend (of a river); corner (of room) l,a~o,u,kk~k,i,...............Finn/Suomi loukkas,loukka,loukko=corner,crany,nook;loukko=aperture,hole/Kar l,u~o,_,kk~χ,e,...............Samoyed loχe =corner of house/ Neńec Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *loηe==(loηe) throw away > hang (v) l,u~a,l~d,_,..................Sumerian EG lal, lá_=load,carry?, lá =weight ; l,o>a,j>g,,...................Hungarian lóg=hang down, lank-ad=drooping,wilting (branches hanging); l,a~o~u,γ,,...................Vogul/Mansi loηχei l,a~o~u,η~j>-,,...............Cherem/Mari loηg-am ľ,o~a,_,,.....................Votyak/Udm le-di? l,o~u,v~η,o,..................Mordvin lije-ms l,oo,_,.......................Finn/Suomi luo-da l,œ,η~ń,e,....................Lapp/Saami lagη-it Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *luke-== figure, count, recon, number > read, 10 (v) l,a~u,η~h,e~i,-,..............Sumerian EG lá_ =to weigh, look after, to know l,u~o,v,e~i,-,................Hungarian olva-s=reads [lo>ol)(sufix now part of root), ki-"le"-nc=9;out 10 l,u~o~ö,γ~x~-,e,-,............Vogul/Mansi loη-at=count,read; lau, low = 10; l,o~u,_~j,e,-,................Cherem/Mari luda =count, read; lu=10; ľ,i~e,_,o~u~e,-,..............Votyak/Udm ly-d=number ľ,i~e,_,o~u~e,-,..............Zuryen/Komi lyd =number l,o,j~v,e,-,..................Mordvin lu-da=count,read, 10; l,u~o,k,e~ie,-,...............Finn/Suomi luke=count, read, account l,u~o,kk,e,-,.................Lapp/Saami lokkâ=read, say, tel, tidings l,u,v,e~a,-,..................Etruskan -alx = 10; > Latin lege-re; ALTAIC vula/Chuvash Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lū== people , man , family (family) l,a,..........................Sumerian EG lú =man; lulu =people, men, many; to make numerous; l,u,..........................Hungarian _ö =he, she; -ó, -ö l~t~λ,u~o,....................Ostyak/Khan luu= she; u= man; ľ,i,..........................Zuryen/Komi luw =he, u =man; l,uu,.........................Finn/Suomi luu = he, she; l,ū,..........................Etruskan lau-tn =family ( *taηe > tn = family member) >> "Latin" Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lükke== shove , toss , push (v) l,u~i,g~h,e~i,................Sumerian EG lah =to propel, to fling, take away l,ü~ö,k,_,....................Hungarian lök =shove, push, löv=shoot, propel; l,u~o~a,k,,...................Vogul/Mansi läkwi l~t~λ,u~o~a,k,,...............Ostyak/Khan lök-im=push, push in, shove; l,u,kk~k,i,...................Finn/Suomi lykää=push, shove, trust, throw; l,u,kk~k,i,...................Estonian lükkää =push,shove,move; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lama-== (luma) captivate , charm , magic awe (v) ; also l,a~u,m~n,a~u,-,..............Sumerian EG lám = awe inpiring quality; lá_ =to look after; l,a~o,m~v,a~o,-,..............Hungarian lám = indeed, wow, look!!; lát=see; láto-más=a vision(mystic); l,a~o~u,m~w,a~o~u,-,..........Cherem/Mari ləm-em l,a,m,a,-,....................Finn/Suomi lumous=enchantment,spell; lumota=enchant,bewitch;lumoava=charming l,o>uo,m~mb,o>uo,-,...........Lapp/Saami lâbmo-=bewitch, l,ā,m~β,ā,-,..................Samoyed leada-,lõõta=guard,keep watch over/Neńeć; ALTAIC *li-omo=spell, divination/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lume==snow; l,u~o,m~v,,...................Hungarian lom=broken ice; l,o~u,m~w,,...................Cherem/Mari lum,lõm =snow; ľ,i~e,m~v,,...................Zuryen/Komi lym=snow; l,u~o,m,i,....................Finn/Suomi lumi=snow; l,u~o,m,i,....................Estonian lumi=snow; l,u~o,m~mb,e,.................Lapp/Saami lubmĕ=snow?ice; l,ü~o,m~β,e,..................Samoyed lym=sherbet; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lunta== bird (waterfowl?) > goose (bird) l,a~u,d,a,....................Sumerian EG (ab)-lal=bird's (niche)< lal?=bird (type?) l,u~o,d,,.....................Hungarian lúd=goose l,u~o~ö,nt,,..................Vogul/Mansi lont=goose l~t~λ,u~o~ö,nt,,..............Ostyak/Khan tunt, λunt =goose l,o~u,nd,,....................Cherem/Mari luďe=goose l,u~o,nt,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi lintu=bird l,u~o,nt,ē,...................Estonian lint=bird l,u~o,dd,ē,...................Lapp/Saami loďde=bird,flying insect Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *lūwe== horse (animal) [Ugrian] l,u,,.........................Hungarian lov,ló =horse; lovas =horseman; lovag =knight; ..........................................lo-fö = leader,chief (the association with ló is uncertain, elö?); l,u,,.........................Savard Hung lū =horse l,a,,.........................Vogul/Mansi lu =horse l~t~λ,a,,.....................Ostyak/Khan tau =horse l,ū,u,e~a,....................Etruskan lu-aś , lupu =horseman, knight-noble fighter; lu-cair=to rule men ALTAIC lasa=pack horse /Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *luwe== bone (body) l,u,,.........................Hungarian láb??=leg; ?luw+pat l,a,,.........................Vogul/Mansi low,lu_=bone l~t~λ,a,,.....................Ostyak/Khan lŏ-g =bone ľ,ū~ō,,.......................Votyak/Udm lu, ly =bone ľ,ū~-ō,,......................Zuryen/Komi ly =bone l,o,v,o,......................Mordvin luw-aža=bone l,uu~oo,,.....................Finn/Suomi luu =bone l,uu~oo,,.....................Estonian luu =bone l,ü~o,_,e,....................Samoyed lyy/Neńec; ly/Selkup; le/Kamas; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *maγe== land , earth , territory , place (nature) m,a~u,(h~g),_,................Sumerian EG ma-da = district; m,a~o,v~u,,...................Hungarian vi-d-ék= countryside, megye =county; ..........................................mezö =grass lands < outer land m,o~u,γ~x~w,,.................Vogul/Mansi má, me =place m,a,v~_,i,....................Finn/Suomi maa = land, country, medow, floor; metsa =woods < outer lands; m,a,γ,i,......................Estonian maa = land; m,a,γ,e~a,....................Etruskan ma 2= place; (often translated only as "to be"/am, but place also .......................................... valid. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mäηä==(maa) land, earth m,a~i,k~g,_,..................Sumerian EG ma-da = district-off; m,e,j>g,e,....................Hungarian megye =county (not slav<latin origin!); [m>v] vid-ék =countryside m,ää,_,.......................Finn/Suomi maa = land; metsa = outer forrest land; m,ää,_,.......................Estonian maa = land Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *maksa== liver (body) m,u,η~h,š~z,a,................Sumerian EG ba_ =liver (?m>mb >b) m,a~o,v,s,,...................Hungarian máj=liver m,a,γt,,......................Vogul/Mansi majt, mot =liver m,a,γt,,......................Ostyak/Khan mūγet, mūγeΛ =liver m,a~o~u,kš,,..................Cherem/Mari mokš =liver m,o~u,s,e,....................Votyak/Udm mus m,o~u,s,a,....................Zuryen/Komi mus m,a,kś,a~o,...................Mordvin makso m,a,k,s,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi maksa m,a,k,s,ē,....................Estonian maks m,o>uo,k,s,ē,.................Lapp/Saami mwökχsie m,ā,t~d,e,....................Samoyed mudo, mit,muro ALTAIC baγyr /Turkic , pəver/Chuvash Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mäle== warm (a) m,a~i,l,_,....................Sumerian EG mèl_=scorching; ?bil-gin=god of fire; m,e,l,,.......................Hungarian mel-eg =warm, hot m,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,.................Vogul/Mansi mäli=warm; māltiβ=dewy weather; m,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,.................Ostyak/Khan mēl-ək ALTAIC melün=?/Kalmuk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mälke== breast (body) m,a~i,l,e~i,..................Sumerian EG mur=lung (l>r); méli=throat area; m,e,l(og),_,..................Hungarian mell =breast, chest; mel-et=next to, besides; mel-ény=vest; m,ä~e,l(γ),,..................Vogul/Mansi mail,magl=breast m,ä~e,l(γ),,..................Ostyak/Khan meg-at m,ä~e,l(γ),e,.................Cherem/Mari mel m,o~u,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm myl,myl-az=the front side of the breast; m,ä~e,lg~ld,o,................Mordvin mälhka=breast; m,ä,l,k,i,....................Finn/Suomi mälvi=birds breast; mälvi=breast meat/Karelian; m,ä,l,k,i,....................Estonian mälv=birds breast m,ie~a,lg,e,..................Lapp/Saami mielgâ=breast; m,ä,l,e,......................Yukagir melu,melut=breast; m,a~e,l(ac),e~a,..............Etruskan m_li-θuns =kind of tight fiting vestcoat or beside< ..........................................m_l=breast,chest Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mona==[also mače] tell > say> curse (religion) m,u~a,n~ŋ,a,..................Sumerian EG me- =to say, to tell; the acts/rules of the gods;eme=language;maš ..........................................-maš=incantation priest; m,o>a,n,a~o,..................Hungarian mon-d =to tell, to say; monda= a saga; mese=a tale,fairy tale; m,a~o~u,n~ń,,.................Vogul/Mansi mos=high born, hero; manse=myth m,a~o~u,n~ń,,.................Ostyak/Khan mans =tell a tale, story(originally mythology) m,a~o~u,(n),,.................Cherem/Mari mana-m=order,say, speak m,o~u,n,a~o,..................Mordvin muńa-ms=bewitch,ruin by witchcraft m,a~o,n,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi manaa =admonish, warn; bewitch, curse, wish evil to; m,a~o,n,ē,....................Estonian mana=abuse,curse,slander, indicate, give to understand; m,œ,ń~n,ē,....................Lapp/Saami muone=appoint,order,prescribe,conjecture m,u~o,n~η,e,..................Samoyed manťś=to talk m,o,n,a,......................Penuitan monse=to tell,advise,inform;maccaw=to speak,talk,lang/Penuitan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mane== say , tell , legend , myth > tongue (v) m,a~u,n~ŋ,_,..................Sumerian EG mu-=speak, word, to name; mu-d 6=sing; me_ =to say,tell; ..........................................eme=tongue; m,a~o,n,,.....................Hungarian mon-d=to tell,say; mon-da=legend, mes-él = tell a story; m,a~o~u,(n),,.................Cherem/Mari ma-ď ; ma-nam =order,say,speak; m,a,n,o,......................Mordvin muńa- =bewitch,ruin by wirchcraft; m,a,n,i,......................Finn/Suomi manaa- =admonish,exhort,warn,bewitch,curse,exercrate,wish evil m,a,n,i,......................Estonian manama ; mana- =abuse,curse,ruin,slander,upbraid; m,o>uo,ń~n,e,.................Lapp/Saami moan-âdâ; muannâ = conjecture,solve by conjecture; m,ā,n~η,e,....................Samoyed maan=command,say; mānťś =say/Yur; man- /Tvg; muno-juam/Selk; m,a,n,e,......................Yukagir mon/Yukagir; m,a,n,e,......................Penuitan maccaw =to tell/Penuitan Indian ALTAIC ??*ámo-ta=mouth, amosa=taste/Altaic; um, umsa/Turkic; amŋa/Tungus Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mäne== save from harm , protect (v) m,e,n,,.......................Hungarian men-t m,o~u,n,,.....................Votyak/Udm min-ni m,ä~e,n,o,....................Mordvin meń-ems m,ie~a,ń~n,e,.................Lapp/Saami məen-not? m,o~u,n~η,e,..................Samoyed mienna-řuj? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mar-== nape of neck > shoulder , neck (body) m,a~u,r,-,....................Sumerian EG murgu; mur7,8 =neck & shoulders m,a~o,r,-,....................Hungarian marja; mar =nape of neck, shoulder of animal; m,a,r,-,......................Vogul/Mansi mār-eχ=upper part of wing; markäγä= the wing; m,a,r,-,......................Ostyak/Khan mĕr-ek=upper arm, wing; m,a~o~u,r,-,..................Cherem/Mari mora? m,o~u,r,-,....................Votyak/Udm muräs =breast; m,o~u,r,-,....................Zuryen/Komi mor-es =breast; m,o>uo,r,-,...................Lapp/Saami mairre =shoulder area; m,ā,r,-,......................Samoyed maŕś =shoulder area /Yurak ALTAIC *mi_ùjre=shoulder/Altaic; *mörü/Mongolic; müre-pen/Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *märe== break apart , crumble , bite - scratch > crush (v) m,a~i,r,_,....................Sumerian EG mer 2=constrictor, snake, mú, ma 5=to mill, crush, grind; m,e,r,,.......................Hungarian morzs=crush; morzsa=crumb; mar =to mill, to scratch; m,ä~e,r,,.....................Vogul/Mansi mari, mar-em m,ä~e,r,,.....................Ostyak/Khan mōrə-gt-= =break; mŏry-=burst,shatter; mort=break; m,ä,r,i,......................Finn/Suomi mur-ta- =break, shatter; muru =crumb,fagment m,ä,r,i,......................Estonian mure m,ie~a,rr,e,..................Lapp/Saami moara=break to pieces; morre =crumb; moarre=brittle snow,thin ice m,o~u,r,e,....................Samoyed morru=piece,morsel,mor-nam =broken piece/Selkup; more- =shatter; ALTAIC mortaj=become brittle/Chuvash Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *marε== immerse , dunk , submerge , sink , inundate (v) m,a~u,r,_,....................Sumerian EG mar=immerse,enclose; ŋeša-ma.ru =flood-weapon. m,a~o,r,ε,....................Hungarian mer-ül =sink, immerse; már-t=dunk; már-t-ás =a dip (food); m,o~u,r,,.....................Vogul/Mansi múr,mar =immerse Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *me-== interrogative "what" prefix (suffix) m,e~i,-,......................Sumerian EG me-še=where to (še=locative); me-àm=where is; me-a..lu=how many; m,e~i,-,......................Hungarian mi=what, me-ly-ik=which; me-re=where to; mi-kor=when "what time"; m,e,-,........................Vogul/Mansi män=which,what kind; mә-tär=something; m,e,-,........................Ostyak/Khan mö-gi=what,which; məj=what,which,what kind; m,e,-,........................Cherem/Mari ma m,o~u~e,-,....................Votyak/Udm ma,myj=what,which,what kind; m,e,-,........................Mordvin m'e,me-źe=what; m,e~ie,-,.....................Finn/Suomi mi-kä=what,which,what kind; m,e,-,........................Lapp/Saami mí=what,which,what kind; (that) which, who; m,e,-,........................Samoyed mîi=what/Eńec; ma=what/ŋanasan; mo =why /Kamas; ALTAIC mV=interrogative/Altaic; -mi/Turkic; -mu, -mi/Mongolic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mećä== far (a) m,e~i,š~s~z,_,................Sumerian EG me-še =where to???; m,e~i,cs~gy~s,e,..............Hungarian messze =far; mezö = grasslands < outer territory m,e~ie,s~ts,ä,................Finn/Suomi metsä=forrest? < outer territory ; m,æ~ie~i,čč~šš,ē,.............Lapp/Saami mæčče-b=far away ALTAIC mōča =edge, end/Altaic; būč-gak/Turkic; muč- /Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mekše== bee (animal) m,e~i,š,e~i,..................Sumerian EG mu_š=biting insect m,e~i,h,_,....................Hungarian méh_=bee m,e~y~ə,kš,e,.................Cherem/Mari mukš =bee m,o~u~e,š,,...................Votyak/Udm mu_š =bee m,o~u~e,š,,...................Zuryen/Komi mo_š =bee m,e~i,kš>š,o,.................Mordvin m'ekš =bee m,e~ie,h,i,...................Finn/Suomi mehi-läinen =bee m,e~i,h,i,....................Estonian mehi-läine =bee Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mele== deep (a) m,e~i,l,_,....................Sumerian EG meli=sink, immerse/ MII.153 ?<ref uncertain> m,e~i,l,,.....................Hungarian mély=deep m,e,l~Λ~t,,...................Vogul/Mansi mil=deep m,e,l~Λ~t,,...................Ostyak/Khan mət=deep Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mene== leave , go (v) m,e~i,n~ŋ,_,..................Sumerian EG ma_ 4 =leave, depart, go out; ma_ 3 =to go; m,e~i,n,,.....................Hungarian me-ni=to go; me-gy =(he,she) go, goes; mé-sz=you go. men-t=went; m,e,n~ń,,.....................Vogul/Mansi mini =go m,e,n~ń,,.....................Ostyak/Khan mən =go m,e~y~ə,(n),,.................Cherem/Mari mi-je =go m,e~i,n,,.....................Votyak/Udm myny =go m,e~i,n,,.....................Zuryen/Komi mun- =go m,e~i,n,o,....................Mordvin meń-ems? m,e~ie,n,i,...................Finn/Suomi mene =go m,e~i,n,i,....................Estonian mine-ma =go m,æ~ie~i,ń~n,e,...............Lapp/Saami maenn-ot =go, journey, travel; m,e~a~o,n~η,e,................Samoyed muo- =go/Eńeć; min-/Kamas; min-/Neńeć; men-/ńanasan; man-/Selkup m,e,n,e,......................Penuitan maj=legg,foot/Maidu; m,e~a,n,e~a,..................Etruskan mena-xe = left, moved away; (xe = ki =away) ALTAIC meneü-=walk/Bašqort < Hungarian; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mīre== wind storm (?violent storm) ; ilmä = air & weather; m,ī,r,_,......................Sumerian EG mer 2, mir 2 = storm wind, violent storm; mir =north wind; m,ī,r,,.......................Hungarian ne-mere=violent north wind(Transylvania); [m>v]vihar =storm; m,ī,r,i,......................Finn/Suomi myrsky =strom; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *merε== measure , weigh <cut to size (v) m,e~i,r,_,....................Sumerian EG am-, áka =measure? (metathesis) m,e~i,r,ε,....................Hungarian mér =measure m,o~u~e,r,,...................Votyak/Udm mer-tal=measure, weigh with balance; m,o~u~e,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi mur-tō-ni=measure; m,e~a,r,ε,....................Etruskan mar- =measure; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mer-kke== closed palm , hold , keep (body) ; *more =hold back; m,e~i,r,-,g~h,e~i,............Sumerian EG mar=enclose/lockup; ma_ =to bind; mal=remain; m,e~i,r,-,k,_,................Hungarian mar-ok=the closed palm; mar-ad=remain < hold,keep; m,e,r,-,k,,...................Vogul/Mansi múr-əs m,e~a~o,r,-,kk~χ,e,...........Samoyed måri=greedy/Kamas; maŕŕē=keepback,not give/Neńeć; mâra'áma/Tavgi; m,e~a,r,-,ch,e,...............Etruskan mur = to remain; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *meśe== cloth , clothes (tool) m,e~i,š,_,....................Sumerian EG mu-4 =to dress, mu-r 10=to clothe m,e~i,s,,.....................Hungarian mez =clothing, covering; mez-te-len=unclad, naked; m,e,ć~s,,.....................Vogul/Mansi mäši =clothing Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mete== honey (food) m,e~i,z~s,,...................Hungarian méz =honey; méz-es =honey like; m,e~y~ə,δ~t,,.................Cherem/Mari mü_ , müj =honey m,o~u~e,_,,...................Votyak/Udm mu_, mü_ =honey m,o~u~e,_,,...................Zuryen/Komi ma_ =honey m,e~i,d,o,....................Mordvin meď, mäd'=honey m,e~ie,s,i,...................Finn/Suomi mesi =honey m,e~i,d~t~s,i,................Estonian mesi =honey m,e~a,t,e~a,..................Etruskan maθ-cva = honey-like; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *metsä== side , border land , wet land (location) m,e~i,d,a~i,..................Sumerian EG ma-da=district land > country; ma =land; muš 2,3 =irrigated lands m,e~i,z,,.....................Hungarian mezö =outer grass land, megye =county, province; m,e~ie,ts,ä,..................Finn/Suomi metsä =forrest, maa=land; m,æ~ie~i,ht~tt,s,ē,...........Lapp/Saami miehčse Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *met-er== basin , bowl m,e~i,d,,.....................Sumerian EG mud = a large vat; mud 8 = an amphora in the 30-60liter range; m,e~i,t,-,e~i,r,..............Hungarian meder =basin, bowl (-er =deverbal); m~v ved-er = bucket; m,e~ie,d~t,-,e~ie,r,..........Finn/Suomi metsa = wetland? forrest Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mi== (min, miη) we (pronoun) m,i,..........................Sumerian EG -me=we, our; men2,3=I,myself m,i~e,........................Hungarian mi, min-k=we; mién-k=our; -Vm =my, I; m,i~ü,........................Vogul/Mansi man =we m,o,..........................Ostyak/Khan moη =we m,i,..........................Cherem/Mari mä =we m,i,..........................Votyak/Udm mi=we m,e,..........................Zuryen/Komi mi=we m,i~e,........................Mordvin min=we m,i~y,........................Finn/Suomi me =we m,i~y,........................Estonian me =we m,i,..........................Lapp/Saami mi=we m,i,..........................Samoyed mod'i/Eńeć; mi/Kamas; mańa'/Neńeć; meeη/ŋanasan; mii/Selkup; m,i,..........................Yukagir mit/Yukagir; ALTAIC *bi/Altaic; *man,*ba,*bidan/Mongolic; *müni/Tungusic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mińa== daughter in law , bride > woman (family) m,i,(n~ŋ),a,..................Sumerian EG mu-nus=woman < wife?, mí_ =woman, female; n,i,(n~ŋ),e,..................Sumerian ES nu-nus =woman m,i~e,ny,a~o,.................Hungarian menye- =daughter in law,menyecs-ke= young wife(childbearing age) m,i~ü,ń>n,,...................Vogul/Mansi miń =daughter in law; mäń=wife of younger brother; m,o,ń>n,,.....................Ostyak/Khan meń, mèń =daughter in law; m,i,ń~n~j,,...................Cherem/Mari meń =daughter in law; m,i,ń,e,......................Votyak/Udm moń=bride; iči-meń=young wife, bride; ken-meń=daughter in law m,e,ń>n,a,....................Zuryen/Komi moń=son's wife; iči-meń=young wife m,i~y,n,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi minia =daughter in law m,i~y,n,ē,....................Estonian minia =daughter in law m,i~ie,ń~n,ē,.................Lapp/Saami mânnje =daughter in law, wife of one's brother, or sister in law; m,i,n,e,......................Samoyed m'ējje, mii/Eńeć; meeji/Kamas; meeje=wife of youngr brother/Neńec m,e,n,a,......................Etruskan man-im =daughter in law; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mirkke== poison , anger , angry 2 (a) m,i,r,g~h,e~i,................Sumerian EG mer 2, mir =angry, rage, biting snake, north wind, windstorm n,i,r,g~h,e~i,................Sumerian ES me.er=angry, furious, fierce, blow fiercely; m,i~e,r,k,_,..................Hungarian mérg=poison, mérg-es=angry, nemere =north wind (personified)/Szek m,i~y,r,kk~k,i,...............Finn/Suomi myrkky =poison m,i~y,r,kk~k,i,...............Estonian mürk, mürgi =poison m,i~ie,r,kk~hk,e,.............Lapp/Saami mirku=poison < from Finnish Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *moðε== reddish berry m,u~a,d~š,_,..................Sumerian EG mud =blood color? m,o>a,j~gy,ε,.................Hungarian meggy =sour cherry m,a~o~u,l~j,,.................Ostyak/Khan mel, met, meλ =Johanesbeere; m,a~o~u,ð~d,,.................Cherem/Mari mùδe =blueberry m,o~a,ľ,,.....................Votyak/Udm muľi= berry, type of fruit with a thick skin; m,o~a,ľ,,.....................Zuryen/Komi moľ=moose berry; m,u~o,ð~j,ε,..................Samoyed mukol=wild plumb/Selkup; m,o,d,ε,......................Penuitan mokol=wild plumb/Calif-Maidu,Nisenan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *moke-== laugh , have fun (v) m,u~a,η~h,e~i,-,..............Sumerian EG mu_-d 5=exultation, jubilation; ..........................................mu-d 6 =sing (+du=verbal formative suffix) m,o>a,v,e~i,-,................Hungarian möv-et (dial) > nev-et =laugh; ? mu-l-at=have a fun time m,a~o~u,γ~x~-,e,-,............Vogul/Mansi mäńti=laugh, mus-=smile m,a,v,e~a,-,..................Etruskan nav-t-lane = (one who) enjoys; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *maće== (?mańćε) high_born , clan > man , Magyar (society) m,u,š~s~z,_,..................Sumerian EG meš =prince, young man; maš =pure (noble); m,a~o,cs~gy~s,,...............Hungarian Moć-er > Moźer > Magy-ar=hungarian< the old royal tribe m,o~u,š~č,,...................Vogul/Mansi mońś=royal, high born ( *s'>n's' in Ugrian) m,o~u,š~č,,...................Ostyak/Khan moś = member of the chief moiety m,a,s~ts,i,...................Finn/Suomi mies =man m,a,ź,e,......................Livonian miez =man m,a,s~ts,i,...................Estonian mees =man m,a,ć,e,......................Penuitan maj =person/,man/Calif-Maidu; m,a,s~χ,e,....................Etruskan mas-an = tribe,nation; meχ=people, mex ~ mex-lum =country (of) ALTAIC mać =man/Bulgar? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mu-== of two (indef pron) / other (number) m,a~u,-,......................Sumerian EG mina, mi-n 5,6=two,second; maš=twin; mén= both, alike; ..........................................man=companion; maš=1/2; m,u~o,-,......................Hungarian monnó =of two; más=other,duplicate; más-od-ik=second; m,u~o~ö,-,....................Vogul/Mansi mót, moγ m,o~u,-,......................Cherem/Mari mòlә m,i~e,-,......................Votyak/Udm me-d, mi-d m,u~o,-,......................Lapp/Saami mu-b'be Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *müćä==to clean up and_make beautiful, clean etc; (v) m,u~i,š~s~z,_,................Sumerian EG muš 2,3=appearance,shine; mu_5=well formed,beautiful; mú=ignite; m,i~e,ć~ś~č,,.................Votyak/Udm mič =rake up into a pile, shovel up , sweep up ; shave; m,i~e,ć~ś~č,,.................Zuryen/Komi myca =beauty, beautiful; clear; red, reddish; m,o,čč~šš,ē,..................Lapp/Saami močči-d=beautiful m,ü~o,č~s,e,..................Samoyed masi-ra=bright/Eńec;muesae=adorned,polished;muesa-na=finery/Neńec Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *muja== (or mula) touch > taste > show > instruct (v) m,a~u,,a,.....................Sumerian EG me_ 6=behave,act; mud=sing (entertain); mud=to frighten (?) m,u~o,j,a~o,..................Hungarian mu-tat=show; (-tat =suffix of fast repetitive action); ..........................................minta=example m,u~o~ö,j,,...................Vogul/Mansi moi-epte m,u~o~ö,j,,...................Ostyak/Khan müi-əpt-əm=advise, tell a riddle or story; muiuəti=destiny,fate; m,o~u,-~j,,...................Cherem/Mari mo-am m,i~e,j,e,....................Votyak/Udm maj-alt=bedaub, rub in, smear, wipe ? m,i~e,j,a,....................Zuryen/Komi moi-dni=to relate,tell a story; m,o,j~-,a~o,..................Mordvin mujə-ms=to find; m,u~o,j~i,a~o,................Finn/Suomi moi-staa =familiarize, realize, remember m,u~o,j~i,ē,..................Estonian mõi-stma=to catch, look into, realize, explain, promise,... m,u~o,j~i,ē,..................Lapp/Saami mui-tet m,u,χ~n,a,....................Etruskan mutina =example, sample (original form) /Latin< Etrusc; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mule== pass , elapse , go by > later , move ? (v) m,a~u,l,_,....................Sumerian EG mu_=year (passing time?); m,u~o,l,,.....................Hungarian mul=pass time;mulaszt=to miss an oportunity; ?mo-z-og=move; m,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi muli=elapse, go by; m,i~e,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm mijis = m,o,l,o,......................Mordvin moľ-ems=arrive, go somewhere; m,u~o,ll,e,...................Lapp/Saami moll-ât=pass someone without knowing it; m,ü~o,l,e,....................Samoyed ?mozora=stir, move/Eńec; maηzer=hasten,hurry/Kamas; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *muńa== (muna) egg , penis , testicle (body) m,a~u,(n~ŋ),a,................Sumerian EG nu-mun=seed, multiply; mu_ =to grow seed; mud=birth; n,e,(n~ŋ),e,..................Sumerian ES mu_ =penis m,u~o,ny,a~o,.................Hungarian mony~mag (ny~gy>g)=seed semen; mén=stud horse; m,u~o~ö,ń>n,,.................Vogul/Mansi mån=testicle; muŋi=egg; m,u~o~ö,ń>n,,.................Ostyak/Khan moñ=male sexual organ,testicle; m,o~u,ń~n~j,,.................Cherem/Mari munõ=egg m,o,ń,a~o,....................Mordvin mona=testicle m,u~o,n,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi moń=male sexual organ, testicle; m,u~o,ń~n,ē,..................Lapp/Saami mânne=egg/man=penis m,ü~o,n,e,....................Samoyed monne, mânne=egg/Eńec; munuj=egg/Kamas; maane=penis/Selkup; ALTAIC *úmu_=to bear,give birth/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *musε==charm, enchant, magic (religion) m,a~u,š~z,_,..................Sumerian EG maš-maš=sorcerer,incantation; me =the god given words & creations; .......................................... mu=speak; m,u~o,s,ε,....................Hungarian müv-ész =entertainer,mese=a story,fairy tale, ..........................................mü(v) =creation; ?ima_=prayer; m,u~o~ö,t,,...................Vogul/Mansi mul- ,mut- = offer to the gods, prayer; mûl=curse, enchant; m,u~o~ö,t~l,,.................Ostyak/Khan mut=pray; mul=the magic words; m,o~u,ž,,.....................Cherem/Mari muž=prophesy; muž-edä- =divine, prophesy, conjure,practice magic m,ü~o,s,ε,....................Samoyed mee-, mii- =build, carpenter, fabricate, make/Neńec; mee/Selkup ALTAIC bü, büg=magic,shaman /Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *muśke== wash (v) m,a~u,s,e~i,..................Sumerian EG mu_-d-ru=launderer (du=suffix of action,do; rap,ra=worker?slave) m,u~o,s,_,....................Hungarian mos_ =wash; m,o~u,ž,_~j,e,................Cherem/Mari məsk-am, mušk=am =wash; m,i~e,z~ś,_,,.................Votyak/Udm myśky- =wash; m,i~e,z,_,,...................Zuryen/Komi miśki-ni =wash; m,o,ś,j~v,o,..................Mordvin mośke-ms =wash; m,u~o,s~ts,k,i,...............Estonian mõsk-ma, mõsk =wash; m,ü~o,s,gg,e,.................Samoyed massua /Eńeć; masua/Neńeć; musa /Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *müηä== behind , rear , sexual areas (body) m,u~i,k~g,_,..................Sumerian EG mug 2 =naked, pudenda, to be in heat; m,ü~ö,j>g,e,..................Hungarian mög =behind, rear; mög-öt=behind; (meleg=heat?) m,u~o~a,γ,,...................Vogul/Mansi män-ta, män-tel=undressed; mäńtl=along,during ? m,u~o,η~j>-,,.................Cherem/Mari mənηə, mõηge-š, =back, after, retro; m,i~e,_,,.....................Votyak/Udm mi-ś-ti m,i~e,_,,.....................Zuryen/Komi mi-ś-t =after a short time; m,e,j~ng,e,...................Mordvin mekej, meki=behind; menge, mejle =later on, after, then; m,üü,_,.......................Finn/Suomi myö-tä =along with, downhill; myös-ta=comply,yield,retract; m,o,η~k,ē,....................Lapp/Saami mâηηi- =back,rear; mâη-as=backward, onward; müöstü-=back out,move Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *muηk-er== body > self , semen (body) m,a~u,ŋ~g,,...................Sumerian EG mug 2 =nakedness; mud=give birth ( ηk=ģ >d' ); mu_ =grow seed; m,u~o,g,-,e~i,r,..............Hungarian mag- =semen, seed, grain, self (mag-am=myself,mag-ad=yourself); m,o~u,ηg~g,-,e~y~ə,r,.........Cherem/Mari moηg-er, mòγər =body, life; m,i~e,(η)g,-,o~u~e,r,.........Votyak/Udm mug-or =body, form, outer body; m,i~e,g~k,-,o~u~e,r,..........Zuryen/Komi mig =life, under parts; myg-õr =body, trunk; ALTAIC *meńo=self,body/Altaic;*bu(n)/Turkic;mön/Mongolic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *mutar== bird , flyer (also word for feather, fly, wing) m,a~u,d,a~u,r,................Sumerian EG mut-in =bird; + dar =to fly; ?mitum=divine weapon (of god) ; n,e,z~s,e,r,..................Sumerian ES muš-en =bird m,u~o,z~s,a~o,r,..............Hungarian madár =bird; t>z szál =to fly; (Nasal converts t to d) ALTAIC badar? =bird; (check spelling) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *et==(also e) this [nä=this according to others] (nämä =these) ............................................ (location) u,d,..........................Sumerian EG ne, e= this one; na, ni=that one; aš=one, unique, alone; e,t,..........................Hungarian e, e-z =this; az=that; i-tt=here; i-gy=like this; o-tt=there; ə,t,..........................Vogul/Mansi nənə=those ə,t,..........................Ostyak/Khan i, it =this; idï=like this; en =just like; e~i,δ~t,......................Cherem/Mari nənə=those; o~a,t,........................Votyak/Udm eta, etše =this; o~a,t,........................Zuryen/Komi e, eta =this; esija =that; naja, nyje =those; e~i,d,........................Mordvin e-, eťe, ene =this; ne=these,those; ne=these,those; e,d~t,........................Finn/Suomi e, että =the,that; näma=these; nuo=that, ...............................................näin=in this way;his; e,d~t~s,......................Estonian et =that,the?, iga = all? æ~va,ht~tt,...................Lapp/Saami âttĕ =the < from Finn; na, navt=like this; nó=like that; e,d,..........................Samoyed e, e-ke=this; i-nō=this /Yen; ī,īde=this/Kamas; na=that/Selkup e~a,t,........................Etruskan eta, ita=this; eca =like this; ic,ix=it; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *najε== light , fire > sun (heavens) [Ugrian] n~ŋ,a~u,,_,...................Sumerian EG nu_11=light, fire n,a~o,j,ε,....................Hungarian na_-p=sun < from naj + pi? n~ń,o~u,j,,...................Vogul/Mansi nāj, nai=sun,fire n~ń,o~u,j,,...................Ostyak/Khan nai=fire, nai-xär=fire place Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nakka== leather n~ŋ,u,g~h,a,..................Sumerian EG nag =thing, material n,a~o,k,,.....................Hungarian a-nyag =thing, material, cloth, matter n,a,kk~k,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi nahka=leather n,a,k,a,......................Livonian nooga =leather n,a,kk~k,ē,...................Estonian nahk =leather Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńakke== joint , vertabra , yearly growth (body) > genetive sufx n,u,g~h,e~i,..................Sumerian EG *ŋak>kak,gak=peg,nail,joint; ny,a~o,k,_,...................Hungarian nyak=neck, -nyék=locality ń~n,a,k,,.....................Vogul/Mansi näk, nεh=step,stage,end,limb,floor; nak-ui=finger joint; ń~n,a,k,,.....................Ostyak/Khan ńaek=limb,knot,duration, n,a,kk~k,i,...................Finn/Suomi nik-ama=knots in plants,stalks n,a,v~_,v~_,e,................Penuitan nak- =segment of space/time/place/Penuitan Ind Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *näke== watch (v) n~ŋ,a~i,η~h,_,................Sumerian EG ni_, nu_ =look ~ ģes-tu =hear n,e,v,,.......................Hungarian né-z=watches, ni-ni=look!, nesz=sense, néz-ed=watch it!! n~ń,ä~e,γ~x~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi nēili, negl-= be visible; n~ń,ä~e,γ~x~-,,...............Ostyak/Khan ni-, niw- =be visible; n,o~u,_,,.....................Votyak/Udm naa_-l- =look; n,ä~e,j~v,o,..................Mordvin nej-ems =see; n,ä,k,i,......................Finn/Suomi näke =see; n,ie~a,kk,e,..................Lapp/Saami niekko=a dream; n,a~e,v,e~a,..................Etruskan ne-s-l, nei-s-l, ne-ś-l = watch it!, observe! ( a command) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńale==[Ugric] bundle > eight 8 (number) -duplication of 4 ny,a~o,l,,....................Hungarian nyol-c=8; nyaláb=a bundle or bunch of plants (held together); ń,a~o,l,,.....................Savard Hung ?lonćol =8- #ń>j>l ń~n,o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi ńala=8 ń~n,o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Ostyak/Khan ńil-ex=8 Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *naljä== four 4 (number) n~ŋ,u,l,a~i,..................Sumerian EG ni-n , ni-min =40 < *niš-min =fourty; ( limmu 2,3,4,5 =four ) n,a~o,ľ,,.....................Hungarian négy=four, negy-ven =40 < *nelja+ *min (j>gy occured later) n,a~o,ľ,,.....................Savard Hung nijdźi =4 n~ń,a,ľ,,.....................Vogul/Mansi ńilä=4 n~ń,a,ľ,,.....................Ostyak/Khan ńite,ńəle=4 n,a~o~u,l,j,,.................Cherem/Mari niľ=4 n,o~u,ľ,,.....................Votyak/Udm ńil'=4 n,o~u,ľ,,.....................Zuryen/Komi ńol=4 n,a,ľ,e,......................Mordvin ńiľe=4 n,a,l,- ~j,ä,.................Finn/Suomi nelja=4 n,a,l,- ~j,ä,.................Estonian neli=4 n,o>uo,jj~kk,ē,...............Lapp/Saami niekko=4 ALTAIC net=4/Korean Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńäl-mä== tongue,speech (body in) n,a~i,l,-m,a~i,...............Sumerian EG ŋèle,ŋili~méli,mili=throat,pharinx,voice >> eme=tongue; ny,e,l,-m,e,..................Hungarian nyelv=tongue,language; ń~n,ä~e,l~Λ~t,-m,ä~e,.........Vogul/Mansi ńilmä,ńiľəm=tongue; ń~n,ä~e,l~Λ~t,-m,ä~e,.........Ostyak/Khan ńætam, ńāλem =speech; ń~n~j,ä~e,l,-m,ä~e,...........Cherem/Mari jəlmə, ńõlme =tongue,speech; ń~n,ie~a,l,-m,ē,..............Lapp/Saami njaľbme =mouth; ń,o~u,l,-m,e,.................Samoyed næmü=tongue, ńз =mouth /Neńec; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńäre== grab , obtain > win (v) n,a~i,r,_,....................Sumerian EG nir=overcome, vanquish, victorious, lord; ny,e,r,,......................Hungarian nyer =to win, victory, nyir =to cut off, shave off; ń~n,ä~e,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi ńīri =rip; ńiräsi=yank; ń~n,ä~e,r,,...................Ostyak/Khan ńər-, ńâr =cut off; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nate== sister in law ? Aunt (family) n,a~o,z~s,,...................Hungarian ?nös- =to be married (to a woman); n,a~o~u,δ~t,,.................Cherem/Mari nudõ=younger sister of husb/wife n,o>uo,ht~tt,e,...............Lapp/Saami nóte=younger sister of wife n,ā,d,e,......................Samoyed nudo=brother in law Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *naδe== at , near , *na=that,this here (location) n~ŋ,a~u,d,_,..................Sumerian EG nád = to be with,lie with; ŋa=to place; na,ni=he,she,that one; m,e,d,_,......................Sumerian ES ma.ma, mar=to place; n,a~o,l,,.....................Hungarian -nál, -nan (l~n)=locative suffixes (at,near) n~ń,o~u,l~t~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi ńù_-peľ=for,to,towards; n,a,t~d,i,....................Finn/Suomi naa=that,those; n,a,t~d,i,....................Estonian naa=this n,o>uo,ďď,e,..................Lapp/Saami nātt=so,in this way; n,ā,d,e,......................Samoyed ńā'=to,towards; ńāna=at,with; ńād=from;nāŋ=to,toward,nanu=at/Nan Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nekke== enclosure > safe place (location) n~ŋ,e~i,g~h,e~i,..............Sumerian EG niģ-in=enclosure, to pen up cattle; n,e~i,k,_,....................Hungarian nyék=forrest enclosure,safe place, game preserve; ár-nyék=shade; n~ń,e,k,,.....................Vogul/Mansi neγi,nēg=bind Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńele== [ńēle/FU , ńolō/Uralic ] gulp , swallow 2 (v) n,e~i,l,_,....................Sumerian EG ŋili =throat ny,e~i,l,,....................Hungarian nyel =swallow ń~n,e,l~Λ~t,,.................Vogul/Mansi ńal =swallow ń~n,e,l~Λ~t,,.................Ostyak/Khan ńel- =swallow ń~n~j,e~y~ə,l,,...............Cherem/Mari nela- =swallow ń,e~i,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm ńyly =swallow ń>n,e~i,l,,...................Zuryen/Komi ńil =swallow ń,e~i,l,o,....................Mordvin ńile- =swallow n,e~ie,l,i,...................Finn/Suomi niele =gulp ń~n,æ~ie~i,ll,e,..............Lapp/Saami njiella=swallow ń,e~a~o,l,e,..................Samoyed naela =swallow/Neńeć; ńaltami/ŋanasan; noddo /Eńeć; ALTAIC ?yut/Turkish; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nä-mi== don't , not , no 1 (na+mi=this thing?) (a) n~ŋ,a~i,-m,i,.................Sumerian EG nu_- =no,not; nam=prohibitive performative; nam-me=should not be; n,e,-m,i~e,...................Hungarian ne=don't, nem=not, no; n~ń,ä~e,-m,i~ü,...............Vogul/Mansi nēm = no,not,never.. n~ń,ä~e,-m,o,.................Ostyak/Khan nem-hojat=nobody; nem-huntta=never; nem-ətti=nothing;nem=nothing; n,o~u,-m,i,...................Votyak/Udm no=no one n,o~u,-m,e,...................Zuryen/Komi nem=not n,o~u,-m,i,...................Samoyed ńe =negative verb/Eńec; ni- =not to be,neg.particle/Neńec;... Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *neme== mosquito , midge (animal) n~ŋ,e~i,m~n,_,................Sumerian EG nim=flying insect n,e~i,m~v,,...................Hungarian nyüv=fly maggot n~ń,e,m,,.....................Vogul/Mansi nomyr=midge,worm n,e~i,m~v,,...................Votyak/Udm nom-õr n,æ~ie~i,m~mb,e,..............Lapp/Saami nam-ek n,e~a~o,m~β,e,................Samoyed niib-eru=midge Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nenä== anger , become angry > insult (v) n~ŋ,e~i,n~ŋ,_,................Sumerian EG ini, in =insult, offended š,e~i,n~ŋ,_,..................Sumerian ES . n,e~i,n,e,....................Hungarian in-ger=to make angry, annoy, taunt; in-cseleg=taunt,tease,mock; n,e~ie,n,ä,...................Finn/Suomi in-to =passion; n,e~i,n,ä,....................Estonian in-t =passion; n,æ~ie~i,ń~n,ē,...............Lapp/Saami nienne=hatred n,e~a~o,n~η,e,................Samoyed neena=be angry; neene=become angry ALTAIC *ni_áŋe=to curse Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nēppe==[?] people , folk (society) [ né=female + pi=male] n~ŋ,ē,,e~i,...................Sumerian EG ùŋa_,ùŋ_, uku, un, únu =people; na_ =human being; n,ē,p~b,_,....................Hungarian nepe>nép=folk, people; uη > Ug-or > Ung-ar>Hungarian < Onogur? n,ē,p~b,e~a,..................Etruskan nap- =folk, family, people; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńike== rend , rip , pull up , jerk (v) n,i,η~h,_,....................Sumerian EG ?ní_, nè_ =stretgth, forces, violence; ny,i~e,v,,....................Hungarian nyüv, nyü=pull up, wear down ń~n,i~ü,γ~x~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi ńεβ, ńüw-=jerk,pluck,pull out ń,i~e,j~v,o,..................Mordvin nev-elde=pull out n,i~y,k,i,....................Finn/Suomi nykkiä =pluck; ń,i~y,k,i,....................Estonian nügi-ma ń,i,gg,e,.....................Samoyed nĕgeap/Selk; ńe'ľεm=pull,draw out/Kam Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nime== name, thing > deverbal, formative suffix -nemü, -lom, -m ............................................ány, -vány(v) n~ŋ,i,m~n,_,..................Sumerian EG nam=prefix for things, prefix of abstracts; š,i,m~n,_,....................Sumerian ES na.áŋ =thing n,i~e,m~v,,...................Hungarian név=name, nem=gender,type; (n~l) -lom=deverbal suffix. n~ń,i~ü,m,,...................Vogul/Mansi näm l,i,m~w,,.....................Cherem/Mari lüm n,i,m~v,,.....................Votyak/Udm ńim n,e,m~v,,.....................Zuryen/Komi ńim l,i~e,m~v,o,..................Mordvin lem n,i~ie,m~mb,e,................Lapp/Saami nâmmâ n,i,m~β,e,....................Samoyed nim n,e,m~v,e,....................Etruskan -lum Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńīηε== (ńiηε) fly maggot , worm > fly(*neme?) n,ī,n,_,......................Sumerian EG nim=a fly [m~w]; ŋa-r=earthworm; numun 3=insect, bug, caterpillar ny,ī,k>v,ε,...................Hungarian nyüv, nyü_ =fly maggot/worm ń~n,ī,γ,,.....................Vogul/Mansi _íηk=worm; ń~n,ī,ηk~ηχ,,.................Ostyak/Khan ńiηk=worm,larva; ń~n,ī,η~k,ε,..................Lapp/Saami njiwdn-jâ =small nits, eggs of lice; ń,ī,η~k,ε,....................Samoyed ńéju, ńeńe, ńiń=worm/Selkup ALTAIC *ηeji=louse,nit/Altaic; ηi-sa/Mongolic; *nej(l)e-/Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńele== arrow , shaft (of tool or arrow) (tool) n,e~i,l,_,....................Sumerian EG ŋe-š = wood > shaft?; gi_ =reed (?shaft) ny,e~i,l,,....................Hungarian nyil=arrow, nyél=shaft, nád =small bambo like reed; ń,e~i,l,,.....................Savard Hung neil=arrow ń~n,e,l~Λ~t,,.................Vogul/Mansi ńāl=arrow ń~n,e,l~Λ~t,,.................Ostyak/Khan ńot=arrow ń~n~j,e~y~ə,l,,...............Cherem/Mari nole=arrow ń,e~i,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm ńil=arrow ń,e~i,l,o,....................Mordvin nal=arrow n,e~ie,l,i,...................Finn/Suomi nuoli=arrow ń,e~i,ll,i,...................Estonian nool=arrow ń~n,æ~ie~i,ll,e,..............Lapp/Saami njuollâ=arrow ń,e~a~o,l,e,..................Samoyed ńi_ =arrow n,e,l,e,......................Penuitan not=arrow/Calif Windtu Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *niδe== shaft , pole handle (tool) n~ŋ,i,d,_,....................Sumerian EG ŋe-š=wood, organ, tool [ń>ŋ] n,i~e,l,,.....................Hungarian nyél*(wood) handle,nyil=arrow/shaft; ..........................................?nád=reed (often used forarrows) n~ń,i~ü,l~t~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi näl=handle, shaft,arrow; l,i~e,d,o,....................Mordvin ńeď, ńäď,ńeď=shaft n,i~ie,ďď,e,..................Lapp/Saami nâďďâ, not n,i,d,e,......................Samoyed nir (r~l) n,i,l,e,......................Penuitan not=arrow / Penuitan Indian-Calif; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńiήä== (also ńiηä) woman, female, wife, lady (family) (society) n,i,n~_,a~i,..................Sumerian EG nin=lady (n~g'); nin 9 =sister; nig=female animal; (nir=lord) š,i,n~_,e,....................Sumerian ES nu.nus=woman; ga-ŝan =lady (ga=house?), ny,i~e,n,e,...................Hungarian nej=wife, nö_=woman; néni=lady; ..........................................nén=aunt;(aszony=lady); nö_-vér=younger sister; ń,i~e,n,e,....................Savard Hung inü_ =woman; ń~n,i~ü,η~-,..................Vogul/Mansi né, nii =woman; nääj=queen,lady;(naj-er=king, lord) ń~n,o,η~-,....................Ostyak/Khan nèη,niη,ne_,ni_=woman, wife, she; naj=lady; ń~n~j,i,_,....................Cherem/Mari -nö_=woman; ń,i~e,_,......................Mordvin ńi_=woman; n,i~y,_,ä,....................Finn/Suomi nei-nen=woman, nei-ti=miss, nai=marry ń~n,i~ie,ηη~ńń,ē,.............Lapp/Saami njiηη-alâs=female animal ń,i,_,e,......................Samoyed ńe_=wife/Eńeć,Kamas,Neńeć; nee=wife,woman/ŋanasan; neä=wife/Selk n,e,ή,a~e,....................Etruskan nene =wetnurse, nurse; ALTAIC néηu=female relative/Alt; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nońće== strong, hard > big > important (a) n~ŋ,u~a,g,e,..................Sumerian EG nun=great,fine,deep; niga=fattened (animal); _nè-=strength,force; n,o>a,gy,_,...................Hungarian nagy=big,important; nagy-apa=grandfather; nagyanya=grandmother; n~ń,a~o~u,ńś~ńć,,.............Vogul/Mansi nek=entire,total; ?_naj=queen, ?jani, eńə=big, n,o~a,ź,,.....................Votyak/Udm una =much n,o~a,ź,,.....................Zuryen/Komi nać=completely,totally n,o~u,ń,ć~ź,o,................Mordvin ine n,a~o,s,i,....................Finn/Suomi enä=great,big n,œ,žž,e,.....................Lapp/Saami aen-eb n,o,ń,ć,e,....................Yukagir ńańče=big,large n,a,z~c,e,....................Etruskan nac,nac-na =big,large; (χ>c?)apa nac-na=grandfather; ..........................................ati nac-nuva=grandmother Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńirε= scrape, shave; (v) n,i,r,_,......................Sumerian EG na-ŋar = adze, wood chisel, carpenter; ..........................................ŋiri, ŋir=knife,dagger; š,i,r,_,......................Sumerian ES . ny,i~e,r,ε,...................Hungarian nyír =clip, cut, lop, trim, haircut; ń,i,r,,.......................Votyak/Udm ńirjal= scrape, scratch, sweep together ń>n,e,r,,.....................Zuryen/Komi ńiral- , ńirt- =rub, scrape; ń,i,r,ε,......................Samoyed ńira =graw, nibble/Ńeńeć; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńońći= to be stretched out, to stretch oneself out > stretch (v) ny,o>a,gy,i~e,................Hungarian nyuj-t (gy~j) =stretch out; nyul = stretches; ń~n,a~o~u,ńś~ńć,i~ü,..........Vogul/Mansi ńonš = extend, stretch; ńussəlt- =stretch; ń~n,a~o~u,ńś~ńć,o,............Ostyak/Khan ńynč =stretch (intransitive) ń,o~a,ź,i,....................Votyak/Udm ńušt =extend, stretch out, drag; ń>n,o~a,ź,e,..................Zuryen/Komi ńuž mun=stretch; (mun=to go) ń~n,œ,žž,i,...................Lapp/Saami njoalDźdzo =extend, stretch out (obsolete) ń,u~o,n,č~s,i,................Samoyed nuoci- =stretch/Ŋaŋasan < FU loan word; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńore= willow, birch (tree) -name associated with wet/watery; ny,o>a,r,,....................Hungarian nyír-fa=birch tree; ń~n,a~o~u,r,,.................Ostyak/Khan ńər=thicket, ńore=twisted willow; ńir=reed, switch, twig; ń~n~j,a~o~u,r,,...............Cherem/Mari nörpö =alder tree; nörgö =sprout, one-year old tree; ń,u~o,r,e,....................Samoyed negga= willow, copse tree/Eńeć; njärga=willow;norga=copse/Kam; ALTAIC ?nèra =kind of tree/Altaic; nara-su/Mongolic; ..........................................ηer/Tung; (pine types) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńome== (or nol'ε-me) press down together (v) n,u~a,m~n,_,..................Sumerian EG num-un=to seed, sowing, offspring; umun=a mould; ny,o>a,m~v,,..................Hungarian nyom=press, footprint, track; nemz=sex,procreate;nemzet=nation; ń~n,a~o~u,m,,.................Vogul/Mansi ńålèmt=press, ńol-=footprint; ń~n,a~o~u,m,,.................Ostyak/Khan nö_lta=knead, mold (of clay or dough) ń~n~j,a~o~u,m~w,,.............Cherem/Mari ńumurge,numurge=condense, compress, concentrate, draw together; ń>n,o~a,m~v,,.................Zuryen/Komi ńamľav-=to knead; ńamral-=to squeeze out; ńamyrt=press,compress; ń,o~u,m~v,o,..................Mordvin ńum-urge=compress, draw together; n,a,m~v,e,....................Etruskan numa = sign, notch, coinage; num-ta =sign; ALTAIC ńi-am =trace/Altaic; (ń>y) yum=to press, squash, squeeze/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńorε== wet , swampy (a) n,u~a,r,_,....................Sumerian EG ŋar-im =pool, pond (g'~n) ny,o>a,r,ε,...................Hungarian nyir(k)=wet,moist ń~n,a~o~u,r,,.................Vogul/Mansi ńēr =bog,swamp ń,o~a,r,,.....................Votyak/Udm ńúr=humid,wet ń>n,o~a,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi ńúr=bog,swamp n,a~o,r,ε,....................Finn/Suomi noro=wet valley ń,u~o,r,ε,....................Samoyed njar=tundra ń,o,r,ε,......................Yukagir n'or=swamp/Yukagir, n,a,r,ε,......................Etruskan neri =water; ALTAIC ni-uŕe =to become wet,swim/A; jüŕ/Turkic; nor-/Mongolic; ..........................................ńür-/Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-nt==denominative (suffix) -,d,..........................Hungarian -d,-ad =denominative suffix (archaic) -,nt,.........................Vogul/Mansi -nt =deverbal suffix; suu=mouth > su-nt=opening,estuary; -,nd,.........................Cherem/Mari -nde =deverbal suffix; -,d,..........................Zuryen/Komi -od =deverbal suffix; sir=resin; sir-õd=resinous wood; -,nt,.........................Finn/Suomi -ntä, -nte =deverbal suffix; isä-ntä=head of house < isä=father; -,tt~d,.......................Samoyed -dde=deverbal suffix/Eńec, -andi/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-nt==deverbative suffix of continuing action; (suffix) -,d,..........................Sumerian EG -du =doing,does suffix which is added to verbs; -,d,..........................Hungarian -od, -gat =deverbative; rakk=stack > rak-od, rako-gat; -,nt,.........................Vogul/Mansi -nt ; tuńś=stand > tuńś-ent=stand about; -,nt,.........................Ostyak/Khan -nt ; kol-=hear > kol-ent=listen (hearing); -,d,..........................Zuryen/Komi -õd; kyj=catch > kyjõd=be on the watch,pursue; -,nd,.........................Mordvin -ńda ; nilə =swallow > niləńda=devour, drink in gulps; -,nt,.........................Finn/Suomi -ntele ; juokse-=run > juokse-ntele=run about -,tt~d,.......................Samoyed -nd- =imperfect aspect, present tense/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńolke== saliva , spittle , snot ny,o>a,l(og),_,...............Hungarian nyál =saliva, spittle; ń,o~u,lg~ld,o,................Mordvin nolga =snot; nolgă =saliva; n,a~o,l,k,i,..................Finn/Suomi nolki = phlegm; n,o,l,k,e,....................Livonian nol'G ń,a~o,l,k,i,..................Estonian nõlg ń~n,œ,lg,e,...................Lapp/Saami snuolgâ =snot; ALTAIC ńāl="träne", Mongol nilbu Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńula== [*ńōla] lick (v) ; *ńäl-mä= tongue (-m deverbal) (body) n,a~u,l,a,....................Sumerian EG ?eme=tongue (see the root word, for talk, speak); m,e,l,e,......................Sumerian ES . ny,u~o,l,a~o,.................Hungarian nyal=lick,nyelv=tongue ń~n,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,.............Vogul/Mansi ńal-emti, ńol-ant=lick; ń~n,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,.............Ostyak/Khan ńat, ńăl =lick; ń~n~j,o~u,l,,.................Cherem/Mari ńəl-em ń,i~e,l,e,....................Votyak/Udm nola- =lick; ń>n,i~e,l,a,..................Zuryen/Komi ńul=lick; ń,o,l,a~o,....................Mordvin nola-ms=lick; n,u~o,l,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi nuole=lick; ń~n,u~o,ll,ē,.................Lapp/Saami njoall-ot=lick; ń,ü~o,l,e,....................Samoyed ?nü- /Kamas; ńūqel-, ńū- /Selkup; ALTAIC amo=tongue/Altaic; yala/Azeri,Tartar,Turkish,Uzbek; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńukśe== marten (animal) ny,u~o,sz,_,..................Hungarian nyusz-t = marten; nyuszi=bunny?; ń~n,u~o~ö,γ~x~-,ć~s,,.........Vogul/Mansi ńoks =sabel ń~n,u~o~ö,γs,,................Ostyak/Khan ńoγəs=marten ń,i~e,ź,,.....................Votyak/Udm ńiź, ńaź =marten ń>n,i~e,ź,,...................Zuryen/Komi ńiź=marten n,u~o,s,i,....................Finn/Suomi nois (in place names)=marten ń,u~o,gs,i,...................Estonian nugis =marten ń,ü~o,h,e,....................Samoyed noha=Siberian marten; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nume== seed , inseminate (v) (body) n~ŋ,a~u,m~n,_,................Sumerian EG num-un=to seed; nam-aba=older generation, n,u~o,m~v,,...................Hungarian nem-z=to procreate; generation, nem=sex,type Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nume== high 1, above grow > god > pure (a) n~ŋ,a~u,m~n,_,................Sumerian EG nim=high, above, east, highland; num 2,nun=rise up, noble; ..........................................numa=heavenly sea goddess m,e,m~n,_,....................Sumerian ES ?mah =big n,u~o,m~v,,...................Hungarian nö(v) =grow, get mature ; nem-es=noble,pure (-es=adj suffix) n~ń,u~o~ö,m,,.................Vogul/Mansi no, num=upper,nuhpa=upward, numiTarem=sky & creative god n~ń,u~o~ö,m,,.................Ostyak/Khan nu,num=upper, noməan=above,at the top, nuhpa=toward the top n,ü~o,m~β,e,..................Samoyed num, nup =air, heaven, sky, god Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *numol== rabbit (animal) n,u~o,m~v,o>a,l,..............Hungarian nyuwel> nyúl =rabbit n,i~e,m~v,o~a,l,..............Votyak/Udm ńimal=rabbit n,o,m~v,o~u,l,................Mordvin numel=rabbit n,u~o,m~mb,œ,l,...............Lapp/Saami njoammel=rabbit n,u,m,o,l,....................Penuitan nomeh=rabbit/ Calif-Miwok; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ńukke==(ńuηe) rest , sleep (v) n,a~u,g~h,e~i,................Sumerian EG niģ-in 2 =to halt, faintness; nú_ =to lie down; ny,u~o,k,_,...................Hungarian nyug =to rest, nyug-odt=calm ń~n,u~o~ö,k,,.................Vogul/Mansi ńon-ti=rest ń~n,u~o~ö,k,,.................Ostyak/Khan ńog-ol=rest ń>n,i~e,k,,...................Zuryen/Komi nuj-al=rest ń,o,k,o,......................Mordvin nuva-m=rest n,u~o,kk~k,i,.................Finn/Suomi nukkua=sleep n,u,ch,e,.....................Etruskan nica =to lower, to humiliate? ALTAIC inu_=sleep/Japan; unta=sleep/Mongol; nike=stay in bed/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *oća= (also ońća) be able to > smart, clever, mind; (Coliander) u,š~s~z,a,....................Sumerian EG usu =skill; sú, zu = to understand, wisdom, to be experienced; o,cs~gy~s,a~o,................Hungarian ész=mind; esz-es=smart,clever; *ońća > agy=brain; a,š~č,,.......................Vogul/Mansi os =know, find; o~a,s~ts,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi osaa- =know,be able to find one's way Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ora== bride or relative of wife (society) a~u,r,a,......................Sumerian EG er-ib=daugter in law ; o,r,a~o,......................Hungarian ara =bride; o~u,r,,.......................Vogul/Mansi oar,ór =relatives of the wife; o,r,,.........................Ostyak/Khan orti = younger brother of the wife; _,r,a,........................Etruskan ar-ce = mothers relations ( -ce =diminutive); ..........................................uru=young,descendant; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *oćt-er== (oć-tere) whip (tool) u,š~s~z,d,,...................Sumerian EG us-an 2 =whip o,cs~gy~s,t,-,e~i,r,..........Hungarian ostor=whip; "üs"=hit! + "szer" =tool >>ObUgrian [s>t] Os-tor? a,š~č,t,-,e,r,................Vogul/Mansi áśter a~o~u,č~ź~z,δ~t,-,e~y~ə,r,....Cherem/Mari βošter Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ōðe== bed , sleeping place (house) #,u,d~š,e~i,..................Sumerian EG _da-g=resting place; u-de=dream ; (nàd, nà_ =bed,lie together;) ā,j~gy,,......................Hungarian ágy=bed; ( ná-sz = weding night, nyu-g =to rest) a,ľ,,.........................Vogul/Mansi aľa-t=bed wa,ľ,,........................Votyak/Udm waľ-äs=to spread sheets, coverlets vo,ľ,,........................Zuryen/Komi voľ=bed cover, felt voo,d,i,......................Finn/Suomi voodi=bed voo,d,i,......................Estonian voodi=bed ALTAIC *òťù=tent,house/Altaic; *otag=tent/Turkic; otaγ=room/Azeri.. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ole== jaw , chin (body) o,l,,.........................Hungarian áll =jaw, chin o~u,l~Λ~t,,...................Vogul/Mansi uľ-es=jaw a~o~u,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari onl-aš =chin o~a,l,,.......................Votyak/Udm aηl-äs =jaw bone o~u,l,o,......................Mordvin ulo=chin œ~oa,ll,e,....................Lapp/Saami oal-ol=lower jaw Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ońćere== tusk (body) o,gy,e~i,r,,..................Hungarian agyar=tusk a,ńś~ńć,e,r,,.................Vogul/Mansi äńšer o,ńś~ńć,e,r,,.................Ostyak/Khan ańźar o~a,ź,o~u~e,r,,...............Votyak/Udm waźer=tusk o~a,ź,o~u~e,r,,...............Zuryen/Komi vodzir Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *oppa== old man / get old (society) a,b,a,........................Sumerian EG ab_, ab-ba=elder, father, ancestor o,p~b,,.......................Hungarian ap-ó=old man; av-ul=old & outdated; av- =old; o~u,p,,.......................Vogul/Mansi opa=grandfather _,p~b,a,......................Etruskan avula = grandfather; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ora== awl , boring tool (tool) a~u,r,a,......................Sumerian EG _ra =to stab, slay, strike, etc.. o,r,a~o,......................Hungarian ár =awl; or-m=peak (of something) o~u,r,a~o,....................Mordvin uro =big awl o~a,r,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi ora=borer,pricker,screw,spine,thorn,nail f burning holes in wood œ~oa,rr,ē,....................Lapp/Saami oari=bone awl Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *orja== slave , servant (society) a~u,r,,a,.....................Sumerian EG eru=slave girl; ar_-ad 2, ur_-du 2=servant; e,r,,e,.......................Sumerian ES e.ri =slave o~u,r,j~i,,...................Vogul/Mansi ver o~a,r,j~-,e,..................Votyak/Udm wars=slave; o~a,r,j~-,a,..................Zuryen/Komi ?ver-es=married man (?férj=husband in Hungarian?) o~u,r,j,a~o,..................Mordvin uŕä=slave o~a,r,- ~j,a~o,...............Finn/Suomi orja=slave o~a,r,- ~j,ē,.................Estonian ori=slave œ~oa,r,j,ē,...................Lapp/Saami oarje=?? belonging to the southwest; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *orpa-se== without mate, widow > orphan (society) o,r,v,a~o,-,s,e~i,............Hungarian árva=orphan o~u,r,a,-,t,e,................Vogul/Mansi urui =orphan, child; a~o~u,r,w~j~-,a~o~u,-,ž,e,....Cherem/Mari urweźe=boy or girl of 10-15yrs; o~u,r,a,-,z,o,................Mordvin uros=without mate;õrweza =boy or girl of 10-15yrs;ur'va=stepdaug o~a,r,p,a,-,s,i,..............Finn/Suomi orpo=orphan; œ~oa,r,hp~p,o>uo,-,s,e,.......Lapp/Saami oarbes=orphan, lonely, deserted; oar'ben=brother or sister; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *owe== opening > window , door (house) a,b,e~i,......................Sumerian EG ab_ =window, niche; o,v,,.........................Hungarian ab-lak=window (luk~lik >lak =hole,opening) a,w,,.........................Vogul/Mansi aawi=door; o,w,,.........................Ostyak/Khan ow =door, window space, mouth of a river, blow hole a~o~u,v,,.....................Cherem/Mari ama-sa, oma-sa, op-sa (w~m) =door; o~a,v,i,......................Finn/Suomi ovi=door o~a,v,i,......................Estonian ava-ta=entrance; ovi=door; vu~o,_,e,.....................Samoyed ŋia=/Eńeć; ā=door/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *oδa-me== dream , sleep (v) a,d,a~u,-m,e~i,...............Sumerian EG ù-di- =dream (deverbal suffix me dropped) o,l,a~o,-m,e~i,...............Hungarian ál-om =dream, alv-ás=sleep (noun) o~u,l~t~-,a,-m,e,.............Vogul/Mansi ül-em =dream; o,l~t~-,a,-m,e,...............Ostyak/Khan od-em, āl-em, ōtem, uōlem a~o~u,-,a~o~u,-m,e,...........Cherem/Mari om o~a,l~j~-,o~u,-m,,............Votyak/Udm um o~a,l~j~-,o~u,-m,,............Zuryen/Komi on, un o~u,d,a,-m,o,.................Mordvin udo-mo vu~o,d,ā,-m,e,................Samoyed al-ma=dream Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *oδa== sleep ; oδa-me=dream (v) a,d,a,........................Sumerian EG š-ed =repose (added leading consonant ?uš- =evening determinative o,l,a~o,......................Hungarian al-sz- =sleep; ál-om=dream; o~u,l~t~-,,...................Vogul/Mansi uuləm=sleep,dream; o,l~t~-,,.....................Ostyak/Khan atta, alta =sleep, lieing down; a~o~u,-,,.....................Cherem/Mari om(õ)=dream; o~a,l~j~-,e,..................Votyak/Udm vaľ=to spread beding o~a,l~j~-,a,..................Zuryen/Komi uľ-paś o~u,d,a~o,....................Mordvin udo-= sleep; udo-mo =sleep; o~a,t~d,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi voodi =bed o~a,t~d,ē,....................Estonian voodi =bed œ~oa,ďď,ē,....................Lapp/Saami oaďď-et=sleep ALTAIC udy=sleep/Old Turkic, uyu=sleep/Turkish; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *oηle== lower jaw (body) _,η,l,e,......................Sumerian EG _ka = mouth, face; o,j>g,l,_,....................Hungarian áll =lower jaw, chin; a,γ,l~Λ~t,,...................Vogul/Mansi aa'yn=jaw; uľaś=chin, jawbone; o,η(k)~γ,l~Λ~t,,..............Ostyak/Khan oηəl-loh=jaw-bone; a~o~u,η~j>-,l,e,..............Cherem/Mari oηla-š, oηgõla-š =chin; o~a,η,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm aη=jaw; aηl-aš=lip; o~a,_,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi an=jaw; o~u,v~η,l,o,..................Mordvin ulo=chin; œ~oa,η~ń,l,e,.................Lapp/Saami oalol=lower jaw; vu~o,η,l,e,...................Samoyed oηaj=jaw/Kamas; aakaj=jaw/Selkup; ALTAIC yanak=chin,jaw/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *paćε==(?) trust , believe (v) p~b,u,š~s~z,_,................Sumerian EG buz-ur=safety, secret ~peš=precious f,a~o,cs~gy~s,ε,..............Hungarian biz=trust,believe ~ becs=esteem,to value; béke=peace; p~b,o~u,ź~ž,,.................Votyak/Udm baz f,a,s~χ,ε,....................Etruskan fes =to make accounts, to assure; >> pax =peace /Latin; ALTAIC ? supposedly linked to Tatar baz- = measure (seems unlikely) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päç'e== stretch out , loosen , become freyed/ unsewn (v) p~b,a~i,š~z,e~i,..............Sumerian EG peš 4,5,6=to expand, be wide, pregnant; peš 5,6=to pluck apart; f,e,s,e~i,....................Hungarian fes-lik=to be frayed, fesz=stretched out; fosz-lik=come apart; p,ä~e,ś~s,e,..................Vogul/Mansi pes-ēml =freyed,loosened; pesat=to undue, unfasten,untie; b,ie~a,ç,',e,.................Lapp/Saami piätseket ="dehiscere" Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päćke== swallow (bird) p~b,a~i,š~s~z,_,e~i,..........Sumerian EG pa =type of small bird; peš =a small child; f,e,cs~gy~s,v,_,..............Hungarian fecs-ke=swallow bird; p~b,o~u,ć~ś~č,_,,.............Votyak/Udm poś-ky=swallow, pośki p~b,o~u,ć~ś~č,_,,.............Zuryen/Komi piśći=swallow p,ä~e,ć~ź,j~v,o,..............Mordvin peź-gun=swallow p,ä,s~ts,k,i,.................Finn/Suomi pääsky-nen=swallow Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päðe== milk (v) p~b,a~i,d~š,_,................Sumerian EG ab_ =home?milk cow, (?metathesis) f,e,j~gy,,....................Hungarian fej-t=to milk (milk itself replaced by Iranian word tej<dej) p,ä~e,ð~d,,...................Cherem/Mari peδa p,ä~e,d~l,o,..................Mordvin peďa-ms =to milk; p,ä,d,i,......................Finn/Suomi pii-ma=thick,sour milk; p,ä,d,i,......................Estonian pii-m=milk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *paje== privet (tree) f,a~o,j,,.....................Hungarian fagy-al =privet tree (j~gy) p~b,o~u,j,,...................Votyak/Udm baď-pü=willow tree; bad'=privet tree; p~b,o~u,j,,...................Zuryen/Komi baď=privet tree; bajd, bad'-pu p,a,j~i,i,....................Finn/Suomi paju =willow bush, privet; p,a,j~i,i,....................Estonian paju b,o>uo,j~i,e,.................Lapp/Saami boaja p~f,ā,?,e,....................Samoyed py /Selkup; piew=inner willow bark/Neńec; po=linden/Kamas; ALTAIC fodo =privet tree/Manchu; _uda=privet/C.Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päje== glisten , shine , white (a) p~b,a~i,,_,...................Sumerian EG ba_-r 6,7=white, shine, break of day ( + ara=light); ..........................................pir-iŋ=bright; f,e,j~gy,,....................Hungarian fej-ér, feir > fehér=white; (fej=milk) + ár=shine,light; b,ie~a,ggj~kk,e,..............Lapp/Saami boeggj-ot=shine white; ALTAIC bey-az/Turkish Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pakka== burst out, spring up > blossom (v) p~b,u,g~h,a,..................Sumerian EG pu_ =source of a well or river; source; f,a~o,k,,.....................Hungarian fak-ad =burst out, spring up; fog-ant=become pregnant; fekély? p,a,k,,.......................Vogul/Mansi pok-ma=burst; p,a,kk~k,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi pakkua =burst,rend, split, come loose; pakahtu=break,come out; p,a,kk~k,ē,...................Estonian pahk=lump, node, protruberance, gall, knot on a tree; m,a,v~_,v~_,a,................Penuitan pak-=opening of seeds,eggs; pakw-sem=pinecone eyes; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päkke== to sit > lie down (v) f,e,k,_,......................Hungarian fek-szik, fek-üd, fek-v =lie down p,ä~e,k,e,....................Cherem/Mari pük-te- =to hatch, sit on eggs; p~b,o~u,k,,...................Votyak/Udm puk =to sit; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pal== left > bad luck (a) p~b,a~u,l,....................Sumerian EG bul-uh?=frightened, worry; bal=hostilities,enemy f,a~o,l,......................Hungarian bal=left, bad luck; baj=bad, trouble; fél=fear; p~b,o~u,l,....................Votyak/Udm palj-am, paľľan=left side p~f,ā,l,......................Samoyed bojηi=to hurt, infringe/ŋanasan; ALTAIC bujre=bad,wrong; balo=misfortune/Uzbek;[Uzbeks have a Hung clan] Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pälä== likeness , sort of , half , side , to split , ..........................................share (number) p~b,a~i,l,_,..................Sumerian EG bala=fraction; bara 4 =to divide, to apportion; ba_-zi=divide f,e,l,e,......................Hungarian fél=1/2; féle=sort of, type,likeness; fel-ez =share; feleség=wife p,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,.................Vogul/Mansi poål, pål =half; pēl=half,side,type,region p,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,.................Ostyak/Khan pēl =side; pēl-ek =half; p,ä~e,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari pel=friend,intimate; pèlə=half,location; päľ-na=younger brother; p~b,o~u,l,,...................Votyak/Udm pal=side, half, region, view, time of day; half of a set of two; p~b,o~u,l,,...................Zuryen/Komi pel, pev, pē=side; p,ä~e,l,e,....................Mordvin p'eľ=side,half; p,ä,l,ä,......................Finn/Suomi pieli= ? b,ie~a,ll,ē,..................Lapp/Saami boelle=half,side, 1 of 2 p~f,o~u,l,e,..................Samoyed peele=relative/Neńeć; pəalə/Kamas;ferie=relative/Eńeć;fealea/ŋan p,a~e,l,a~e,..................Etruskan f_le-r=statue, immage, picture, likeness < duplicate; ALTAIC *bole=indirect relative/Altaic; *bölük/Turkic; *büli/Mongolic; .. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pala== bite of food , morsel (food) p~b,a~u,l,a,..................Sumerian EG pad, paŕ =bite, small repast; (ŕ ~ l) f,a~o,l,a~o,..................Hungarian fal-at =a bite of food; p,o~u,l~Λ~t,,.................Vogul/Mansi pul =morsel, mouthfull of food; p,o~u,l~Λ~t,,.................Ostyak/Khan pul =piece of food in the mouth; p,a~o~u,l,,...................Cherem/Mari pul-doš =bite of food; p~b,o~u,l,a,..................Zuryen/Komi pal-ak p,a,l,a~o,....................Mordvin pal =bit p,a,l,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi pala =crumb, fragment; p,a,ll,ē,.....................Estonian pala =crumb, fragment; b,o>uo,ll,ē,..................Lapp/Saami buola =small piece; p~f,ā,l,e,....................Samoyed pal'l'e=devour/Neńeć; ply- /Selkup; ALTAIC palće=a piece/Nanay Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *paľa= freeze, frost, ice-crust; (v) (n) f,a~o,l,a~o,..................Hungarian fagy= frost, freeze; ľ > gy as in several other words; p,o~u,ľ~ť~>k',,...............Vogul/Mansi poľi- =be cold, be freezing, burn; p,o~u,ľ~ť~>k',,...............Ostyak/Khan pŏj =thich ice crust; păjət=get cold, catch cold; p,a,l,a~o,....................Mordvin palo- =be cold, be freezing; pulta- =burn; p,a,l,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi pala-le = be cold, be freezing, feel chily; paleltu- =freeze; b,o>uo,l,ē,...................Lapp/Saami buolâš =frost, frosty, frost bite; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pälε== the inside > locative innesive in (suffix) p~b,a~i,l,_,..................Sumerian EG íb, éb = middle, waist; <metathesis>, bar [l~r] = innards,soul; f,e,l,ε,......................Hungarian -be, be- =into prefix & case ending; bel-sö =inner; -bol =out of p~b,o~u,l,,...................Votyak/Udm pels, pol- , polin = inside, among; poliś=from out of, from among p~b,o~u,l,,...................Zuryen/Komi pevs- , pels- = 'ins Gras' p,a~e,l,ε,....................Etruskan ep_l=in,to,up to; vels, velsu = inner; ex: vels-na ="central town ALTAIC boda =body, intestine, belly; bod/Turkic; boda/Mongolic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *paljε== thick , dense , fat > developed? (a) p~b,u,l,i~e,..................Sumerian EG bu_ 7 =swollen; Bau =goddess of plenty,herbs,medicine; f,a~o,ľ,,.....................Hungarian fej-let=developed;Bol-dog=fertility goddess;bö(v)=abundant,plenty p,a,ľ,,.......................Vogul/Mansi paaľ =dense, tight; p,a~o~u,l,j,,.................Cherem/Mari pülä =rather much, considerable amount; p,a,l,- ~j,ε,.................Finn/Suomi paljo=much p~f,ā,l,?,ε,..................Samoyed paju=dense,thick,tight; fod'eme=become thick, thicken/Eńec; m,a,l,?,ε,....................Yukagir poj-ooj=many,much,plenty;poj-on=many/Yukagir;? ALTAIC *pule=surplus/Altaic? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *palγe== town (house) p~b,u,,(h~g),e~i,.............Sumerian EG suru-pak =a town mentioned in the Flood Story in Gilgamesh story f,a~o,l,v~u,_,................Hungarian falva ~ falú =town, village p,a,l~Λ~t,γ~x~w,,.............Vogul/Mansi puwal, pavəl =village; p,a,l~Λ~t,γ~x~w,,.............Ostyak/Khan pugət=village p,a,l,v~_,i,..................Finn/Suomi palvi =dwelling place/Karelian Finn; p~f,ā,l,_,e,..................Samoyed peä =town/Selkup; f,a,l,γ,e~a,..................Etruskan falu-θ_ras =town community (θras = community >Hu: törzs,társa-ság ALTAIC *palge=town/protoAltaic; falga=clan /Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *peni= dog (wild??) (animal) ph,e~i,n,,....................Savard Hung fene =wild beast p,e~y~ə,(n),,.................Cherem/Mari pii, pińèγə p~b,e~i,n,,...................Votyak/Udm puni =dog p~b,e~i,n,,...................Zuryen/Komi pon =dog ?? p,e~i,n,i~e,..................Mordvin p'ińe =dog p,e~ie,n,i~y,.................Finn/Suomi peni =dog p,e~i,n,i~y,..................Estonian peni =dog b,æ~ie~i,ń~n,i,...............Lapp/Saami boena =dog ALTAIC Uigur fene=evil Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *peje-== heat, cook *paje+ta>*pata = pot , cauldron (tool) ...........................................(v) (adj) p~b,e~i,g~ŋ,e~i,-,............Sumerian EG pe-š =burn,cook/Diemel 354?Csöke; bil 2 = to be hot; f,e~i,j~gy,e~i,-,.............Hungarian fü-t=heat > fö-z=cook, > fa-z-ék=a cooking pot (k=deverbal) p,e,j~i,e,-,..................Vogul/Mansi pii-t=boil; p,e~y~ə,j,e,-,................Cherem/Mari pa-t p~b,o~u~e,j~i,o~u~e,-,........Zuryen/Komi pu- =boil p,e~i,j,e,-,..................Mordvin pi-,pije-, pi-de=boil; p,ee,_,-,.....................Finn/Suomi pai-sta =heat, cook; (ee > ai) b,æ~ie~i,ggj~kk,e,-,..........Lapp/Saami ba_-tte- < from Finnish, not from protoword p~f,e~a~o,?,e,-,..............Samoyed fe-día- =bring to cook/Eńec;pire=cook/Neńeć;fati=to be cooked/ŋan p,e~a,χ~n,e~a,-,..............Etruskan paz-u = head cheff < pas =cook + u =person; ALTAIC bis=cook/AzeriTurk; pas-=steam/Chuvash; pis-=cook/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *paδe== wall , dam (house) p~b,a~u,d,_,..................Sumerian EG bad 3 =wall f,a~o,l,,.....................Hungarian fal=wall p,o~u,l~t~-,,.................Vogul/Mansi pat,paλ=dam,weir p,a,t~d,i,....................Finn/Suomi pato=dam,wall b,o>uo,ďď,e,..................Lapp/Saami buoďďo=dam,enclosure,weir ALTAIC *p'ádo=wall/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päήe== (päηe?) head , high , main > chief (body) p~b,a~i,n~_,e~i,..............Sumerian EG pa_=peak/D295;pad=above;pa_4=leader;pa=head/D152; ..........................................siki-pa=hair ofhead; f,e,n,e~i,....................Hungarian föv, fö=chief,head, fej=head ph,e,n,e~i,...................Savard Hung phe =head p,ä~e,η~-,....................Vogul/Mansi põη, päηk =head p~b,o~u,n~ń,,.................Votyak/Udm puη, pun, pum =edge, end, point, border; p~b,o~u,n~ń,,.................Zuryen/Komi pon, pom=begining, end, point; p,ä~e,_,......................Mordvin pä_, pe_ ; pej=end; p,ä,_,i,......................Finn/Suomi pää=head; p,ä,ή,i,......................Estonian pää,pea =head b,ie~a,ηη~ńń,e,...............Lapp/Saami bagηe=thickest part of reindeer horns, by the head. p~f,o~u,_,e,..................Samoyed pa- =begin/Ńeńec; feaj=end, tip/Danasan; m,ä,ή,e,......................Yukagir punke=hill,mound/Yukagir; p,a~e,ή,e~a,..................Etruskan papn,pem =chief,greatest; pup-luna =chief/head place next to fire ..........................................place; ALTAIC (p>x)xeki=head/Mongol; pēje=brain/Evenki; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pata== kettle , cooking pot , to heat , cook (tool) p~b,a~u,d,a,..................Sumerian EG bil =cook, roast; bil 2= to be hot; f,a~o,z~s,a~o,................Hungarian faz-ék = large pot, kettle; föz =to cook; füt =to heat; p,o~u,t,,.....................Ostyak/Khan put =kettle; p,a~o~u,δ~t,,.................Cherem/Mari pat, pot = kettle (copper or iron) p,a,d~t,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi pata =cooking pot; p,a,d~t~s,ē,..................Estonian pada =cooking pot; b,o>uo,ht~tt,ē,...............Lapp/Saami batte = pot, cauldron; p~f,ā,d,e,....................Samoyed pätä, pitte =earthenware pot /Selkup; f,a,s,a,......................Etruskan fase, faśe, faśe-na = offering urn, pot; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-eδe==(?) comitative with (suffix) ??? -,e~i,d,_,....................Sumerian EG da, ta =comitative suffix -,e~i,l,,.....................Hungarian -el,-al, -val, -vel =commitative(with); Miklós-al=with Michael; -,e~y~ə,-,,...................Cherem/Mari ?-ńek =comitatitve "with" -,e~i,t~d,i,..................Estonian -ga -,e~a,l,e~a,..................Etruskan -el =with (possesive) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päre-== a little piece (a) p~b,a~i,r,e~i,-,..............Sumerian EG bir 6,7 =to rip to pieces; búr =to knap, burin, despoil; f,e,r,e~i,-,..................Hungarian pir-iny=tiny; perc=a second (of time); bor-ju=lamb "small sheep" p,ä~e,r,e,-,..................Vogul/Mansi -poår=bit,piece p,ä~e,r,e,-,..................Ostyak/Khan pər=bit,small piece, wood chip (for making fire) p~b,o~u,r,o~u~e,-,............Votyak/Udm pyr,pyry =crumb,fragment; p~b,o~u,r,o~u~e,-,............Zuryen/Komi pyrig, pyryg =crumb, fragment; p,ä,r,e~ie,-,.................Finn/Suomi päre=shingle,splint; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *peće== willow (tree) << to bind, used to bind or weave; p~b,e~i,š~s~z,_,..............Sumerian EG pèš = fig tree; peš =palm frond; peš 5,6=combed wool; f,e~i,cs~gy~s,,...............Hungarian fűz-fa(fa=tree)=willow tree;füz=to intertwine; fü=rope(Archaic) p~b,e~i,ć~ś~č,,...............Votyak/Udm puči =bud, burgeon, pussywillow; puči =bud; p~b,e~i,ć~ś~č,,...............Zuryen/Komi pača =osier, willow branch; b,æ~ie~i,čč~šš,e,.............Lapp/Saami bessu-ddâk =rope made of willow or birch branches; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pejće== ax (tool) p~b,e~i,g~ŋ,š~s~z,e~i,........Sumerian EG pašu=type of ax; bal- =demolish, tear down? f,e~i,j~gy,cs~gy~s,_,.........Hungarian fejsze =ax, (balta from Turkic also used); p,e,j~i,š~č,,.................Vogul/Mansi paš-ting =with an ax p~f,e~a~o,?,č~s,e,............Samoyed pež, pič, pele =/Selkup; ALTAIC balta=ax/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puje== (peje) heat , cook (v); *päwe =to be warm; p~b,a~u,,_,...................Sumerian EG peš=to cook; bi-l=roast,burn,cook; f,u~o,j,,.....................Hungarian fö-l, fö-z =cook; fü-t=to heat; p,u~o~ö,j,,...................Vogul/Mansi paj-ti, pii-t=boil; pālt, pōl = to burn; p~b,i~e,j,,...................Votyak/Udm pu-ni p~b,i~e,j,,...................Zuryen/Komi py-m=boiling, hot, sweaty; pu- =boil; p,o,j~-,o,....................Mordvin pij-ems =boil p,u~o,j~i,i,..................Finn/Suomi pai-sta =cook b,u~o,j~i,e,..................Lapp/Saami ?pi-vvâ=keep warm; bivvâl=warm (mild); bivâstuvvâ=get sweaty; p~f,ü~o,?,e,..................Samoyed piwi/fiem=warm/Neńec; pelõ=to heat, heat through, warm/Kamas; f,u,χ~n,e~a,..................Etruskan fulu =smith < to heat , burn? f>v vul-can = fire king/prince; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *peje== kind of waterfowl (bird) f,e~i,j~gy,,..................Hungarian fúv-at, fú_ = wood grouse p,e,j~i,,.....................Vogul/Mansi pai=kind of waterfowl p,e,j~i,,.....................Ostyak/Khan påi=black waterfowl p~f,e~a~o,?,e,................Samoyed page=" ana Crecca" type bird/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pele-== fear (v) p~b,e~i,l,e~i,-,..............Sumerian EG bul-uh =frightened f,e~i,l,e~i,-,................Hungarian fél- =fear, féle-lem=fright; p,e,l~Λ~t,e,-,................Vogul/Mansi pil=fear p,e,l~Λ~t,e,-,................Ostyak/Khan pəl-, pət =fear p~b,e~i,l,o~u~e,-,............Votyak/Udm pul- =fear p~b,e~i,l,o~u~e,-,............Zuryen/Komi pol p,e~i,l,e,-,..................Mordvin peľe- =fear p,e~ie,l,e~ie,-,..............Finn/Suomi pelko=fear,fright p~f,e~a~o,l,e,-,..............Samoyed fie- /Eńec; pi-m/Kamas; piiľu/Neńec; fili-ti/Danasan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *peljä== ear (body) p~b,e~i,l,a~i,................Sumerian EG bur=ear; pi_ =ear, measure of capacitance; f,e~i,ľ,,.....................Hungarian fül =ear; p,e,ľ,,.......................Vogul/Mansi piľ=ear; p,e,ľ,,.......................Ostyak/Khan pət,pəΛ=ear; p,e~y~ə,l,j,,.................Cherem/Mari pələš=ear; p~b,e~i,ľ,,...................Votyak/Udm peľ=ear; p~b,e~i,ľ,,...................Zuryen/Komi peľ=ear; p,e~i,ľ,e,....................Mordvin piľe =ear; b,æ~ie~i,jj~kk,ē,.............Lapp/Saami bælje, pielje=ear (? only one that has lj instead of l ?) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pentε== cover , close , lid , roof > *pent-ele= roof (house) p~b,e~i,d,i~e,................Sumerian EG bad 3 = top, as in kur-bad 3 = mountain top/roof; f,e~i,d,,.....................Hungarian fed~föd=to cover; fed-él ~ föd-él=roof, cover, lid;?pad-lás=attic p,e,nt,,......................Vogul/Mansi pat- =to hide; päntél=roof; p,e,nt,,......................Ostyak/Khan pent- =to cover, close, shut,; p~b,o~u~e,d,,.................Votyak/Udm pod- =shut the door; p~b,o~u~e,d,,.................Zuryen/Komi põd- =to close, shut; põd-lal=to close, shut, cover; p,e~a,t~χ,ε,..................Etruskan penθ-na, penθu-na, peθe, penz-nas = to cover; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *penηe-== fart (v) p~b,e~i,n,e~i,-,..............Sumerian EG bun 2 ~ buŋ =to blow?; bi_-d=deficate; f,e~i,ng,e~i,-,...............Hungarian fing =a fart; p,e,n,e,-,....................Vogul/Mansi pann-ami, pon =fart; p,e,n,e,-,....................Ostyak/Khan pon-im =fart; p,e~y~ə,n,e,-,................Cherem/Mari pan=fart; p~f,e~a~o,n,e,-,..............Samoyed pün-ōr =fart/Kamas; ALTAIC puŋga =bad smell/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *per== man , male >> husband (family) p~b,e~i,r,....................Sumerian EG u-bara=patronage, protection; bar=ruler?,king; f,e~i,r,......................Hungarian férj~berj=husband; em-ber =man,person p,e~y~ə,r,....................Cherem/Mari püerGe, erGa Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *perä== rear , back (body) p~b,e~i,r,_,..................Sumerian EG bàr, bar-ag =seat,throne; ?bar=back f,e~i,r,e,....................Hungarian far =rear, buttock, backside p,e,r,,.......................Vogul/Mansi päri =back,rear p,e,r,,.......................Ostyak/Khan pir =back,rear p~b,o~u~e,r,,.................Votyak/Udm ber =back part, late, later, last; p~b,o~u~e,r,,.................Zuryen/Komi bõr=back, back part,posterior,retro,at last; p,e~i,r,e,....................Mordvin pe,pä p,e~ie,r,ä,...................Finn/Suomi perä =back,rear,foundation Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pere== skin , leather (body) f,e~i,r,,.....................Hungarian bör =skin, hide, leather p,e,r,,.......................Vogul/Mansi šaš-poar=birch-bark p,e,r,,.......................Ostyak/Khan pər =redish membraine inside the outer birch bark; p~f,e~a~o,r,e,................Samoyed pīr =rind,bark/Yurak,Koibal; ho-pir=birch bark/Neńeć; ALTAIC bür=cover/Altaic; feri=skin/Manchu; èrù=skin/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *perkke== worm , insect (animal) p~b,e~i,r,g~h,e~i,............Sumerian EG bir 4 ~ buru 4,5 =locust, grasshopper; bir 6,7=rip to pieces; f,e~i,r,k,_,..................Hungarian férg =insect p,e,r,k,,.....................Vogul/Mansi perk=worm; p~b,o~u~e,r,k,,...............Zuryen/Komi perk=type of worm ALTAIC p`áru =kind of worm/Altaic; birə=flea/Azeri; pire=flea/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pesä== nest , womb < egg (body) p~b,e~i,š~z,_,................Sumerian EG peš=womb f,e~i,s,e,....................Hungarian fész-ek=nest,womb "egg container" p,e,t,,.......................Vogul/Mansi piťi=nest p,e,t~l,,.....................Ostyak/Khan pəl, pit =nest; p,e~y~ə,ž,,...................Cherem/Mari pəžäš=nest,den,aerie; p~b,o~u~e,z,,.................Votyak/Udm puz=egg, puz-kar=birds nest p~b,o~u~e,z,,.................Zuryen/Komi poz=egg p,e~i,z,e,....................Mordvin p'izë=bird nest p,e~ie,s,ä,...................Finn/Suomi pesä=nest b,æ~ie~i,ss~cc,ē,.............Lapp/Saami pæsse=nest p~f,e~a~o,s,e,................Samoyed fide=nest/Eńeć; pide=nest/Neńeć; fətte/ŋanasan; pättä/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *peηke== bend , knot , clump ; poηka =blister, swelling;(nature) p~b,e~i,ŋ~g,e,................Sumerian EG buŋ=blister; ban =bow "bent"; f,e~i,g,_,....................Hungarian bog- =knot, bogoz=unknot, bog-lya=hay stack "clump"; p,e,ηk>ηχ,,...................Vogul/Mansi puηk-el, poχlèp = button or knob like; p,e,ηk>ηχ,,...................Ostyak/Khan puηk-el = tree knot; pŏń- =roll up, wrap up; p~b,o~u~e,(η)g,,..............Votyak/Udm pog =clump p~b,o~u~e,g~k,,...............Zuryen/Komi bug-iľ =buckle p,e~i,ηg~k,o,.................Mordvin pok-il =swelling, yarn wound up into a ball?; p,e~ie,nk~ng,i,...............Finn/Suomi punka ?, puńa =twisted,tangled,kink; p,e~i,nk~ng,i,................Estonian pung=round protruberance; b,æ~ie~i,ηk~ηg~gg,e,..........Lapp/Saami buģge =bump, lump, hump, swollen -expanded object; ALTAIC bugul=haystack/Sakha; boγol/Tatar Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *piče== smoke , plume [Ugrian] (nature) f,i~e,s,,.....................Hungarian füs-t =smoke (ö>ü); búsz, búz =smoke (dialectical); p,i~ü,č~š~s,,.................Vogul/Mansi pås-əm, pošš-am =smoke; p,o,č~š~s,,...................Ostyak/Khan puz-əη =smoke; ALTAIC basχa =smoke /C.Mongol; büs=fog/Bašqort, bus/Chagatai;pus/chuvash Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pile-== ignite , burn > hot (v) p~b,i,l,e~i,-,................Sumerian EG bil =roast; (gi)-bil=burn,burning; bil-gin=god of fire; f,i~e,l,e~i,-,................Hungarian fül-edt =stuffy hot; föl=is cooking; p,i~ü,l~Λ~t,e,-,..............Vogul/Mansi pal-ti=burn, scorch, heat; start a fire; light up; p,e,l,e~a,-,..................Etruskan fulu =smith < to heat, burn f>v Latin/?vul-can = fire king/prince Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pülkε== bathe f,ü~ö,l(og),,.................Hungarian für-d-ik =bathes [l>r], ful-ad=drown; p,u~o~a,l(γ),,................Vogul/Mansi päγl, puwl =bathe, swim; p,u~o~a,l(γ),,................Ostyak/Khan peχet=bathe, swim; pewəl=bathe in the lake, or tub; p~b,i~e,l,,...................Votyak/Udm pilaśki, piwaśki =take a bath (in a river) p~b,i~e,l,,...................Zuryen/Komi pivśi, pilśi =take a bath Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pilwe== cloud , mist , plume (nature) p~b,i,ll,e~i,.................Sumerian EG u-billa =soot<plume,smokecloud;(l~ŕ);a-bara=sweat; ..........................................pir 2,4 =mistiness (of eye) f,i~e,l,_,....................Hungarian fel-hö ~ fel-eg =cloud; p>f>b pára =mist, humidity; p,i~ü,l,,.....................Vogul/Mansi pel-əη=cloud p,i,l,e,......................Cherem/Mari põl=cloud; p~b,i,ľ,,.....................Votyak/Udm piľ-em, pil =cloud; p~b,e,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi pila=cloud; p,i~e,ľ,o,....................Mordvin p'eľ =cloud; p,i~y,lv,i,...................Finn/Suomi pilvi =cloud b,i~ie,ľv,e,..................Lapp/Saami bâľvâ=cloud; ALTAIC *bulu=cloud/Altaic; bulut=cloud/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pime== grass , herb (tree) p~b,i,m~n,_,..................Sumerian EG pa_ =leaf, bud, sprout; _u_ =grass, herb; (p~w >_) f,i~e,m~v,,...................Hungarian füv, fü_ =grass, herb; p,i~ü,m,,.....................Vogul/Mansi pum = grass, herb; p,o,m,,.......................Ostyak/Khan pam = grass, herb; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pišä== bake , cook , roast (v) p~b,i,z,_,....................Sumerian EG peš =to burn; bi-l=to roast, bil=to heat soup f,i~e,s,e,....................Hungarian föz=cook, fü-t=heat, fö-l=is cooking/heating; fül-ed=stuffy hot; p,i~ü,t~l,,...................Vogul/Mansi põž=roast,heat,sing,steam p~b,i,ž,,.....................Votyak/Udm pyž=broil,roast p,i~e,ž,e,....................Mordvin pide=boil; b,i~ie,ss~s,ē,................Lapp/Saami bâsse=roast p~f,i,š,e,....................Samoyed fati- =to be cooked/ŋanasan; ALTAIC pis=cook/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pitä==hold , bind (v) f,i~e,z~s,e,..................Hungarian füz=to tie together, knit, lace together; p,i~ü,t,,.....................Vogul/Mansi pĭt =come, get, begin, become; p,i,δ~t,,.....................Cherem/Mari pida, pidä- =knit, tie; p,i~e,d,e,....................Mordvin peďa =attach oneself; stick, adhere, start, begin; p,i~y,d~t,ä,..................Finn/Suomi pitä- =hold, keep; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *püηe== (or pü:ηe) tooth (body) f,ü~ö,j>g,,...................Hungarian fog =tooth p,u~o~a,η(k),,................Vogul/Mansi päηk=tooth p,u~o~a,ηk~ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan pöηk=tooth p,u~o,η~j>-,,.................Cherem/Mari püj > pü_ =toth p~b,i~e,_,,...................Votyak/Udm piń=tooth p~b,i~e,_,,...................Zuryen/Komi piń=tooth p,e,j~ng,o,...................Mordvin pej~peńg~pev=tooth p,üü,_,.......................Finn/Suomi pii=tooth of a comb, peg(of a rake) b,o,η~k,e,....................Lapp/Saami padne=tooth ALTAIC bī,mī=cutting edge/Sakha,Ewenki;(closer to pir,pur) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ponε== pine ? light tree (brightly burning??) (tree) p~b,u~a,n~ŋ,_,................Sumerian EG bun 2, bu_ 7 = light, shine, lamp, shine brightly?? f,o>a,n,ε,....................Hungarian fenyö =pine tree; fenyv-es = pine forrest; fény =light; p,a~o~u,(n),,.................Cherem/Mari piń = pine tree left to seed; p~b,o~a,n,,...................Zuryen/Komi poneľ, poneľ = small pine tree; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *poće== to colour , paint > write ; p~b,u,š~s~z,_,................Sumerian EG peš 5 = to anoint ?? f,o>a,cs~gy~s,,...............Hungarian fes-t= to paint, to color; pecs-ét = a seal, a stamp; p,a~o~u,č~ź~z,,...............Cherem/Mari pač =spot, stain; p~b,o~a,ź~ž,,.................Votyak/Udm pužy =crochet pattern; sign; measles; b,œ,čč~šš,e,..................Lapp/Saami piedt-sad= spot (in the animals fur) , biecad=spot, stain; p~f,u~o,č~s,e,................Samoyed fada = write/Eńeć; paada- =make motley/Ńeńeć; fadu=write; ALTAIC bich, bitik =writing knife, letters /Uigur Turk; ..........................................biti-=write/Ewenki Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *poćka== deficate , diarhea , shit (v) (body) p~b,e,d~t,_,e,................Sumerian ES bìd =deficate f,o>a,cs~gy~s,v,,.............Hungarian fos_ =diarhea; büz=stench; budī=outhouse; büd-ös=stinky; p,a~o~u,š~č,γ~x~-,,...........Vogul/Mansi poš =diarhea; p,a~o~u,š~č,γ~x~-,,...........Ostyak/Khan pŏť, pŏś =diahrea, thin excrement; p,a~o~u,č~ź~z,_~j,,...........Cherem/Mari puške-δam =have diarhea; p,o~u,ć~ź,j~v,a~o,............Mordvin peški-źems=diahrea; p,a~o,s~ts,k,a~o,.............Finn/Suomi paska=excrement (also in Liv) p,a~o,s~ts,k,ē,...............Estonian paska=thin excrement; b,œ,_,k,ē,....................Lapp/Saami bâikâ-ik =excrement; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *poðe== splinter , carve up > hurt (v) p~b,u~a,d~š,_,................Sumerian EG bad 4 =hardship f,o>a,j~gy,,..................Hungarian fáj =hurt, pain; ?fogy =to lessen, fogy-aszt=consume, use up; p,a~o~u,ľ,,...................Vogul/Mansi pōľ =shavings, slice; p~b,o~a,ľ,,...................Votyak/Udm peľ =cut, split, take apart; p~b,o~a,ľ,,...................Zuryen/Komi peľ =part, section; b,œ,δδ,e,.....................Lapp/Saami boďď-it=cut apart, disintegrate, open; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *poðtε== wood grouse (bird) f,o>a,j~gy,d,,................Hungarian fajd =wood grouse p,a~o~u,ľ,t,,.................Vogul/Mansi poľtä, pooľta=black grouse; p,a~o~u,l~j,t,,...............Ostyak/Khan pojD-ek=partridge p~b,o~a,ľ,d,,.................Zuryen/Komi bajd-õg =ptarmigan Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pojka== boy , son , youngster (family) p~b,u~a,g~ŋ,_,a,..............Sumerian EG ibi-la=son,heir; pe-š 7=boy, child; pil =male; f,o>a,j,v,,...................Hungarian puja =child; fiú, fí =boy,son,male; ? ifjú=youth; fióka=chick; p,a~o~u,j,γ~x~-,,.............Vogul/Mansi pú,pöw,pü =son p,a~o~u,-~j,_~j,,.............Cherem/Mari pü-, pürge =male person (see férj=husband in Hungarian) p~b,o~a,j,_,e,................Votyak/Udm pi_ =boy,child,son; p~b,o~a,j,_,a,................Zuryen/Komi pi_ =boy,child; p,o~u,_,j~v,a~o,..............Mordvin bujo, p'ijo=grandchild; p,a~o,j~i,k,a~o,..............Finn/Suomi poika =boy,son,cub; ALTAIC *pōju =child, young (of animals)/Altaic; bōj-tak/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pola== roundish berry (food) p~b,u~a,l,a,..................Sumerian EG pe-š = fig tree, bu-ŋ=blister f,o>a,l,a~o,..................Hungarian bolyó [Old Hungarian]> bogyó (l>gy) =berry (roundish) p,a~o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi pul,pil=berry; p~b,o~a,l,a,..................Zuryen/Komi pul,puv p,a~o,l,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi pohl, poolas p,a~o,ll,ē,...................Estonian pohl, poolas p~f,u~o,l,e,..................Samoyed palGok m,o,l,a,......................Penuitan piil=toyon berry/Calif Miwok; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pole== flow , stream , gush [Ugrian] (v) p~b,u~a,l,_,..................Sumerian EG pa_ 4,5,6 = ditch, canal f,o>a,l,,.....................Hungarian foly =flow; foly-am =river, watercourse, stream; folyoso=hallway; p,a~o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi pol-pol-pol =the sound of an oar in water? p,a~o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Ostyak/Khan pol-ida =gushing water; f,a,l,e~a,....................Etruskan pul-um =hallway (from flowing, continuing) ..........................................as in Hungarian folyoso=hallway Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *polke== round , circular or bent , round fruit (a) p~b,u~a,l,e~i,................Sumerian EG bala =spindle, revolve f,o>a,l(og),_,................Hungarian boly-ong=walk around, (b>p) pálya=circular-track; bágy =curved; p,a~o~u,l(γ),,................Vogul/Mansi pul p,a~o~u,l(γ),e,...............Cherem/Mari pol f,a,l(ac),e~a,................Etruskan pala =roundness; p>f vela-thri=round, turning; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *peδε==(poδe) high , long > up (location) p~b,e~i,d,_,..................Sumerian EG pa_ =above, peak, upper, head / D152; palil=first and foremost; f,e~i,l,ε,....................Hungarian fel~föl=upwards;fen~fön=above;fö=chief,important,head; ..........................................fel-sö=upper; p,e,l~t~-,,...................Vogul/Mansi pal-it=distant/pet=height p~b,o~u~e,l~j~-,,.............Votyak/Udm pu-η, pu-m =end, boundary, peak, mountain; p~b,o~u~e,l~j~-,,.............Zuryen/Komi po-n, po-m =end, point, peak; p~f,e~a~o,d,ε,................Samoyed feai, feae =end, point /Tavgi; p,e~a,l,ε,....................Etruskan fal-atu =sky (above); fel-z-na = northern, "upper" settlement; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *poηe== bosom (body) f,o>a,j>g,,...................Hungarian bögy, begy =large bosom,chest of a woman or a bird; p,a~o~u,η(k),,................Vogul/Mansi puw-ťi > puut =bosom of a garment; p,a~o~u,η(k)~γ,,..............Ostyak/Khan pug-əl, pug-ət p,a~o~u,η~j>-,,...............Cherem/Mari poηõ-š, po_-mõš p~b,o~a,_,,...................Votyak/Udm pi p~b,o~a,_,,...................Zuryen/Komi pi p,o~u,v~η,o,..................Mordvin pova, poηgo, p,oo,_,.......................Finn/Suomi povi b,œ,η~ń,e,....................Lapp/Saami buogηâ=breast of a bird; ALTAIC bońg/ProtoTurkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pore== dust , ash (nature) p~b,u~a,r,_,..................Sumerian EG bír=dry up, par-im=dry,arid land f,o>a,r,,.....................Hungarian por =dust *archaism p>b>p? (reintroduced?) p,a~o~u,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi pär,per=ash p,a~o,r,i,....................Finn/Suomi poro=coarse dust,ash,rubble p~f,u~o,r,e,..................Samoyed püre=bed of sand, sand/Kamas; prja =bed of sand,sand/Koib ALTAIC bóru=dust,smoke, whirlwind /Altaic; *pere=ground/Tungusic? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päće==(puće) decrease, reduce, shrink; (v) f,e,cs~gy~s,,.................Hungarian fogy =(*ć>gy)decrease, reduce, shrink, loose weight; pici=tiny; p,ä~e,š~č,,...................Vogul/Mansi paaši =reindeer fawn; p,ä~e,č~ź~z,,.................Cherem/Mari pəč-, puć- =decrease, reduce, shrink; ALTAIC buča =ewe/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *porγε== (p8rγε) tired p~b,u~a,r,(h~g),i~e,..........Sumerian EG bar =throne, chair; f,o>a,r,v~u,,.................Hungarian fára-dt =tired; (?to sit on one's rump=far); ..........................................fárdadoz- =to work hard p,a~o~u,r,γ~x~w,,.............Vogul/Mansi poβramat, po`bbaräl-=become exhausted, grow tired, tire; f,a,r,γ,ε,....................Etruskan farθ-naχe, fartθ-an =to work at hard/ceaselessly till tired; care ALTAIC p`āru=tired/Tungusic; _ar/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *porε== the lower ranked clans; p~b,u~a,r,_,..................Sumerian EG par-im =the dry, arrid lands; f,o>a,r,ε,....................Hungarian pór > par-aszt = peasant; por =dust < dirt; p,a~o~u,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi por =the lower ranked clans, sons of the earth; p,a~o~u,r,,...................Ostyak/Khan por = the lower ranked clans, sons of the earth; em-ber =people; f,a,r,ε,......................Etruskan (s)pur = the common peoples (rule) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *poru== young animal (animal) p~b,u~a,r,a,..................Sumerian EG buru=small animal f,o>a,r,u~o,..................Hungarian bor-ju=calve; bir-ka=sheep; p,a~o,r,_,....................Finn/Suomi poro=raindeer; ALTAIC păru/Chuvash; buzag/Turkic; biraγu/Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puć-er== (puće-re) wring out, squeeze out (v) p~b,u,š~s~z,,.................Sumerian EG peš-=stetch out, tightness f,u~o,cs~gy~s,-,e~i,r,........Hungarian facs-ar =wring out, squeeze out; p,u~o~ö,š~č,-,e,r,............Vogul/Mansi pääs'əar-t=press out p,u~o~ö,š~č,-,e,r,............Ostyak/Khan pəat'əar-t=press,wring out(wash) p,o~u,č~ź~z,-,e~y~ə,r,........Cherem/Mari pözö-re=press,compel, põnze=press out; p~b,i~e,ź~ž,-,o~u~e,r,........Votyak/Udm piź-ir p,u~o,s~ts,-,e~ie,r,..........Finn/Suomi pus-er-taa b,u~o,čč~šš,-,æ~ie~i,r,.......Lapp/Saami pâčče-_ =press, squeeze, wring out, milk (a cow) ; ALTAIC bas =overwhelm, press, step /Turkish Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pućγe== well up - water , flow , bubble up (v) p~b,u,š~s~z,(h~g),e~i,........Sumerian EG biz =to cry, to trickle, pour; bu_ 6=to tear, to pull,draw..; f,u~o,cs~gy~s,v~u,_,..........Hungarian buz-og =well up; p,u~o~ö,š~č,γ~x~w,,...........Vogul/Mansi posx,pasγ =bubble up, well up p,u~o~ö,š~č,γ~x~w,,...........Ostyak/Khan pāsəχ-ta =dribble, drop Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puke== hide , cover (v) f,u~o,v,,.....................Hungarian búv-ik >búj-ik, =hide, diver (underwater); p,u~o,k,i,....................Finn/Suomi pukea =clothe, put on closthes, dress (cover up) p,u,k,e,......................Livonian pugu_ =creep, slink off; p,u~o,k,i,....................Estonian puge- =creep,slink, slide b,u~o,kk,e,...................Lapp/Saami bokke= indentation, narrowing, contraction (eg valley); ALTAIC *bóke =to lie in ambush/Altaic; buk/Turkic; büg/Mongolic; ..........................................bokan/Tung Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pulε-== to stab, trust [Ugrian] p~b,a~u,l,ε,-,................Sumerian EG bulug=awl, needle; f,u~o,l,ε,-,..................Hungarian fulánk =thorn, stinger of a bee; p,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,ε,-,............Vogul/Mansi pulèp=cork, stopper; p,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,ε,-,............Ostyak/Khan pū-Dəp =cork stopper; pùlta =to cram, push, shove, stuff;prick, ..........................................stab Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pukta== run , rush (v) p~b,a~u,g~_,a,................Sumerian EG bu_ 6, bul =rush around f,u~o,t,,.....................Hungarian fut =run, move fast p,u~o~ö,t,,...................Ostyak/Khan pòta p,o~u,kt~t,,..................Cherem/Mari pokt-em p~f,ü~o,kt,e,.................Samoyed pakt-ak Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pukte== black (a) [Ugrian] f,u~o,t,_,....................Hungarian fete-ke , fekete =black ;?fek+idö=lie down time>dark time > black p,u~o~ö,t,,...................Ostyak/Khan paγte, piti=black Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puna== spin yarn , braid (v) p~b,a~u,n~ŋ,a,................Sumerian EG pe-š 5,6=to comb and clean wool; combed wool>>yarn?; bala=spindle f,u~o,n,a~o,..................Hungarian fon=spin,intertwine; pánt=ribbon,band (for tying); pendit=strum p,u~o~ö,n~ń,,.................Vogul/Mansi pun = spin, braid, wind, twist; p,u~o~ö,n~ń,,.................Ostyak/Khan punttəDa =twirl p,o~u,(n),,...................Cherem/Mari põne-, pune- =braid, spin, twine, twist; p~b,i~e,n,e,..................Votyak/Udm pun-, pen =braid,twist,wind; p~b,i~e,n,a,..................Zuryen/Komi pini= braid,twist,wind; p,o,n,a~o,....................Mordvin pon-ams p,u~o,n,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi puno =spin p,u~o,n,ē,....................Estonian punu-ma = b,u~o,ń~n,ē,..................Lapp/Saami bâdnet=spin,twist; p~f,ü~o,n~η,e,................Samoyed püńo- =twine,twist/Kamas; paηgal=braid,twist/Neńeć;founu/ŋanasan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puna== pubic hair (body) p~b,a~u,n~ŋ,a,................Sumerian EG pen-zer=female genitals; f,u~o,n,a~o,..................Hungarian fan =pubic hair p,u~o~ö,n~ń,,.................Vogul/Mansi pun p,o~u,(n),,...................Cherem/Mari pin p~b,i~e,n,e,..................Votyak/Udm pun p,o,n,a~o,....................Mordvin pona Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puńa== twist , bent , wind , bend > entangle (a) p~b,a~u,(n~ŋ),a,..............Sumerian EG ban=bow (something bent) f,u~o,ny,a~o,.................Hungarian bony-ol-od =complicated, twisted; p,u~o~ö,ń>n,,.................Vogul/Mansi pań- p,u~o~ö,ń>n,,.................Ostyak/Khan pŏń- =roll up, wrap up, pŏńt'=kind of tress used by men; p,o~u,ń~n~j,,.................Cherem/Mari poń-em =plait, tress; p~b,i~e,ń,e,..................Votyak/Udm biń-/boń-em p,u~o,n,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi puna =distorted, twisted, warped state; kink, tangle; b,u~o,ń~n,ē,..................Lapp/Saami bodnjãt=crew, turn, twist, change direction, cange course,tangle. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pura== revolve , drill , carve , turn (v) p~b,a~u,r,a,..................Sumerian EG bùru=bore, bi-ra=mixed f,u~o,r,a~o,..................Hungarian for-og=revolve;fúr=drill; far-āg=carve; ford-it=to change, ..........................................turn, translate; p,u~o~ö,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi poβr-it p~b,i~e,r,e,..................Votyak/Udm pir/pyr p,o,r,a~o,....................Mordvin puvra-ms b,u~o,rr,ē,...................Lapp/Saami borre-r p~f,ü~o,r,e,..................Samoyed pur-oldam f,u,r,a,......................Etruskan φur-θce, φurθ = change > move away; felequ =turned on a lathe; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pura== revolve, bore , drill , cut through (v) p~b,a~u,r,a,..................Sumerian EG bùru,bùr =bore through, hole, mine; f,u~o,r,a~o,..................Hungarian fúr =drill, revolve, rotate; fergeteg=whirlwind; p,u~o~ö,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi pore,purä=awl; p,u~o~ö,r,,...................Ostyak/Khan põr=auger,borer; p,o~u,r,,.....................Cherem/Mari pör-tem=revolve; p~b,i~e,r,e,..................Votyak/Udm porj-al=to revolve; p,o,r,a~o,....................Mordvin puvr'ams=drill, revolve p,u~o,r,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi pura=auger,borer,big awl; b,u~o,rr,ē,...................Lapp/Saami parre p~f,ü~o,r,e,..................Samoyed påråη=auger/Kamas; parõηu=auger,borer/Neńec;pur=auger,borer/Selk ALTAIC per-/Chuvash; bur-,burgu=auger,drill,corkscrew/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *pure== boil , swirl , bubble , hot (v) < pur =revolve; p~b,a~u,r,_,..................Sumerian EG bír 9=blaze up;bir(2,4)=mistiness; buru14,bur14=hot season, ..........................................harvest time; f,u~o,r,,.....................Hungarian forr =boil, forró=hot, for-og=revolve; ?pára = humidity, steam; p~b,i~e,r,,...................Votyak/Udm bir-akt=boil, cook; p~b,i~e,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi bir-ed=hot water on ice; p,o,r,o,......................Mordvin pur-ams=whirlpool, to swirl, whirl p,u~o,r,i,....................Finn/Suomi puri-ata=boil,swirl,bubble; p,u~o,r,i,....................Estonian puri-sema=to bubble,fizz about; p~f,ü~o,r,e,..................Samoyed far=to bubble/Daŋasan; f,u,r,e~a,....................Etruskan par-liu = to steam cook, boil; ALTAIC burγila=boil,bubble,jostle/C.Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päśε== unravel , stretch (v) p~b,a~i,š,_,..................Sumerian EG peš = expand, womb; puš =pain, tightness; f,e,s,ε,......................Hungarian fesz-,fes- =tight, taut, stretched out; feslik=freyed,unraveled; p,ä~e,ć~s,,...................Vogul/Mansi pēseml-=to frey; pēšt, pèst- =unravel; p,ä~e,ć~s,,...................Ostyak/Khan pətšäγəľtä =abreSen, abgehen; p~b,o~u,z~ś,,.................Votyak/Udm poś-t b,ie~a,čč~ss,ε,...............Lapp/Saami piätseket (inacurately recorded, single reference "piäše-ket?" ) ALTAIC bul =to swell/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *putε== freezing , cold , icecrust (a) f,u~o,z~s,ε,..................Hungarian fáz- =being cold p,u~o~ö,t,,...................Vogul/Mansi pot=freezing; put=ice crust; p,u~o~ö,t,,...................Ostyak/Khan pàtta=freeze, freeze over; p~f,ü~o,d,ε,..................Samoyed fōða-rábo=bake/Eńec; poraη=burn/Selkup; (stinging of cold also!) m,u,d,ε,......................Yukagir pede- =burn/Yukagir; m,u,t,ε,......................Penuitan put=cold/Nisenan -Indian; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puwe== tree , wood , shrub (tree) p~b,a~u,-,_,..................Sumerian EG pa_=leaf, herb, crest f,u,,.........................Hungarian fav , fa_ =tree, wood p,a,,.........................Vogul/Mansi pä_ =tree, wood p,ū,,.........................Cherem/Mari pū =tree, wood; p~b,ū~ō,,.....................Votyak/Udm pu =part of tree names; p~b,ū~-ō,,....................Zuryen/Komi pu =tree, wood p,uu~oo,,.....................Finn/Suomi puu =tree, wood p,uu~oo,,.....................Estonian puu =tree, wood p~f,ü~o,_,e,..................Samoyed pa_, fĕa =tree, wood/Yurak; pe_/Tavgi; fe_=tree/Yenis; pū,po/Selk m,u,w,e,......................Yukagir pe=birchtree/ Gold; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puwe==to suffocate, smother (v) f,u,,.........................Hungarian fu_l-ad=to choke,suffocate; fuj-t=to choke; p,a,,.........................Ostyak/Khan pi_-kim =rotten,britle; peχem=spoiled,sour (fish) "gag?" p~b,ū~ō,,.....................Votyak/Udm põ-dy- =suffocate; get short of air; p~b,ū~-ō,,....................Zuryen/Komi põ-d- =suffocate; p,o,v,o,......................Mordvin pova-, puva- =strangle; p,uu~oo,,.....................Estonian poo- =to hang (intransitive), hang (on gallows); hang up ?fog b,u~o,v,e,....................Lapp/Saami puuve=strangle; buv'vu=be suffocated,strangled; ALTAIC boğ =choke,strangle, suffocate, drown/Turkish; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puγe== blow (v) p~b,a~u,(h~g),_,..............Sumerian EG bu_5, bu_ 7=blow, bun=blow, bul 4 f,u~o,v~u,,...................Hungarian fúj, fuv =blow p,u~o~ö,γ~x~w,,...............Vogul/Mansi puγ, puw- =blow p,u~o~ö,γ~x~w,,...............Ostyak/Khan pŏγ-, pow-em =blow; p,o~u,γ~-,,...................Cherem/Mari pu_e-m =blow; p,o,v~j~-,o,..................Mordvin puva-ms=blow; p~f,ü~o,_,e,..................Samoyed fuasa /Eńec; fueηa-/Eńec; pü'-/Kamas; füala/Danasan;puwa/Selkup; ALTAIC *p'ulgi=to blow/Altaic; *hüliγe/Mongolic; *puligi/Tungusic,pùk/J Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *päηe== hold , keep , grab [Ugor] (v) p~b,a~i,k~g,_,................Sumerian EG pag =cage, confine, enclose; f,e,j>g,,.....................Hungarian fog =to hold, fog-da=prison, fog-oly=prisoner,partridge; p,ä~e,χ~γ,,...................Vogul/Mansi puχi, puγi =to grab, to hold; ALTAIC bòki =to stop up/Altaic; bög/Turkic; bögle/Mongolic;bōk/Tungus Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *püηe== hazel grouse , (bird) p~b,u~i,k~g,_,................Sumerian EG bag =bird type, cage f,ü~ö,j>g,,...................Hungarian fog-oly =partridge, prisoner; fog=to hold,keep,cage; p,u~o~a,ηk~ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan püηk =wood grouse; p,e,j~ng,o,...................Mordvin povo= grouse p,üü,_,.......................Finn/Suomi pyy=grouse p,üü,_,.......................Estonian püü =grouse b,o,η~k,e,....................Lapp/Saami bâggoi =grouse; p~f,ü~o,η~k,e,................Samoyed püže=grouse; peege=grouse/Selkup; ALTAIC pińu=hazel grouse/Ulcha; ?iηki=hazel grouse/Ewenki; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *puηe== [or puwe ] suffocate (v) f,u~o,j>g,,...................Hungarian fuj-t= to choke; ful-d- =suffocate (j>l); p,u~o~ö,η(k)~γ,,..............Ostyak/Khan pèγ-em p,o~u,η~j>-,,.................Cherem/Mari pikt-em=to choke ? p~b,i~e,_,,...................Votyak/Udm pöd-ni p~b,i~e,_,,...................Zuryen/Komi ped-ni p,o,v~η,o,....................Mordvin pova-ms p,uu,_,.......................Estonian poo-ma b,u~o,η~ń,e,..................Lapp/Saami buvv-et=suffocate; ALTAIC boγ ?/Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *raćε== fissure , narrow opening (nature) r,u,š~s~z,_,..................Sumerian EG ri_ =to break open; r,a~o,cs~gy~s,ε,..............Hungarian rés=fissure, narrow opening (similar to rep-ed=crack open); r,o~u,š~č,,...................Vogul/Mansi roź, ruź=hole, opening; r,a~o~u,č~ź~z,,...............Cherem/Mari raž, rož=hole Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *roće== weak , thin , tired > bad (adj) ............................................(also roč-ke=bad,fragile) (a) r,o>a,cs~gy~s,,...............Hungarian rosz=bad, rozo-ga =weak structure, shoddy; rogy=collapse; r,a~o~u,š~č,,.................Vogul/Mansi ras-ex =tatered r,a~o~u,š~č,,.................Ostyak/Khan ros-ex = rag r,a~o~u,č~ź~z,,...............Cherem/Mari raš-ka=brittle, fragile (ice or wood); r,o~a,ź~ž,,...................Zuryen/Komi rudź=to become powerless,weak; röš =crumbly,fragile; r,a~o,s~ts,i,.................Finn/Suomi rohka=unripe fruit; r,œ,čč~šš,e,..................Lapp/Saami râšše=fragile, weak, frail Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *rakka== be nearby , related through_the_wife (family) r,u,g~h,a,....................Sumerian EG uru_ 7 =relative + ge2,6=girl,female; r,a~o,k,,.....................Hungarian rok-on=relative; rag-asz- =to be attached to, glued to; r,a,k,,.......................Vogul/Mansi råw =draw near, råwń-ut=relative; r,a,k,,.......................Ostyak/Khan răg-əm =a relative, related through the wife; răgəa=beloved; r,a,kk~k,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi rakas=beloved, dear; r~l,ā,kk~χ,e,.................Samoyed rak, lak =close by/Neńeć; #,r,a,ch,a,...................Etruskan ruva =relative ALTAIC uruk=clan/Turkish; urug=relatives by marriage/C.Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *rakke== stack up , pile up , store , build (v) r,u,g~h,e~i,..................Sumerian EG arah 4 =store house, ?rig=manage, tend, govern r,a~o,k,_,....................Hungarian rak =stack, pile up; rak-tár=store house r,a,kk~k,i,...................Finn/Suomi rak-entaa =construct, errect r,a,kk~k,i,...................Estonian rak-endama r,o>uo,kk~hk,e,...............Lapp/Saami rakkâ-dit=make, prepare #,r,a,ch,e,...................Etruskan rach- ??= prepare; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *räćε== part , piece of , province ; r,e,cs~gy~s,ε,................Hungarian rész = part, piece of, component,region; resz =region, province; r,ä~e,š~č,,...................Vogul/Mansi -räś = #,r,a~e,s~χ,ε,................Etruskan ras-na, raś-na = region, province, regional; <portion,area; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *räppä== fly < flutter , beating of wings (v) r,a~i,b,a~i,..................Sumerian EG ri_ =throw, cast, to drive animals; ra_=to stirr; rib=go away? r,e,p~b,,.....................Hungarian rep-ül=fly,rep-it=fling;reb-en=flutter of eyelid; repülö=airplane r,ä~e,p,,.....................Vogul/Mansi rip-it=to throw; räp-śi=to blink; rēpi,rap-śi=to sling,throw,toss r,ä~e,b,,.....................Ostyak/Khan rep-ata=blink, wink, flutter the eyelid; r,ä,pp~p,ä,...................Finn/Suomi räppä/räpä-n, räpä-taä =blink,wink, flap, hop, etc; r,ä,b,ä,......................Estonian räpa-k,räpa-kas=quick motion, heated,restless,etc; r,ie~a,p'p,ē,.................Lapp/Saami reaBpd=flutter the eyelid Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ratu== copper (nature) (metal) r,a~u,d,a,....................Sumerian EG u-ru-du=copper r,a~o,z~s,u~o,................Hungarian réz=copper; ( érc=metal ore < German erz) r,a,d~t,_,....................Finn/Suomi ratu-a=copper Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *raηk== chew (v) r,u,-,........................Sumerian EG àr,ur 5 =chew <metathesis> r,a~o,g,......................Hungarian rág =chew r,a,ηk~ηg,....................Vogul/Mansi ragn < Hungarian influence ηk>g-n Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *reće== shake , vibrate , quake (v) r,e~i,š~s~z,_,................Sumerian EG ra_ =to stir? r,e~i,cs~gy~s,,...............Hungarian rez-eg=vibrate,quiver;recs-eg=creak; rez-en =flutter,stir; r,e,š~č,,.....................Vogul/Mansi razγ=shake,vibrate,tremble r,e,š~č,,.....................Ostyak/Khan räńťaγε=to quiver,shake, shiver,tremble,vibrate,throb; r,e~y~ə,č~ź~z,,...............Cherem/Mari rüze=wag back and forth; rəze=shake; r,e~i,ć~ś~č,,.................Votyak/Udm rəz-əm Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *rēppe== crack (v) r,ē,,e~i,.....................Sumerian EG ri- =break open r,ē,p~b,_,....................Hungarian rep-ed =crack, burst; robb-an=explode; r,ē,p,,.......................Vogul/Mansi rip-śäti=to crack r,ē,pp~p,i,...................Finn/Suomi repi-ä=rip apart; r,ē,b,i,......................Estonian räbi-ma, rebi-ma r,ē,p'p,e,....................Lapp/Saami râpp-ât=open,take cover off #,r,ē,p~b,e~a,................Etruskan rabi-ma, rebi-ma=pull,tear,tug at; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *reήke== (reηke) hot , heated > shaman trance / song (a) r,e~i,_,e~i,..................Sumerian EG rà_, ar, ara 4=to shine, to blaze, bright;<reanalysis of ending> r,e~i,n,v,e~i,................Hungarian rek-edt=hot weather; reg-él,rév=shamanic song; reg-el=morning; r,e,_,e,......................Vogul/Mansi rei_, rou_=heat, warmth (unusual loss of ηk>ηχ>-, ..........................................just as Sumerian! r~l,e,_,gg,e,.................Samoyed rejλwš=burn Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *rima== joy r,i~e,m~v,a~o,................Hungarian ör-öm =joy; ör-ül= is glad; r,i~y,m,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi riemu =joy r,i~y,m,ē,....................Estonian riim =joy Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ropa== fox , wily (animal) r,u~a,b~p,a,..................Sumerian EG ?u-ru=dog r,o>a,v,a~o,..................Hungarian rav-asz > ró_-ka =fox, wily; r,o,v,a~o,....................Savard Hung ?vüla? r,a~o~u,w~j~-,,...............Cherem/Mari reβež=fox r,o~a,p~-,e,..................Votyak/Udm ru-ťś=fox r,o~u,p~v,a~o,................Mordvin ŕiv'eś=fox r,a~o,p,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi repo=fox r,œ,hp~p,ē,...................Lapp/Saami ri`ep`ie=fox Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *roγe== cut , notch , mark by cutting (v) r,u~a,(h~g),_,................Sumerian EG ra_=to impress, stamp, stab; rig 5,7 =grant list r,o>a,v~u,,...................Hungarian róv, ró_ =to write, runic writing; rajz=drawing; ar-at=harvest; r,a~o~u,γ~x~w,,...............Ostyak/Khan rog-õm =cut out, etc; r,a~o~u,γ~-,,.................Cherem/Mari roe,rue- =chop,cut #,r,a,γ,e~a,..................Etruskan ar- 1 =cut; rapa =engraving, writing; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *rukša== pelts , medium of trade , clothing (body) r,a~u,š,a,....................Sumerian EG ru_, ri_=gift, present, to exchange r,u~o,h,,.....................Hungarian ruha =clothing; ir_ha=pelt,hide; ?ér=worth; r,u~o,h,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi ruho=carcass, raha=money Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šakke== find, meet, get stuck (v) s~š,u,g~h,e~i,................Sumerian EG suh 2,3,5 =encircle?; tag=to handle,hold,hit; _,a~o,k,_,....................Hungarian _aka-d =get hung on, caught on; ?szak-it=to ripp off; t,a,k,,.......................Vogul/Mansi tax-n=catch, get stuck, stick, fasten; stop; taχi=arive,fall Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *säje= puss, infected flesh -,e,j~gy,,....................Hungarian ev, év =puss (j>_ > v) t,ä~e,j~i,,...................Vogul/Mansi säi =sm t>l,ä~e,j~i,,.................Ostyak/Khan loi, təi =sm š,ä~e,j,,.....................Cherem/Mari šüi, śü, šüj š,o~u,j~i,,...................Zuryen/Komi si-ś = rotten s,ä~e,j,o,....................Mordvin sij s~š,ie~a,ggj~kk,e,............Lapp/Saami sieggja =puss,wound, sore t,o~u,?,e,....................Samoyed t'iba=sore/Yen; timi-em=sore,hurt/Tavgi; te_/Selkup, telem/Kam; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śäkre==(śäkre) hair 2 , fur (body) š~s~z,a~i,η~h,(r),e~i,........Sumerian EG suhur, siki, sigi=hair, fur, wool, hide; sur, sum =a beard; sz,e,v,r,_,...................Hungarian szö_r =hair, fur; sör-ény=mane; szörm = fur (in clothing) s~t,ä~e,γ~x~-,r,,.............Vogul/Mansi sā_ir=mane š~s,ä~e,_~j,r,e,..............Cherem/Mari šar =mane š~ś,ä~e,j~v,r,o,..............Mordvin śejeŕ=long hair Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śala== elm (tree) willow (tree) ; śal'ε =tree bark; (see fiber) š~s~z,a~u,l,a,................Sumerian EG á-sal= Euphrates poplar (á=water determinative) sz,a~o,l,a~o,.................Hungarian szil =elm ; száldok fa > szádék (dialect) =linden tree (arch) s~t,o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi sāl't, sēl't =linden bark; š~s,a~o~u,l,,.................Cherem/Mari šol, šolo, šolõ=elm ś~š,o~u,l,e,..................Votyak/Udm saľ = "die weichste, äuBere, gleich nach der rinde folgende ..........................................Schicte des Holzes š~ś,a,l,a~o,..................Mordvin säli,śeľ-ej=willow s,a,l,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi sal-aja=willow; salava=brittle willow; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śala== lightning (also *ćelke) š~s~z,a~u,l,a,................Sumerian EG zal =bright, luminous s~t,o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi sal =flash; salna =lightning; s~t,o~u,l~Λ~t,,...............Ostyak/Khan săt, sătəmt- =flash (of lightning); paj-săt=lightning and thunder s,a,l,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi sala-ma =lightning Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śälä== slice (v) š~s~z,a~i,l,_,................Sumerian EG sil 2,zil=cut into,divide; zé_=cut,shear; si-il,sil 5, ..........................................zil=split apart; sz,e,l,e,.....................Hungarian szel- =slice; szilánk = a fragment; s~t,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi sil-=to cut, slit s~t,ä~e,l~Λ~t,,...............Ostyak/Khan sil- =rip, slit, split; š~s,ä~e,l,,...................Cherem/Mari šel-aš ;šul-am=to cut, castrate; ś~š,o~u,l,,...................Votyak/Udm tśel-av s,ä,l,ä,......................Finn/Suomi säle = lath, splint; salia =to slit, splint; č,ie~a,ll,ē,..................Lapp/Saami cuoll-ât=chop,cut, cut across, strike, chop or cut branches off; s~z,a~e,l,a~e,................Etruskan zal,zel,za- , zi= two < slice in two?? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *salke== stand still (v) _,u,l,e~i,....................Sumerian EG _al-aŋ , al/ si_ =stand upright, ili5: to rise, get up _,e,l,e~i,....................Sumerian ES _al-am =stand upright; -,a~o,l(og),_,................Hungarian _áll =to stand up, to stay, stationary š,a~o~u,l(γ),e,...............Cherem/Mari šolg-em=stand š,o~u,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm sil_ =stand š,o~u,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi sul_-al-ni Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śalke== stick , rod , tree trunk ; fiber , thread , string (tool š~s~z,u,l,e~i,................Sumerian EG sala 2 =to tie up; sa_=sinew,tendon,cord,bundle; sal 3 = a pole; sz,a~o,l(og),_,...............Hungarian szal-ag=ribbon, szál =thread, fiber, stem, szál-fa=log, pole,raft s~t,a,l(γ),,..................Vogul/Mansi saylä=lath,pole,rod,stick; s~t,a,l(γ),,..................Ostyak/Khan sagəl=board,lath,shingle,splint; ś~š,o~u,l,,...................Votyak/Udm dzal_ š~ś,a,lg~ld,o,................Mordvin śalgo=peg,stick; s,a,l,k,i,....................Finn/Suomi salko=pole,rod,staff; č,o>uo,lg,e,..................Lapp/Saami čuolgo=bar used for pushing a fishing net under the ice; s,a,l,e,......................Yukagir culgo=crowbar; curlgo-=pierce/Yukagir; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śaδa==to bind, ribbon,strap; Ugrian śalε (tool) sz,a~o,l,a~o,.................Hungarian szal-ag=ribbon,band,strap; szál=thread,fiber; s~t,o~u,l~t~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi sol-kwaaly=belly-band,girth; s~t,o~u,l~t~-,,...............Ostyak/Khan sālə, sătə =belly-band, girth (of a horse or reindeer); š~s,a~o~u,-,,.................Cherem/Mari šol=bracelet; s,ā,d,e,......................Samoyed sera- =tie/Eńec; seða- =tie/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šänte== grains (tree) s~š,a~i,d,e,..................Sumerian EG še- =barley,grain (-de reanalyzed as the suffix du, & dropped) _,e,d,_,......................Hungarian -ed =grain t,ä~e,nt,,....................Vogul/Mansi tant z,ä~e,δ,e,....................Cherem/Mari šäδa-ηgә š,o~u,d,,.....................Votyak/Udm šogdi Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *säppä== gall bladder (body) -,e,p~b,,.....................Hungarian _epe =gall bladder t,ä~e,p,,.....................Vogul/Mansi tāp=bear gall bladder; täp=gall bladder; t>l,ä~e,b,,...................Ostyak/Khan sip š,ä~e,p,,.....................Cherem/Mari šä_kš, šekš =gall bladder š,o~u,p,,.....................Votyak/Udm sep=gall bladder š,o~u,p,,.....................Zuryen/Komi sõp, sep=gall bladder s,ä~e,v,e,....................Mordvin śëpe=gall bladder s,ä,pp~p,ä,...................Finn/Suomi sappi=gall bladder s~š,ie~a,p'p,ē,...............Lapp/Saami sap'pe=gall bladder Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šappe== dry up, receeding water (v) _,a~o,p~b,_,..................Hungarian _ap-ad =receeding waters š,o~u,p,,.....................Votyak/Udm šup-al-=dry out, receeding water š,o~u,p,,.....................Zuryen/Komi šup-al-ni=receeding water Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šarε== flood , storm (nature) _,a~u,r,_,....................Sumerian EG _ur,_ri,_ra=flood, uru2,5,18: n., devastating flood;arah=to drown _,a~o,r,ε,....................Hungarian _ár =flood, ár-aszt = to irrigate by flooding; t,o~u,r,,.....................Vogul/Mansi tur/tor š,o~u,r,,.....................Votyak/Udm šor Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śarε= frozen snow, ice crust on snow, also UA (nature) sz,a~o,r,ε,...................Hungarian szir-ony ś~š,o~u,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi ťśar-em =solid layer of ice on snow s,ā,r,ε,......................Samoyed śira =snow/Eńeć; siru =snow, winter/Ŋaŋasan; ALTAIC čera =crust, snow crust/A; čar- /Turkic; čar/Mongolic; čeri-/Tung Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sarańe== gold , shiny , radiant (color) (metal) _,a~u,r,a~u,(n~ŋ),_,..........Sumerian EG _ara 4=shine, bright, clear -,a~o,r,a~o,ny,,..............Hungarian _ar-any =gold; _ár=shine,blaze; t,o~u,r,o~u,ń>n,,.............Vogul/Mansi tar-iń =copper t>l,o~u,r,o~u,ń>n,,...........Ostyak/Khan lorńə=brass, copper; š,a~o~u,r,a~o~u,ń~n~j,,.......Cherem/Mari šörtńi=gold; š,o~u,r,o~u,ń,,...............Votyak/Udm zarńi=gold; š,o~u,r,o~u,ń>n,,.............Zuryen/Komi zarńi=gold < from Ugrian; s,a,r,a,ń,o,..................Mordvin sïr'ne =gold; _,a,r,a,n,e~a,................Etruskan atran-anes ( ta > at metathesis) = gold ; _arno = gold covered; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *säre-== reach , ripen , touch > sense,feel > know (v) s,a~i,r,e~i,-,................Sumerian EG sir 2 = to check, approach; šer=to decide; -,e,r,e~i,-,..................Hungarian _ér-t =understand; _ér-ez=sense, feel; _ér=reach,touch; t,ä~e,r,e,-,..................Vogul/Mansi sar-tit-am =touch; sara-talni=touch; š,ä~e,r,e,-,..................Cherem/Mari šüra-ηam _,a~e,r,e~a,-,................Etruskan _ar-ce = reachēd, attained; ALTAIC *sári=understand/Altaic,*ser/Turkic;*seri/Mongolic; sari/Tungus Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śare-== dry , become dry (a) š~s~z,a~u,r,e~i,-,............Sumerian EG ša_ =dry up; sahar=dust,sand,(dry) earth; šar-ag=dry out; ..........................................sug =steppes; sz,a~o,r,e~i,-,...............Hungarian szár-az =dry; szár-ad=to dry; szik=arrid; s~t,o~u,r,e,-,................Vogul/Mansi sūrl=dehydrate,drain, (make)dry; s~t,o~u,r,e,-,................Ostyak/Khan sar-da- =become dry ś~š,o~u,r,o~u~e,-,............Votyak/Udm sur-mini=to become/grow solid/hard; ś~š,o~u,r,o~u~e,-,............Zuryen/Komi śur-ni=to dry up, shrivel, wither; śur-mem=dehydrated,dried up; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šäre-== rivulet , vein , spring (nature) s~š,a~i,r,e~i,-,..............Sumerian EG sùr=ditch,drain; ur, ra, ri =flood; sug=swamp, flood basin; _,e,r,e~i,-,..................Hungarian _ér=rivulet,vein; _ár=flood,high water; csor-og=flowing water; t,ä~e,r,e,-,..................Vogul/Mansi tūr=lake, tor =lake; t~l,ä~e,r,e,-,................Ostyak/Khan tor =lake; lar =high watter; z,ä~e,r,e,-,..................Cherem/Mari šär 2 š,o~u,r,o~u~e,-,..............Votyak/Udm šur = river, stream; š,o~u,r,o~u~e,-,..............Zuryen/Komi šor = river, stream; _,ä,r,e~ie,-,.................Finn/Suomi _urga =stream/Liv ? t,o~u,r,e,-,..................Samoyed turku=sea/Tavgi; (if valid, it's a loan! from Ugrian) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šärε-==arrive , reach , spread , come about, originate (v) s~š,a~i,r,ε,-,................Sumerian EG šar =to begin, drive away; _eridu =first sumerian city?; _,e,r,ε,-,....................Hungarian _ér =arive, reach; _er-ed=originate,come about;?terem=created; t,ä~e,r,ε,-,..................Vogul/Mansi terämt- =spread out; t~l,ä~e,r,ε,-,................Ostyak/Khan lerəm- =spread out z,ä~e,r,ε,-,..................Cherem/Mari šärga- =open; šergala=spread out,unfold; š,o~u,r,ε,-,..................Votyak/Udm šerak uśy- =to be extended; š,o~u,r,ε,-,..................Zuryen/Komi šergõd=open, unravel, untwine; ALTAIC _er=range,reach,arrive/Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śarne== magic incantation, ceremony, rites; š~s~z,u,r,n~ŋ,e~i,............Sumerian EG šur=sing, song, lament; zur=pray, sacrifice, offering, arrange; sz,a~o,r,n,_,.................Hungarian szer_ =rites, ceremony, sermon, method of solution, tool,organize s~t,a,r,n~ń,,.................Ostyak/Khan sărnæg =call forth by incantations, conjure forth; ś~š,o~u,r,n,,.................Zuryen/Komi śor-ni=speech; s,a,r,n,i,....................Finn/Suomi saar-na =sermon s,ā,r,n~η,e,..................Samoyed sæær-na =scream, shout; s~z,a,r,n,e~a,................Etruskan zeri=rite, legal action, free(person) ..........................................> Latin / caerimonia=cerimony ALTAIC sarna =celebrate, sing/Turk; sarV=song, feast/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sürte==(sorte) angry spirit (body) s,u~i,r,e~i,..................Sumerian EG _u_dug =a demonic being, pitfall. -,ü~ö,r,d,_,..................Hungarian _örd-ög =devil; _árt,sért=to hurt,damage, harm; š,u~o,r,δ~t,e,................Cherem/Mari šərt =devil, devilish; s~š,o,r,ht~tt,e,..............Lapp/Saami sjärt ALTAIC _ertenk =devil/Manichean Uigur; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śata== hundred (number) š~s~z,a~u,d,a,................Sumerian EG sus=60 ? or 1/6 sz,a~o,z~s,a~o,...............Hungarian száz =hundred s~t,o~u,t,,...................Vogul/Mansi sååt s~t,o~u,t,,...................Ostyak/Khan sot,sat š~s,a~o~u,δ~t,,...............Cherem/Mari süδö ś~š,o~u,_,e,..................Votyak/Udm sö_ ś~š,o~u,_,a,..................Zuryen/Komi śo_ š~ś,a,d,a~o,..................Mordvin šada č,o>uo,ht~tt,ē,...............Lapp/Saami čuotte Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sattε== (or *saptε) seven , 7 < many (number) -,a~o,t,,.....................Hungarian hét=seven, week (+h needed to distinguish 7 from 5) -,a~o,t,,.....................Savard Hung jeti =7 t,a,t,,.......................Vogul/Mansi sát, seát=7 t>l,a,t,,.....................Ostyak/Khan tabet, labet _,a,t,ε,......................Etruskan semφ, sempf = 7 ALTAIC jädi=7/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *säηe== air > sky > high (nature) _,a~i,k~g,_,..................Sumerian EG _an_ =sky, high -,e,k>v,,.....................Hungarian _ég_ =sky t>l,ä~e,ηk~ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan säηGe =light,clear (sky,water)?; š,o~u,_,,.....................Votyak/Udm syn-öd=air; sinε-d=weather; in-mar=god; s,ää,_,.......................Finn/Suomi sää- =weather; s~š,ie~a,η~k,e,...............Lapp/Saami šańń =weather; _,a~e,n,e~a,..................Etruskan _ani =sky god, Janus > January=god of the highest heavens; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śäηe== light > blond (a) š~s~z,a~i,k~g,_,..............Sumerian EG sig 7=pale, yellowish; sig 17=yellow-orange sz,e,k>v,,....................Hungarian szöke =blonde; szög= light colored; s~t,ä~e,ηk~ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan säηki=clear, light-coloured; sa`ηki=the great god ALTAIC šàηu=clear,light/Altaic; čaŋ /Turkic; čaŋ/Mongolic; šā(ŋ)=Tungus Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śäηε==to spin , weave , plait hair , strand of hair; (v) š~s~z,a~i,k~g,_,..............Sumerian EG siki, sig 7 =hair,fur (also related to sakre) sz,e,k>v,ε,...................Hungarian szöv~szö:=weave; szö-r=hair; szö-nyeg=carpet(anyag>-ŋyeg=material s~t,ä~e,χ~γ,,.................Vogul/Mansi säγ, seβ =plait,braid of hair; s~t,ä~e,ηk~ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan seu_ =plait/braid hair; tress; ś~š,o~u,_,,...................Votyak/Udm śi =strand of hair; ś~š,o~u,_,,...................Zuryen/Komi sí_ =hair, bristle; s,ää,_,.......................Finn/Suomi sää_ =string, thread; s,ää,_,.......................Estonian seige=braid, rope; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *säηe== branch (tree) (family) _,a~i,k~g,_,..................Sumerian EG _áhi, ah 5=arm,wing (g>h) -,e,k>v,,.....................Hungarian _ág =branch (tree, river); t,ä~e,χ~γ,,...................Vogul/Mansi taγ, taβ t>l,ä~e,ηk~ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan taue, Λaγ š,ä~e,η~j>-,,.................Cherem/Mari _äη š,o~u,_,,.....................Votyak/Udm _im _,a~e,n,e~a,..................Etruskan tan-aśa=family member, relative < "branch" of family. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śaηkε==(śaηkε) odour , smell > taste (v) š~s~z,u,ŋ~g,i~e,..............Sumerian EG zi_=stench,bile,bitter; ši-m=aromatic wood,herb; sz,a~o,g,,....................Hungarian szag =smell,odor; szi-m-at=to smell around,a scent; iz=taste; s,ā,η~k,ε,....................Samoyed saη-am=to sample,taste,try/Selkup; s,a,η,k,ε,....................Yukagir aη=to smell,taste, coη /Yukagir; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śeηkε==>säηke (changed later) peg,plug,nail,wedge; (tool) š~s~z,e~i,ŋ~g,i~e,............Sumerian EG saŋ =point; sz,e~i,g,,....................Hungarian szeg~szög=nail; s~t,e,ηk>ηχ,,.................Vogul/Mansi saηkw =wedge; suη=wood nail,peg;tüηk-üľ=cork, plug, stopper; s~t,e,ηk>ηχ,,.................Ostyak/Khan tŏηk =peg, wedge; lŏηk; jŏηk; ś~š,o~u~e,g~k,,...............Zuryen/Komi ću_k=mountain ? č,æ~ie~i,ηk~ηg~gg,ε,..........Lapp/Saami sag'ge=wooden pin,peg; knitting needle; splinter (of bone); s,e~a~o,η~k,ε,................Samoyed soq=hilly cape/Selkup Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śäηke== back side , groin & sexual areas (body) š~s~z,a~i,ŋ~g,e,..............Sumerian EG šag 4=abdomen,womb,entrails; sz,e,g,_,.....................Hungarian segg =buttock, _ágy-ék=groin s~t,ä~e,ηk>ηχ,,...............Vogul/Mansi sāηkw=groin area; soaηkw =hipps, groins, thigh; s~t,ä~e,ηk>ηχ,,...............Ostyak/Khan sŏη =angle? š~s,ä~e,ηg~g,e,...............Cherem/Mari seηg-eń=rear, backside, sexual areas; č,ie~a,ηk~ηg~gg,e,............Lapp/Saami ?haega=life,body,womb < Finnish influece ALTAIC sagri=buttock/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *use==sheep; śeja =goat , sheep (animal) u,š~z,_,......................Sumerian EG us_ 5=mother ewe; udu > u_=sheep;_zeh = goat kid; uz=goat; e,š~z,_,......................Sumerian ES e.zé =sheep; _su 8-ba=shepherd > _súb,súg,su 8=travel(as a herd) u,s,,.........................Hungarian öz_ = deer < sheep(horned animal);_csa-ba=shepherd(arch); o~u,š,,.......................Vogul/Mansi oš_ =sheep; (w)u~a,t~l,,..................Ostyak/Khan ać_ =sheep; i~e,z,,.......................Zuryen/Komi už_ =sheep; u~o,z,o,......................Mordvin uča=sheep; seja =goat; u,s,i,........................Finn/Suomi ?utu =sheep; ALTAIC chāga =he goat; chāgā=she goat;choban=shepherd; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śakkε== piece , portion , period of time , era (number) š~s~z,u,g~h,i~e,..............Sumerian EG sáŋ=scattered; še_ =portion; sig 3,11, sag 2,3=to chop down; sz,a~o,k,,....................Hungarian szak-asz =interval,section; szak=age,era,period,division. s~t,a,k,,.....................Ostyak/Khan săγatta =to break, smash (to pieces); s,a,kk~k,ε,...................Finn/Suomi sukku?=in a crushed or destroyed state; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śaj8rε== nit sz,a~o,j,8,r,ε,...............Hungarian ser-ke =nit (-ke=all flying or jumping things) š~s,a~o~u,-~j,8,r,,...........Cherem/Mari šar-genə =nit ś~š,o~u,j,8,r,,...............Zuryen/Komi śer-õl=nit š~ś,a,j~-,8,r,ε,..............Mordvin śarko =nit s,a,j~i,8,r,ε,................Finn/Suomi saivar=nit č,o>uo,j,8,r,ε,...............Lapp/Saami čiwros=nit ALTAIC šõrka/Chuvash; širka/Osman; serkä/Tartar; sirke=red louse/CMongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sekke== get stuck ,stuck (v) s,e~i,g~h,e~i,................Sumerian EG suh 2,3,5 -,e~i,k,_,....................Hungarian _aka-d =get hung on,caught on t,e,k,,.......................Vogul/Mansi tax-ni Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śel== edge, rim, border, boundary (a) š~s~z,e~i,l,..................Sumerian EG sal =wide; sz,e~i,l,.....................Hungarian szél- =wide, edge; s~t,e,l~Λ~t,..................Vogul/Mansi sēl=edge or side of something; s~t,e,l~Λ~t,..................Ostyak/Khan sil, sit=edge, hem; silä=away; s~z,e~a,l,....................Etruskan śel 2 =the edge, boundary; sele-itala = boundary, ..........................................to insulate- isolate; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sene== bowstring (tool) s,e~i,n~ŋ,_,..................Sumerian EG sa_ =sinew, cord -,e~i,n,,.....................Hungarian _in =bowstring, tendon, sinew; t,e,n~ń,,.....................Vogul/Mansi ton,tan š,e~y~ə,(n),,.................Cherem/Mari šün š,e~i,n,,.....................Votyak/Udm śen, son s,e~i,n,o,....................Mordvin san s~š,æ~ie~i,ń~n,e,.............Lapp/Saami suodnâ t,e~a~o,n~η,e,................Samoyed tien, tāη, ten Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śene== tinder > coal (nature) š~s~z,e~i,n~ŋ,_,..............Sumerian EG še-g 6=hot; izi =hot; sz,e~i,n,,....................Hungarian szén =coal; izó =glowing coal; s~t,e,n~ń,,...................Vogul/Mansi šinu, san3 š~s,e~y~ə,(n),,...............Cherem/Mari šin, šen ś~š,e~i,n,,...................Votyak/Udm śeń-ki s,e~ie,n,i,...................Finn/Suomi sieni Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śentä-==pluck , rip , tear (V) ; š~s~z,e~i,d,a~i,-,............Sumerian EG šid, šit, šita 5= calculate, count? ..........................................(as in picking up counting stones) sz,e~i,d,e,-,.................Hungarian szed = pluck, pick off, pick up; š~ś,e~i,nd,ä~e,-,.............Mordvin śinďe-ms =to break apart, break away/off; break down; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śeke== (śeηe or śewe or śeke ) plait hair, weave š~s~z,e~i,η~h,_,..............Sumerian EG siki =hair, fur; ?aš_ 5 =spider; sz,e~i,v,,....................Hungarian szö(v) =weave; s~t,e,γ~x~-,,.................Vogul/Mansi seβ, saγ =plait hair; s~t,e,γ~x~-,,.................Ostyak/Khan soχ =braided hair, to spin; ś~š,o~u~e,_,,.................Votyak/Udm si_ =hairstrand; ś~š,o~u~e,_,,.................Zuryen/Komi si_ =to spin (yarn, hair); s,e~ie,k,i,...................Finn/Suomi sää =to spin hair; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śulε== give birth , born (v) š~s~z,a~u,l,_,................Sumerian EG sal=uterus,vulva;sal-a=woman;silag=seed funnel; ..........................................sil-ag arra=bowl for afterbirth; sz,u~o,l,ε,...................Hungarian szül~, _ell-ik =give birth; s~t,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,.............Vogul/Mansi sūl-emi=bring to life/about; sēli=obtain; ś~š,i~e,l,,...................Votyak/Udm ?súd/sod-ni s~z,u,l,ε,....................Etruskan sel- 1="śel-ace = ?give back his/her life" Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śeppä== pretty , clever , craftyly made (a) š~s~z,e~i,b,a~i,..............Sumerian EG ?dùg=good,sweet; sa_7=well formed, šub 7, ..........................................šuba 2/3=pretty, precious stone; z,e~i,b,e,....................Sumerian ES zé.eb =sweet, good; sz,e~i,p~b,,..................Hungarian szép =pretty; well done; éz-es=sweet (dialect, normally éd-es) s~t,e,p,,.....................Vogul/Mansi šep-er ś~š,o~u~e,p,,.................Zuryen/Komi śin s,e~ie,pp~p,ä,................Finn/Suomi seppä=artisan; söpö =cute; (somo=pretty) s,e~i,b,ä,....................Estonian sepp =hand craftsman; č,æ~ie~i,p'p,ē,...............Lapp/Saami čaep'pe=clever,smart, efficient; čep=master (craftsman),smith; ALTAIC säb =love/Uigur Turk; šep=pretty/Chuvash; šebär=a master/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *serä== old , aged (or erε =big, many ?) (a) (society) s,e~i,r,_,....................Sumerian EG sir =weak -,e~i,r,e,....................Hungarian _ör-eg=old; _ör-ök=eternal, forever, permanent; (-ök, -ög suffix) s,e~i,r,e,....................Mordvin siŕe =old ALTAIC örü=for a while,permanently,totally/Sakha; ürük=permanent/Uigur Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śere== sequence , order > tool , method , technique (tool) š~s~z,e~i,r,_,................Sumerian EG zur=to arrange, furnish, provide, tend; sz,e~i,r,,....................Hungarian szer=method,aparatus,means,order,chemical agent; s~t,e,r,,.....................Vogul/Mansi sir,šir=constitution,disposition,way,folk-way,habit,kind,species; s~t,e,r,,.....................Ostyak/Khan -sur, -sir=constitution, disposition;clan,family,gens; š~s,e~y~ə,r,,.................Cherem/Mari sər=character,disposition,mental constitution;construction,habit ś~š,o~u~e,r,,.................Votyak/Udm ser ś~š,o~u~e,r,,.................Zuryen/Komi śer=fashion,habit,way; č,æ~ie~i,rr,e,................Lapp/Saami čзr'dâ =kind,species,sort s,e~a~o,r,e,..................Samoyed ser=affair,matter,thing/Neńeć;sier/Nanasan; s,e,r,e,......................Yukagir šai(r) =something,thing/Yukagir; s~z,e~a,r,e~a,................Etruskan (neθ)-ś_r-ac = tool, method, technique Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śere== rites; (only in Southern group) (religion) š~s~z,e~i,r,_,................Sumerian EG zur = to offer, offering, pray, sacrifice; sz,e~i,r,,....................Hungarian szer =rites,religious ceremony; zör=noise,racket?; ..........................................Szer-da=Wednesday; s~z,e~a,r,e~a,................Etruskan zeri = rite; >> to Latin also. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śette== apart , away , distant (adj) š~s~z,e~i,d~t,e~i,............Sumerian EG sud,šed,še=to be/make remote,stretch,strew,immerse; ..........................................sud 4,su_13=long sz,e~i,t,_,...................Hungarian szét=apart,away; me-sze =distant,far; szer-te=all over; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *seγe== [or sewe] eat 2 (v) -,e~i,v~u,,...................Hungarian _ev- =eat; _e-szik =eating, _e-ni=to eat t,e,γ~x~w,,...................Vogul/Mansi tii, tääj =eat; t>l,e,γ~x~w,,.................Ostyak/Khan te-, tew =eat; lig=eat; š,o~u~e,k~j~-,,...............Votyak/Udm śi =eat; š,o~u~e,k~j~-,,...............Zuryen/Komi śoi-=eat; s,e~i,v~j~-,o,................Mordvin śev'e-ms =eat s,e~ie,v~_,i,.................Finn/Suomi syö-dä =eat s,e,γ,e,......................Yukagir läg,leg,leu/Yukagir; _,e~a,γ,e~a,..................Etruskan s_ce =eat; tesinθ =eating; ALTAIC śi- /Chuvash; yi- /Old Turkic;see/Ewenki; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šeηe== true , yes , correct , just (a) _,e~i,k~g,_,..................Sumerian EG _ge(n)=to act justly; gi-na=consent _,e~i,j>g,,...................Hungarian _ig-en=yes; ig-az=true, correct, just; ?ij-en =like this; z,e~y~ə,η~j>-,,...............Cherem/Mari šu_ š,e~i,_,,.....................Votyak/Udm šoń-er=straight direction, just š,e~i,_,,.....................Zuryen/Komi šäń=good š~tš~č,e~i,j~ng,o,............Mordvin čiv=good h,ee,_,.......................Finn/Suomi hyvä (s>h) =good,correct,healthy h,ee,_,.......................Estonian hää (s>h) =good,correct,healthy s~š,æ~ie~i,η~k,e,.............Lapp/Saami šuvva=good (Fi loan) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śuγ-er==a grave (house) š~s~z,a~u,(h~g),,.............Sumerian EG suŋ-in, sun =old, rot, decay, to ruin, past?; sur =to submerge? sz,u~o,v~u,-,e~i,r,...........Hungarian syher,suer > sír =grave; š~s,o~u,γ~-,-,e~y~ə,r,........Cherem/Mari šüγär, šüγar =grave, cemetary; s~z,u,γ,-,e~a,r,..............Etruskan asu, ašu =burial; su-thina =made for the burial,grave; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śińćä==innards (body) š~s~z,i,g,e,..................Sumerian EG šag 4 > ša_ =midst, heart, womb, gut, abdomen, intestines; sz,i~e,gy,,...................Hungarian szügy = chest,heart and innard of animals; szegy =beef brisket; s,i~y,s,ä,....................Finn/Suomi sisä, sisää-n =in, into s,i~y,s,ä,....................Estonian sisi =innards s,i,n,č~s,e,..................Samoyed śuso =breast; sudo=innard /Eńec; sinśa=innard/ŋanasan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śiðä-me== heart (body) š~s~z,i,d~š,a~i,-m,e~i,.......Sumerian EG šag 4 =heart, innerds (deleted deverbal suffix); zi =spirit; z,i,b~m,e,-m,e~i,.............Sumerian ES šà 3_ab =heart (m~w~b) sz,i~e,j~gy,e,-m,e~i,.........Hungarian szügy =chest,breast,heart (of animals); szi_ _v =heart; s,i~e,j,e,-m,e~i,.............Savard Hung serti ? =heart; s~t,i~ü,_,m,e,................Vogul/Mansi ši_m =heart s~t,o,_,m,e,..................Ostyak/Khan sə_m =heart; š~s,i,_,m~w,e,................Cherem/Mari šü_m =heart ś~š,i,ľ,o~u,-m,,..............Votyak/Udm śul-em =heart ś~š,e,ľ,o~u,-m,,..............Zuryen/Komi śõl-õm =heart š~ś,i~e,d~l,ä~e,-m,o,.........Mordvin śed-ej =heart s,i~y,d,ä,-m,i,...............Finn/Suomi syd-än =heart č,i~ie,δδ,ie~a,-m,e,..........Lapp/Saami čâðe, čâða =heart; s,i,ð~j,o~u,-m,e,.............Samoyed saj=heart/Eńeć; sii/Kamas; sej/Koibal;seej/Neńeć; sa/ŋan; šid/Slk s~z,e,ð,a~e,-,m~v,e,..........Etruskan ziv-al =heart, body part; zivas =heart, spirit; ziv =to live; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *siðe== brook > cold (a) (nature) [may be wrong source!] s,i,d~š,_,....................Sumerian EG eš_ =cold; sid=cold water, cool down, calmed; _id=river; -,i~e,j~gy,,..................Hungarian _ügy=river,brook; s>h ?hid-eg=cold (s>h); ..........................................csit-it =to calm/quietdown; t,i~ü,ľ,,.....................Vogul/Mansi ?χèt =freezing cold; < Hungarian hid-eg š,i,ľ,,.......................Votyak/Udm zyľa s,i,d,e,......................Penuitan het- =cool off/Calif Miss; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śije-le== porcupine (animal) š~s~z,i,g~ŋ,e~i,-,l,e~i,......Sumerian EG šáh(2)-zé-(da-bar-sur-ra)=porcupine; šah =pig; sz,i~e,j~gy,e~i,-,l,e~i,......Hungarian siul >szögy, sün =porcupine (l~n alteration?) s~t,i~ü,j~i,e,-,l~Λ~t,e,......Vogul/Mansi soule =porcupine š~s,i,j,e,-,l,e,..............Cherem/Mari šülə =porcupine š~ś,i~e,j,e,-,l,o,............Mordvin s'ej-el =porcupine s,ii,_,-,l,i,.................Finn/Suomi sii-l=porcupine s,ii,_,-,l,i,.................Estonian sii-l =porcupine Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čukka== pig , porc š~s~z,a~u,g~h,a,..............Sumerian EG šah = domestic pig; sigga =wild mountain pig; s~sz~cs,u~o,k,,...............Hungarian coca =pig, word for calling a pig; sonka =ham; s>h,u~o,kk~k,a~o,.............Finn/Suomi sika =pig Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sentε== bridge , plank; (tool) s,e~i,d,i~e,..................Sumerian EG ?kid=bridge/?Bobula; reed floor mat is the normal interpretation; -,e~i,d,,.....................Hungarian híd =bridge (s>h does occur as in hét=7, hid-eg=cold; but rare) š,o~u~e,d,,...................Zuryen/Komi sod =ladder, stair, step; s,e~i,nd,ε,...................Mordvin sëd' =bridge; sed'=floar board; bridge; floor; s,e~ie,nt,ε,..................Finn/Suomi silta =bridge (? nt>lt) ALTAIC sìtò=ladder/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sülε==fathom , arm length (number) _,u~i,l,_,....................Sumerian EG _ul =unit of measurement, distant; su-d=long; -,ü~ö,l,ε,....................Hungarian _öl =unit of lenght measurement, arm length,lap; öl-el=embrace; t>l,u~o~a,l~Λ~t,,.............Ostyak/Khan löl,tət,jöl,syl =fathom; tel=embrace,fathom,bosom; š,u~o,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari śüľö=fahom,lap; š,i~e,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm sul=fathom,lap; š,i~e,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi syl=fathom; s,e,l,ε,......................Mordvin sëľ =fathom; s,u,l,ε,......................Finn/Suomi syli=the outstretched arms, fathom, bosom; t,ü~o,l,ε,....................Samoyed tii =fathom,lap/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śilma== eye "see" + deverbal ma (body) š~s~z,i,m>_,a,................Sumerian EG zi-b, si_ =see (lm>m>b); [ i-gi =eye (see observe) ] sz,i~e,m,,....................Hungarian sze_m =eye s~t,i~ü,l~Λ~t,m,,.............Vogul/Mansi šä_m =eye s~t,o,l~Λ~t,m,,...............Ostyak/Khan sem =eye š~s,i,n,,.....................Cherem/Mari šen-za=eye ś~š,i,n,e,....................Votyak/Udm śin=eye ś~š,e,n,a,....................Zuryen/Komi śin =eye š~ś,i~e,ľm',a~o,..............Mordvin šel-me =eye (me =deverbal suffix) s,i~y,l,m,a~o,................Finn/Suomi sil-mä =eye s,i~y,l,m,ē,..................Estonian silm =eye č,i~ie,lbm,ē,.................Lapp/Saami čâlbme =eye s,i,m,e,......................Samoyed xäèm,sima =eye s~z,e,l,m~v,a,................Etruskan sem-niśsi = eyes which see; (niś =watch,see) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *čittε== bake 1, sun shine (heavens) š~s~z,i,d~t,i~e,..............Sumerian EG še-ŋ =to cook, boil, hot, heat(tt reevaluated as a ..........................................suffix "du" & dropped s~sz~cs,i~e,t,,...............Hungarian süt=bake, sunshine č~tš~š,i~ü,t,,................Vogul/Mansi šit- =sunshine, šiti=bake ś~_,e,t,ε,....................Etruskan catha=sun god; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šiηere== mouse , rat (animal) _,i,k~g,e~i,r,_,..............Sumerian EG _egir=rat _,i~e,j>g,e~i,r,,.............Hungarian _egér =mouse _,i~e,j>g,e~i,r,,.............Savard Hung ?ćuća =mouse /from other Uralic root? t,i~ü,η(k),e,r,,..............Vogul/Mansi täηkär=mouse (south); löηkər=mouse/Vah š,i,_,o~u~e,r,,...............Votyak/Udm ši_r=mouse; š,e,_,o~u~e,r,,...............Zuryen/Komi šy_r=mouse; š~tš~č,i~e,j~ng,e~i,r,o,......Mordvin tšejeŕ, čejeŕ=mouse; h,ii,_,e~ie,r,i,..............Finn/Suomi hiire =mouse; h,ii,η,e~i,r,i,...............Estonian hiir_ =mouse; ALTAIC *siŋere=mouse/Tungusic; sakirkan=type of mouse/Middle Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *so-== (*son) he , she (pronoun) s,u~a,-,......................Sumerian EG za=you,-zu=your/Emegir; du=you/Emesal; -,o>a,-,......................Hungarian _ö=he, she; ön=you (respectful), -sz =you suffix; t,a~o~u,-,....................Vogul/Mansi tuw=he,she t>l,a~o~u,-,..................Ostyak/Khan luw? š,o~a,-,......................Votyak/Udm sy,syja=he/she s,o~u,-,......................Mordvin son=he,she s,a~o,-,......................Finn/Suomi hen=he,she s,a~o,-,......................Estonian hen=he,she s~š,œ,-,......................Lapp/Saami son=she _,a,-,........................Etruskan _an = he,she; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śoða= curse š~s~z,u~a,d~š,a,..............Sumerian EG šùd =to bless, pray, prayer z,e,b~m,e,....................Sumerian ES . sz,o>a,j~gy,a~o,..............Hungarian szit-koz =curse, szid=curse, scold (gy > d >t) s~t,a~o~u,ľ,,.................Vogul/Mansi saat- , säät- =bless, curse; š~s,a~o~u,ð~d,,...............Cherem/Mari šudala =curse, scold š~ś,o~u,d~l,a~o,..............Mordvin śudo- =curse s,a~o,d,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi sada-tta =curse Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sojka== (soja) armlength , fathom (body) s,u~a,g~ŋ,_,a,................Sumerian EG su_ 13, su-d =long, length, prolong -,o>a,j,v,,...................Hungarian _ujj =arm length, sleeve; _öl =arm length; t,a~o~u,j,γ~x~-,,.............Vogul/Mansi taj-t š,a~o~u,-~j,_~j,,.............Cherem/Mari šo_-kš š,o~a,j,_,e,..................Votyak/Udm sej_e-s Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śome== thirst , hunger (a) š~s~z,u~a,m~n,_,..............Sumerian EG _im-en =thirst sz,o>a,m~v,,..................Hungarian szomj =thirst; szomj-as=thirsty; ś~š,o~a,m~v,,.................Votyak/Udm śuma- =have apetite, be hungry, be thirsty, thirst; ś~š,o~a,m~v,,.................Zuryen/Komi śum-al, śum-av=hungry; ALTAIC su=water,river/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *soηe== enter > inculcate ? (v) _,u~a,g,_,....................Sumerian EG _ku 4=take in, enter, entrance; (metathesis?) -,o>a,k>v,,...................Hungarian _av-at =inculcate; avat-koz=intrude (enter uninvited) t,a~o~u,η(k),,................Vogul/Mansi tuj, toj-, to- t>l,a~o~u,η(k)~γ,,............Ostyak/Khan taη s,o~u,v~η,o,..................Mordvin sova-ms=come in,enter; s~š,œ,η~ń,e,..................Lapp/Saami suogne =enter; t,u~o,η,e,....................Samoyed ťua/Yenisey; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sōne== tendon , sinew , chord (body)(tool) > instrument string s,u,n~ŋ,_,....................Sumerian EG sa_ =sinew, cord, bundle, net s,e,n~ŋ,_,....................Sumerian ES . -,o,n,,.......................Hungarian _in =tendon , nerve ; zene =music < stringed instrument; t,ú,n~ń,,.....................Vogul/Mansi tōn =tendon; tān, tūn = nerve, string(of instrument; ..........................................taηγi=play music; (Moose tendons served as instrument strings) t>l,u,n~ń,,...................Ostyak/Khan ton, làn, ian =tendon š,ō,(n),,.....................Cherem/Mari šün =tendon š,ō,n,,.......................Votyak/Udm son, sön, sen, sin =tendon š,ō,n,,.......................Zuryen/Komi sen, sèn, tòn = s,u,n,o,......................Mordvin san s,u,n,i,......................Finn/Suomi suoni s,u,n,i,......................Estonian soon s~š,uo,ń~n,e,.................Lapp/Saami suodna =sinew, bowstring, violin string, artery, vein; t,ō,n~η,e,....................Samoyed tièn /Yurak; ti/Jen; tāη/Tvg; taηηa/Selk; _,ō,n,e~a,....................Etruskan śun-u = musician (-u =person) ; θun =musical instrument (?type) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sorkε== (sorε) span of the hand -,o>a,r,v,,...................Hungarian _ar-asz =span of the hand t,a~o~u,r,γ~x~-,,.............Vogul/Mansi tōr-əs t>l,a~o~u,r,γ~x~-,,...........Ostyak/Khan sorəs, sort,surt š,a~o~u,r,_~j,,...............Cherem/Mari šor- s,o~u,r,j~v,ε,................Mordvin sur_ _,a,r,_,ε,....................Etruskan _ar-aś(a) =span of the hand (measurement) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ćatta== war , battle (?called Slavic since its there also) š~s~z,u,d~t,a,................Sumerian EG sad_ , sabad 2,3 =to battle; š~s~z,e,d~t,e,................Sumerian ES . s~cs,a~o,t,,..................Hungarian csata =battle, skirmish; csat-ár =soldier, forwards in sports; s,a,tt~t,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi sota =war s,a,ťt~ht,ē,..................Estonian sita = war s~z,a,t,a,....................Etruskan catha, catu = war, hunt, capture, prisoner; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śorwa== horn > stagg (animal) š~s~z,u~a,r,,a,...............Sumerian EG si_ =horn sz,o>a,r,v,,..................Hungarian szarv, szaru =horn,antler; szur=stabb; szarvas=stagg s,o,r,v,,.....................Savard Hung soru =horned, stagg or horned cattle; s~t,a~o~u,r,-,,...............Vogul/Mansi soorp, šoorəp=male moose; s~t,a~o~u,r,-,,...............Ostyak/Khan ťərBε=male moose; š~s,a~o~u,r,-,,...............Cherem/Mari šur=horn ś~š,o~a,r,-~v,e,..............Votyak/Udm śur=horn ś~š,o~a,r,-~v,a,..............Zuryen/Komi śur=horn š~ś,o~u,r,_,a~o,..............Mordvin śuro,śură=horn s,a~o,r,v,o,..................Finn/Suomi sarvi=horn, sarves=stagg s,o,r,w,o,....................Livonian sōra =horn; s,a~o,r,u,o,..................Estonian sarv=horn; č,œ,r,v,o,....................Lapp/Saami čoarve=antler,horn ALTAIC sor=elk's horns/C Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sose== soaked , wet (a) s,u~a,š~z,_,..................Sumerian EG _uš 11 =moistening, spittle, poison, charm-spell; sug=swamp; -,o>a,s,,.....................Hungarian _áz-ik =get soaked; _ösz =fall season, grey ; t,a~o~u,t,,...................Vogul/Mansi titi=get soaked; t>l,a~o~u,t~l,,...............Ostyak/Khan tătta ; lăstə=to dipp,immerse,soak; š,o~a,z,,.....................Votyak/Udm sõz-=get wet; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *soηke== very old person (society) (a) s,u~a,ŋ~g,e,..................Sumerian EG suŋ-in=ancient,old,decay; _ùg-un, _ugu 4=progenitor; -,o>a,g,_,....................Hungarian _agg =elder bachelor man; ük =great grand parent; š,a~o~u,ηg~g,e,...............Cherem/Mari šoηgə,šoηγo=old; s,a~o,nk~ng,i,................Finn/Suomi ikä =age; _ukko =the old god s,a~o,nk~ng,i,................Estonian ika =age; _,a,χ~k~c,e~a,................Etruskan san = ancestor; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *soηke== spike , wedge (tool) s,u~a,ŋ~g,e,..................Sumerian EG _k-ak,_gak=peg,nail,joint (reduplication?); _ug-un 2=decoration; -,o>a,g,_,....................Hungarian _ék=wedge, plug; szeg =nail; -ék-es=decorated; t,a~o~u,ηk>ηχ,,...............Vogul/Mansi toηk, luηk =to plug, stopper, cork; t>l,a~o~u,ηk>ηχ,,.............Ostyak/Khan tŏηk, λoηk = spike, peg s~š,œ,ηk~ηg~gg,e,.............Lapp/Saami sagge =pin,peg _,a,χ~k~c,e~a,................Etruskan _ak=point; ALTAIC ak,ik=plow/Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śoηε== jump , follow , flee (v) š~s~z,u~a,g,_,................Sumerian EG súg, su 8=to stand, travel, lead out; zìg=stand up,rise,high; sz,o>a,k>v,ε,.................Hungarian szág-uld=to ride,travel verry fast; szök =to jump,skip,escape; s~t,a~o~u,η(k),,..............Vogul/Mansi šul-enti=jump,rush, scurry, skip [η> j>l] s~t,a~o~u,η(k)~γ,,............Ostyak/Khan saγi-tta=gallop, skip (dog or horse) ALTAIC sek- /Azeri,Chagatai Turk; sik-/Chuvash, sek-/Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *suðe== finger > hand (body) s,a~u,d~š,_,..................Sumerian EG su_ =hand?fingers -,u~o,j~gy,,..................Hungarian _ujj=finger ~_ügy =another word for hand t,u~o~ö,ľ,,...................Vogul/Mansi tuľ, toľà-=finger t>l,u~o~ö,l~j,,...............Ostyak/Khan λui, lui,iui,tui, =finger t,ü~o,ð~j,e,..................Samoyed taj-am=finger/ Tajgi; taje-da=finger/Mot Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śuke== termite , wood worm (animal) š~s~z,a~u,η~h,_,..............Sumerian EG ušu_ + geš =insect + wood "wood insect" sz,u~o,v,,....................Hungarian szúv-at, szú =termite s~t,u~o~ö,γ~x~-,,.............Vogul/Mansi såu, sou =tree worm s~t,u~o~ö,γ~x~-,,.............Ostyak/Khan săγ,sau =wood worm š~s,o~u,_~j,,.................Cherem/Mari šeγə=termite ś~š,i~e,_,,...................Votyak/Udm pi-ćei=termite (pu>pi=wood) ś~š,i~e,_,,...................Zuryen/Komi ťśe_i=termite (tś~š) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śukke== small part, piece (a) š~s~z,a~u,g~h,e~i,............Sumerian EG šag 2,3, zìg =chop, uproot, damage; šuku=food portion,ration; sz,u~o,k,_,...................Hungarian szak =portion, part, to rip off the whole; szak-it=ripps off; s~t,u~o~ö,k,,.................Vogul/Mansi săk =zerbrechen, zerfallen, entzweigehen, ... s~t,u~o~ö,k,,.................Ostyak/Khan saχa-tam=to fall apart, get smashed to pieces; s,u~o,kk~k,i,.................Finn/Suomi sukku=in a crushed or destroyed state; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sükse== autumn , fall , rainy season < to fall down (nature) s,u~i,η~h,š~z,e~i,............Sumerian EG šuš 2, šu_2,4 =overcast, cast down; šeη 3,7 =rain -,ü~ö,v,s,_,..................Hungarian _ösz=autumn, fall time < rainy season; áz=to get soaked; t,u~o~a,γt,,..................Vogul/Mansi tüyjs, takwəs =fall time, autumn; t>l,u~o~a,γt,,................Ostyak/Khan sögəas ==fall time, autumn; š,u~o,kš,e,...................Cherem/Mari šəžə =fall time, autumn; š,i~e,s,,.....................Votyak/Udm siz'-yl, śiźel =fall time, autumn; s,u~o,kś,o,...................Mordvin śokś, sokś, śoks =fall time, autumn; s,u,k,s,i,....................Finn/Suomi syksy, syys =fall time, autumn; s,u,k,s,i,....................Estonian sügis =fall time, autumn; s~š,o,k,s,e,..................Lapp/Saami čâk'čâ =fall time, autumn; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śuka==bark, rind, skin; or śowe =leather draught cord; (tool) š~s~z,a~u,η~h,a,..............Sumerian EG sa_ =cord,sinew (1) sz,u~o,v,a~o,.................Hungarian szíj =leather strap, belt; s~t,u~o~ö,γ~x~-,,.............Vogul/Mansi soχ=animal skin, bark;(2) såu,såw=bark,crust,rind,skin(2) s~t,u~o~ö,γ~x~-,,.............Ostyak/Khan segä =draught-strap,halter (of reindeer or dogs) s,u~o,k,ē,....................Estonian suga =inner bark;(2) s,ü~o,gg,e,...................Samoyed so_, saa_ =halter /Eńeć; (1) ALTAIC soqə =skin/ Ewenki-Tung; suku=skin/Manchu-Tung; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sula== melt (v) _,a~u,l,a,....................Sumerian EG zal=to flow -,u~o,l,a~o,..................Hungarian _olv-ad=melt; (?ol > olv-) t,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi tal=melt t>l,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,,.............Ostyak/Khan tăDε, tŏte=melt š,o~u,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari šəl-em, šul-em=melt š,i~e,l,e,....................Votyak/Udm sõl, syl=melt š,i~e,l,a,....................Zuryen/Komi sil, siv, si_=melt s,o,l,a~o,....................Mordvin sola=melt s,u~o,l,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi sula,_ula =melt s,u~o,ll,ē,...................Estonian sula=melt s~š,u~o,ll,ē,.................Lapp/Saami šoľk-ete=liquefy, šolg-it=melt; (-lk-, -lg- a problem!) s,u,l,a,......................Yukagir _alaa, jäl, lol=melt/Yukagir Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *süle== lapp (body) , embrace , fathom (arm length) _,u~i,l,_,....................Sumerian EG hal=crotch (s>->h)< lap; _u_ 5=to mount (intercourse), to ride; -,ü~ö,l,,.....................Hungarian _öl =lap; _öl-el=embrace; öl =armlength ; t,u~o~a,l~Λ~t,,...............Vogul/Mansi tal, tεl=bosom, embrace, fathom; t>l,u~o~a,l~Λ~t,,.............Ostyak/Khan löl=embrace; tət=fathom; š,u~o,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari śülö=embrace, šülö=fathom; š,i~e,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm sil=embrace; š,i~e,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi syl=fathom; s,e,l,o,......................Mordvin seľ=embrace, fathom; s,u,l,i,......................Finn/Suomi syli=bosom, outstretched arms, fathom; s~š,o,ll,e,...................Lapp/Saami sâlâ=bosom,outstretched arms, fathom. t,ü~o,l,e,....................Samoyed tii=embrace/Selkup; ťīe=embrace/Eńec; ťimi/Ŋanasan Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sōηe== (or tü:ne) enter > get into (v) _,e,b,_,......................Sumerian ES _ab-ul=gate; -,o,k>v,,.....................Hungarian _av-ik =grow into, penetrate (arch);_av-at=inculcate; av-at-koz t,ú,η(k),,....................Vogul/Mansi tuu_ =go into t>l,u,η(k)~γ,,................Ostyak/Khan tăη =crawl, enter; lăη =crawl; step into; s,u,v~η,o,....................Mordvin suva =enter s~š,uo,η~ń,e,.................Lapp/Saami suodjâ =creep into; t,ō,η,e,......................Samoyed ťuηu=approach, enter/Neńec; s,ō,η,e,......................Yukagir šou,šogu=enter/Yukagir; ALTAIC šoŋu =?dive /Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *šure== cut, split, divide > cut down , reap (v) s~š,a~u,r,_,..................Sumerian EG šár=to slaughter; _ur4=cut,shear,harvest;suh2,3,5=uproot,displace _,u~o,r,,.....................Hungarian _ir-t =to cut down (forrest),exterminate;_ar-at,?tar-ol =reap,mow t,u~o~ö,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi tărt t~l,u~o~ö,r,,.................Ostyak/Khan jŏr-t, lŏrt=cut to pieces, saw into pieces; š,i~e,r,,.....................Votyak/Udm šyr =split in two, cut off, truncate š,i~e,r,,.....................Zuryen/Komi šyr =to cut, snip, cut around, split t,ü~o,r,e,....................Samoyed taru'-áma /Tvg; taarap /Selk; divide t,u,r,e~a,....................Etruskan _ar=cut; ALTAIC _or=to cut/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *sure-== finger (body) _,a~u,r,e~i,-,................Sumerian EG su_ =hand s,o,r,e,-,....................Mordvin sur s~š,u~o,rr,e,-,...............Lapp/Saami suoŕbmâ Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śore== stem , shaft , branch , legg (body) š~s~z,u~a,r,_,................Sumerian EG za-ra =pole, shaft; sar=to begin < originate << stem from sz,o>a,r,,....................Hungarian szár =stem, shaft; láb-szár=shank of the legg; szár-m-az=descend s~t,a~o~u,r,,.................Vogul/Mansi sår="stiefelschaft", kāt-sår =underarm (kat=arm);la'il-sar=shank s~t,a~o~u,r,,.................Ostyak/Khan sor,sùr =shaft; sår=bootlegg; kor-sur =span; ket-sur=underarm; š~ś,o~u,r,o,..................Mordvin tšör, tšer = leg shank s,a~o,r,i,....................Finn/Suomi sääri ="unterschenkel" (supposedly unrelated) ALTAIC türei=bootlegg/CMongol; ture=bootleg/Manchu; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śorε== tight , become narrow > tight > dense ? thicket (a) š~s~z,u~a,r,_,................Sumerian EG sur = to press out; sir 2 =dense, density; sz,o>a,r,ε,...................Hungarian szor-os =tight, urgent, mountain pass; sürü =thick, dense, often; s~t,a~o~u,r,,.................Vogul/Mansi sori =valley; s~t,a~o~u,r,,.................Ostyak/Khan sŏ_rt=a narrow strip of land; ś~š,o~a,r,,...................Votyak/Udm śuräs =road < narrow strip?? ś~š,o~a,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi śur, mu-śur=forrested part of territory, esp. between rivers; ALTAIC ?śəra, śora = thick, compact/Cheremis(not common in Altaic either Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śüða== frost , hoar frost , cold (a) š~s~z,u~i,d~š,a,..............Sumerian EG sed, še_ , šed 7,11 = cold water, coolness, cold brook; sz,ü~ö,j~gy,a~o,..............Hungarian hid-eg? (#s>h?) =cold; s~t,u~o~a,ľ,,.................Vogul/Mansi śal' = frost, frozen dew; s~t,u~o~a,l~j,,...............Ostyak/Khan suj =hoar frost/Demkaja; soj=frost,hoar frost/Vah; č,o,δδ,ē,.....................Lapp/Saami čoððe = coating of ice formed by frozen rain or sleet Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śuku= (and śuηkε) family, collective > derivational (suffix) š~s~z,a~u,η~h,a,..............Sumerian EG -ság =derivational suffix(not common);saŋ, sa_12=head,point,human sz,u~o,v,u~o,.................Hungarian -ság =derivational suffix; ex: társ=fellow man; társa-ság=society s,u~o,k,_,....................Finn/Suomi suku=family; siki= ofspring s,u,k,_,......................Livonian suk =family; s,u~o,k,_,....................Estonian sugu =family; s~z,u,v,u,....................Etruskan śacu, śaxu =head; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śurwa== stabb , pierce , thrust (v) š~s~z,a~u,r,,a,...............Sumerian EG sar, šar=insert,enter; _ra = stabb, slay, strike; šar-an=tick, sz,u~o,r,v,,..................Hungarian szúr =to stabb, pierce, stick into, bite (bug); szarv=horn; s~t,u~o~ö,r,-,,...............Vogul/Mansi šōr-əp, sōr-p, šòr-p =male moose; (+p =male; not part of root) š~s,o~u,r,-,,.................Cherem/Mari šure, šore =crush, pound, stamp, prick, thrust; s,u~o,r,v,o,..................Finn/Suomi surva-ise =thrust, survo- =crush, pound, stamp; s,u~o,r,u,o,..................Estonian suru-ma Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śurε== pitch (tree) š~s~z,a~u,r,_,................Sumerian EG esir-hia 2, esir 2 =bitumen , pitch; sz,u~o,r,ε,...................Hungarian szúr-ok=pitch, tar, blackened by smoke ś~š,i~e,r,,...................Votyak/Udm śir=resin,tar; ś~š,i~e,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi śir=bitumen,resin,tar; ALTAIC suχər =tar /Chuvash Turk; sakiz /Osman Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śuwe== mouth 2 > śawe= word (body) š~s~z,a~u,-,_,................Sumerian EG sub=pray; sùl, su 6, sun 4, sum 4 = chin, lower lip; z,e,-,_,......................Sumerian ES šu.um-du.um =lip; sz,u,,........................Hungarian száj=mouth; szav, szó_=word; szó-l=talks,calls; ..........................................szav-al=recite poetry s~t,a,,.......................Vogul/Mansi sūp=mouth, saw=melodie,noise,voice,word; kaj-saw=prayer; s~t,a,,.......................Ostyak/Khan sŏu=word, saw=melody š~s,ū,,.......................Cherem/Mari śu ? ś~š,ū~ō,,.....................Votyak/Udm śu =thirst? ś~š,ū~-ō,,....................Zuryen/Komi śu-kes =thirst? (?sik=dry) s,uu~oo,,.....................Finn/Suomi suu=mouth s,uu~oo,,.....................Estonian suu =mouth č,u~o,v,e,....................Lapp/Saami tsuuwe=mouth; čoddâ =throat; s,ü~o,_,e,....................Samoyed śō_, sū s,u,w,e,......................Penuitan caw= sing, song/Calif Wintu; ALTAIC sav=talk,word,message/Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *śüće= clean , pure , virgin , sister (family) š~s~z,u~i,š~s~z,_,............Sumerian EG šeš =siblings (brother/sister) -reduplicated form. sz,ü~ö,cs~gy~s,,..............Hungarian szüz = virgin (girl) s~t,u~o~a,š~č,,...............Vogul/Mansi śèś =mainden, teenage girl, virgin; s~t,u~o~a,š~č,,...............Ostyak/Khan śāś=sister; śeďź=clear,not cloudy water ś~š,i~e,ć~ś~č,,...............Votyak/Udm śuDž-al = clean, purify; uźi =sister in law s,u,s~ts,i,...................Finn/Suomi sis-ar =sister; s~z,ü,s~χ,e,..................Etruskan sec, sech, sex = sister, girl child. (see Vogul) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tale== dish (made of wood) (tool) d,a~u,l,_,....................Sumerian EG tal =large jug; utul 7= pot; du-g =pot,jar,vessel; ..........................................dil-ur=pole,mast; t,a~o,l,,.....................Hungarian tál = a large plate, dish; ?asz-tal =eating plate > table; t,o~u,l~Λ~t,,.................Vogul/Mansi tul = stick onto which meat is hung; tūl-āna=rough wood plate; t~θ,a,l,e~a,..................Etruskan ?thina=ewer (pitcher with a wide spout); Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *täje== louse < sting, pierce (animal) d,a~i,,_,.....................Sumerian EG dih 2=to sting, point; ti_=arrow t,e,j~gy,,....................Hungarian te-tü=louse, tü=needle; tus = drawing pen ..........................................<< tatooing/piercing tool; t,ä~e,j~i,,...................Vogul/Mansi tax-em =louse; t,ä~e,j~i,,...................Ostyak/Khan tög-təm, teu-təm =louse; ?tus = identification mark < tatoo t,ä~e,j,,.....................Cherem/Mari tij, ti t~d,o~u,j~i,,.................Votyak/Udm toi, tyj t,o~u,j~i,,...................Zuryen/Komi toj,tüj t,ää,_,.......................Finn/Suomi täi =louse; d,ie~a,ggj~kk,e,..............Lapp/Saami dikke,tihke; t,ä,j,e,......................Penuitan tussa =write,mark,tatoo/Calif-Penuitn ALTAIC tikte / Tungusic (tick?); Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *täktä== bone > ?physical body-corpse (body) d,a~i,g~_,a~i,................Sumerian EG tug-ul =thigh;dùg,du 10=member,knees,loins;ti_=ribb bone;da_=arm t,e,t,,.......................Hungarian te_t-em =body,corpse; test=body; ta-g=member(of the body,group), t,ä,ht~ks,ä,..................Finn/Suomi tahti, tähde =?baton,bar? d,ie~a,kt,ē,..................Lapp/Saami dakte=bone, woody, get dry-stingy-difficult; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tala-sε== scaffolding > stand d,a~u,l,a~u,-,š~z,i~e,........Sumerian EG dellu =mast t,a~o,l,a~o,-,s,ε,............Hungarian ?tanya =farmstead (l~n is attested) t,o~u,l~Λ~t,a,-,t,,...........Vogul/Mansi tul =pole on which meat is hung t~d,o~u,l,o~u,-,z,,...........Votyak/Udm til-is =cabin, hut, shack < scafolding. t,a,l,a,-,s,ε,................Finn/Suomi tal-as =pole or stand on which (meat) is hung to dry t,a,ll,a,-,s,ε,...............Estonian talu=farmhouse; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tälwä== winter < cold ? (nature) [? talme m~w > talwe] d,a~i,ll,a~i,.................Sumerian EG te_n=cold, en-ten =winter time (en=time locative); t,e,l,,.......................Hungarian tél =winter, tél-en =in winter time (en=time locative); t,ä~e,l,,.....................Vogul/Mansi täl,toal=winter; tal-nə =in winter time; t,ä~e,l,,.....................Ostyak/Khan tat,taΛ,tal; t,ä~e,l,,.....................Cherem/Mari tel=winter; t~d,o~u,ľ,,...................Votyak/Udm tol=winter; tõl-yn=in winter time; t,o~u,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi tel=winter; t~ť,ä~e,ľ,e,..................Mordvin ťeľe=winter; t,ä,lv,ä,.....................Finn/Suomi talv=snow;winter; talvõ-na =in winter time/Vaadja; t,ä,lv,ä,.....................Livonian tōla =winter t,ä,lv,ä,.....................Estonian talv=snow;winter; d,ie~a,ľv,ē,..................Lapp/Saami dalve=winter; ALTAIC don=frost,freeze /Turk; tan=coldwind/Ch Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tampε== banging , tossing , drum (v) d,u,b,i~e,....................Sumerian EG dúb=kick,flop,quake,knock down; dub=shake; t,a~o,b,,.....................Hungarian tip-or =stomp the ground; tap-s=clap; ?dob-=druming,banging,throw t,a,mp,,......................Vogul/Mansi tampi =beating, loud bang; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *türwe== ? customs , rules (society) d,u~i,r,,e~i,.................Sumerian EG tar=decide, deliberate, judicious t,ü~ö,r,v,_,..................Hungarian törv-ény=law, terv-ez=to plan (decision) ALTAIC törü=government,customs,rule/Kök Turk; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tarke== crane -bird << "pointy" bird. (bird) d,u,r,_,e~i,..................Sumerian EG dar=bird type + hu=bird t,a~o,r,v,_,..................Hungarian darv_ , dar-ú=crane (ku>u) dual consonants avoided r-k > r t,a,r,γ~x~-,,.................Vogul/Mansi tār-iγ=crane t,a,r,γ~x~-,,.................Ostyak/Khan tōre, tar, tār-eχ=crane; t~d,o~u,r,_,,.................Votyak/Udm turi=crane; t,o~u,r,_,,...................Zuryen/Komi turi=crane; t,a,r,v~_,e,..................Penuitan tore=crane/Cal Wintu; ALTAIC tùru =crane/Altaic;turu-mi/Korean;tsúru/Japanese; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tärε== ceremonial glenn, plaza, area, region, step into (house) ............................................(religion) d,a~i,r,_,....................Sumerian EG di-ir-ga=cultic center; tir-azag =holy glen; t,e,r,ε,......................Hungarian tér=plaza,(arch)to fit,area,ceremonial plaza; ter-em=hall, ..........................................ter-ül=spread t,ä~e,r,,.....................Ostyak/Khan tir=ceremonial glen; ter-ni =to find room; t~d,o~u,r,,...................Votyak/Udm tär- =to find space, fit; t~θ,a~e,r,ε,..................Etruskan atri-um=hallentrance; tar-ils=area of study/knowledge,carrier, ..................................................region; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *täwte== fire (nature) d,a~i,-,d,e~i,................Sumerian EG tab=fever-to burn, sting, fever; dib =to burn; tab,tab2=fire,to b ..........................................urn; t,e,-,d,_,....................Hungarian tüz =fire; ?tap-ló=tinder; t,ä~e,-,t,,...................Vogul/Mansi taβt=fire; t,ä~e,-,t,,...................Ostyak/Khan tuγa,tut=fire; t~θ,a~e,_,t,e~a,..............Etruskan θuśti, tusti=in fire, in the flame; from frunerary ash container ALTAIC togo /Tungusic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *täwδe== (telke?) full , complete time , fill (a) d,a~i,l,e~i,..................Sumerian EG til=finish, ripe,end of, dé_=full t,e,l,_,......................Hungarian tel-e=full; tölt=to fill; el-tel = passing of time, ..........................................töl-t =to fill; t,ä~e,l,,.....................Vogul/Mansi tail=full t,ä~e,l,,.....................Ostyak/Khan tet=full t,ä~e,t,e,....................Cherem/Mari tiťš=full t~d,o~u,l,,...................Votyak/Udm dol-ak=all t,ä,yt~ys,i,..................Finn/Suomi täis=full t,ä,yd~ys,i,..................Estonian täis=full d,ie~a,wd,e,..................Lapp/Saami dəewd-et=fill, fill up; t~θ,a~e,_,t,e~a,..............Etruskan θil-en, θelu, θelusa =to fill, pour, full; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *taγε== view , region (location) d,a~u,(h~g),_,................Sumerian EG ?-da=locative? d,e,(h~g),_,..................Sumerian ES . t,a~o,v~u,ε,..................Hungarian táj=region, view; táj-ék-oz =get directions to an area/place; t,o~u,γ~x~w,,.................Vogul/Mansi taγe d,o>uo,γ~k~hk,ε,..............Lapp/Saami ?taiw=tract; daiva Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *taje-tte== to hide > to keep a secret t,a~o,j,e~i,-,t,_,............Hungarian tit-ok=secret; t,o~u,j,e,-,t,,...............Vogul/Mansi tujt- =to conceal, hide; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tara== to free , to open (v) d,a~u,r,a,....................Sumerian EG dar=to crack open; dir-ig, diri =to go over; ..........................................di_ = to escape, togo; t,a~o,r,a~o,..................Hungarian tár =to open up wide, storage; tör=to break; t,a~o~u,r,,...................Cherem/Mari tar-aš=to enlarge, expand, open wide, spread, stretch out, ................................................throw open t,o~u,r,a,....................Zuryen/Komi tara-v-ni =bulge (of the eyes), eyes wide open; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tarttu-== fasten, hold, keep; *tarttε- =get stuck, stick; (v) d,u,r,d,a~u,-,................Sumerian EG dára, dár = to bind, to pack, belt; t,a~o,r,t,u~o,-,..............Hungarian tart =to hold, keep, preserve, support; t~ť,a,r,t,o,-,................Mordvin targa =pull; t,a,r,tt~t,u~o,-,.............Finn/Suomi tartua ? Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tawe== lung (uncertain etymology) (body) t,u,,.........................Hungarian tü-dö =lung t~d,ū~ō,,.....................Votyak/Udm ty t~ť,a,v,o,....................Mordvin teviľav, tevlal t,uu~oo,,.....................Finn/Suomi täky, täty, tävy t,uu~oo,,.....................Estonian tävü, täü t,ā,_,e,......................Samoyed tiiji/Eńec; tu/Kamas; tiiwak/Ńeńec; tüümäktä/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *teke== do , make (v) (also *tewe=labor,work) d,e~i,η~h,_,..................Sumerian EG dùg, du_ =build,work,make,mould ; t,e~i,v,,.....................Hungarian tev-,te_-sz, =to make, to do t~ť,e~i,j~v,o,................Mordvin teje t~θ,e~a,v,e~a,................Etruskan θez, θes, θa-m, θe-n =to make, to do, to build, to found; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *telwe==(?) settlement (? winter quarters)(? bird settling) (v) d,e~i,ll,e~i,.................Sumerian EG tìl= to dwell, to live , survive ; t,e~i,l,_,....................Hungarian tel-ep =colony, settlement, habitation; tel-ep-ül=to settle down, Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *temε-== full, jam, stuff into > burry, grave, cemetary ; d,e~i,m~n,ε,-,................Sumerian EG tum 2 ,(ki)-tum =burrial (place); ?idim =mass, weight d,e~i,m~n,ε,-,................Sumerian ES . t,e~i,m~v,ε,-,................Hungarian tem-et=to burry, temetö=cemetary; töm =to stuff into, tömör=dense t,e~y~ə,m~w,ε,-,..............Cherem/Mari tema- =become full, be filled, be satiated- d,æ~ie~i,m~mb,ε,-,............Lapp/Saami dievvâ =become full, be filled u; t,e~a~o,m~β,ε,-,..............Samoyed dimi- =seal up/Ŋaŋasan; t~θ,e~a,m~v,ε,-,..............Etruskan tam-era, tam-iaθ-uras = burial/cemetary guards; tamera = grave; ALTAIC ??tombal =full, tümle=complete/Turkish; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tempe== to pull, rip apart (v) d,e~i,b,e,....................Sumerian EG dab 2,4,5, dib 2 =to hold, seize, take ? t,e~i,b,_,....................Hungarian tép =to pluck, to pull, rip apart, to shred; t,e~ie,mp~mm,i,...............Finn/Suomi temma-ta =to grab, seize, rip, rip apart, tear; t,e~i,mp~mm,i,................Estonian tõmba-ma =to pull, yank; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tuηe= member of the body, family,or organization;(body)(family) d,a~u,η,_,....................Sumerian EG dùg =member t,u~o,k>v,,...................Savard Hung tag =member of the body, family, or orgainization; t~θ,u,n,e~a,..................Etruskan tan-asa 1 =family member, relative; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tepe== mistake, error, get lost (v) d,e~i,m,_,....................Sumerian EG dib 2 =to wander (?get lost) t,e~i,v,,.....................Hungarian tév=mistaken, tév-es=false, tév-ed=get lost; t,e,p~w,,.....................Vogul/Mansi tipi=mistaken t,e,p~w,,.....................Ostyak/Khan təw-tä =to be wrong,get lost, err Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *terä== edge , pointed knife , weapon (tool) d,e~i,r,_,....................Sumerian EG dar=slice,split; tar=cut; dih 2= barb,point,fever; ..........................................dur 10=ax <'to slice,split' t,e~i,r,e,....................Hungarian tö:r=stabing knife,sword, rappier; tör-ni =to break; t,e~y~ə,r,,...................Cherem/Mari ter =edge; t~d,o~u~e,r,,.................Votyak/Udm tir = hatchet; t,e~ie,r,ä,...................Finn/Suomi terä =blade;terä =ear of(wheat),seed,edge,summit,tip; t,e~i,r,ä,....................Estonian terä =ear of (wheat), edge, summit, tip, mountain, d,æ~ie~i,rr,ē,................Lapp/Saami tierr =blade (of a knife) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tewe== moose < ?? > camel (animal) d,e~i,-,_,....................Sumerian EG dib-id =camel; t,e~i,v,,.....................Hungarian teve = camel < ?Turkic deve; t,e~ie,,......................Finn/Suomi teva-nna=moose cow; tevanki=bull moose; t,e~a~o,_,e,..................Samoyed tïa=reindeer/Eńec; to/Kamas; tyy=tame reindeer/Ńeńec; ..........................................dejba/Ŋaŋasan ALTAIC tĭbŋe=camel/Altaic; debe/Turkic; deve=Turkish; temegen/Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tewe== to labour , work (v) d,e~i,-,_,....................Sumerian EG dù_ =does,makes, build, work (also as verbal suffix); t,e~i,v,,.....................Hungarian tev-ék-eny=to be doing; te-sz=makes,does; also as verbal suffix; t~ť,e~i,v,o,..................Mordvin ťäv, tev =labour, matter, thing, work t,e~ie,,......................Finn/Suomi työ =labour, work; t,e~i,,.......................Estonian töö =labour, work, deed Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tin== (ti) you (pronoun) z,i,n~ŋ,......................Sumerian EG za=you,-zu=your d,i,n~ŋ,......................Sumerian ES du =you t,i~e,n,......................Hungarian te=you-familiar(singular),ti =you(plur),-d/-s=you(verbal suffx), t,i,(n),......................Cherem/Mari ti-ń t~d,i,n,......................Votyak/Udm te,te-ne t~ť,i~e,n,....................Mordvin to-n s,i~y,n,......................Finn/Suomi si-na (ti > si) d,i~ie,ń~n,...................Lapp/Saami do-n k,i,n~η,......................Samoyed to-di, ta-n Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *toηa== that > that way, thither; d,u~a,η,a,....................Sumerian EG dal =to be far away; -ta =away from suffix; t,o>a,k>v,a~o,................Hungarian tova =away toward it; ott=there; túl =bejond; -tól=from suffix; t,a~o~u,η(k),,................Vogul/Mansi ton, to- t,a~o~u,η(k)~γ,,..............Ostyak/Khan to-mi, tom, tŏm =that one over there t,a~o~u,η~j>-,,...............Cherem/Mari ty t,o~a,_,a,....................Zuryen/Komi ty t~ť,o~u,v~η,a~o,..............Mordvin tona, to t,oo,_,.......................Finn/Suomi tuo =that, yonder d,œ,η~ń,ē,....................Lapp/Saami duot t,u~o,η,e,....................Samoyed tohoono =that (one) there /Eηec; to- =this/Selkup; t,o,η,a,......................Yukagir ta=there, thither; taŋ=that,thence, thus ALTAIC tugi =so, tukin=so much/Tunguz-Ewenki Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tōke-== bring into being > give > birth 2 / lay egg (v) d,u,η~h,e~i,-,................Sumerian EG tu_=beget,de_ 2,6=bring, túm or de 6=to bring; tah=multiply,add d,e,η~h,e~i,-,................Sumerian ES [ga =to bring;*(see hoz)] t,o,v,e~i,-,..................Hungarian toj=lay egg, tyúk=hen ( ?töke=live stock, stock ) t,ú,γ~x~-,e,-,................Vogul/Mansi tú_ t~ť,u,j~v,e,-,................Mordvin tuje- d,uo,kk,e,-,..................Lapp/Saami duoke t,ō,gg,e,-,...................Samoyed tada'ama ALTAIC *toγ=give birth/Altaic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tompε== hill , mound (nature) d,u~a,b,i~e,..................Sumerian EG dub, du 6, =pile up; du_=hill; du-d=mound; ..........................................tem-en =foundation platform; t,o>a,b,,.....................Hungarian domb=hill, dob=pile/toss up? t,a~o~u,mp,,..................Vogul/Mansi tomp=hill, tump=island ALTAIC *tepe=hill /Turkic; Turkic >> Tadjik tumba Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tōwe== pond > lake (nature) t,u,,.........................Hungarian tav, tó =lake t,a,,.........................Vogul/Mansi tō=see; tәw, tog, too =lake t,a,,.........................Ostyak/Khan tŏg, təw =pond; t,ū,,.........................Cherem/Mari to-mõž t~d,ū~ō,,.....................Votyak/Udm ty =pond; t,ō,_,e,......................Samoyed to=lake /Selkup; to,tó/Neńec; tu=branch of river/Kamas; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tule-==come (v) > find d,a~u,l,e~i,-,................Sumerian EG du_ =come and go; t,u~o,l,e~i,-,................Hungarian tal-ál=find,locate,discover; ? -tol=suffix "from" t,o~u,l,e,-,..................Cherem/Mari tòl-am-=come; t,u~o,l,e~ie,-,...............Finn/Suomi tule=come; t,u~o,ll,e~i,-,...............Estonian tule-ma =come; d,u~o,ll,e,-,.................Lapp/Saami tolli- =come; t,ü~o,l,e,-,..................Samoyed tuu_ /Eńec; too- /Neńec; tuldy =bring,deliver/Selkup; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tūle== ( & tul-ma) wind (nature) d,a,l,_,......................Sumerian EG tu_ 15 & tu_-mu=wind, direction; tu-ma =to fart; (-ma=deverbal) t,u,l,,.......................Hungarian dúl =raging (storm,war,etc); t>s?szél=wind t,uu,l,,......................Cherem/Mari tul=storm t~d,i,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm tel=wind t,i,l,,.......................Zuryen/Komi tel,tev=weather,wind; t,uu,l,i,.....................Finn/Suomi tuuli=strom, wind; t,u~o,ll,i,...................Estonian tuul=wind ALTAIC *tavyl=storm/Turkic; ?yl=wind/Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tulka==feather , fly , wing (body) d,a~u,l,a,....................Sumerian EG dal=to fly; t,u~o,l(og),,.................Hungarian tol_=feather; ?szál =fly (t>z normally internally) t,u~o~ö,l(γ),,................Vogul/Mansi toul=feather, tila-mi=fly; t,u~o~ö,l(γ),,................Ostyak/Khan togal=feather,wing; t,o~u,l(γ),,..................Cherem/Mari -tōl=feather,wing; t~d,i~e,l,e,..................Votyak/Udm tili t,i~e,l,a,....................Zuryen/Komi tyl-, tyv-= wing, finn, tail feather; t~ť,o,lg~ld,a~o,..............Mordvin tolga=feather,wing; d,u~o,lg,ē,...................Lapp/Saami doľge=feather,wing; t,ü~o,ll,e,...................Samoyed too ALTAIC *talo=wing/Altaic, dal=fly/Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tultε== magic power, sorcery , knowledge, shaman (society) d,a~u,,d,i~e,.................Sumerian EG tal =to know t,u~o,l,d,,...................Hungarian tált-os=shaman (archaism?); tud-os=scientist, tud-ás=knowledge; t,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,t,,.............Vogul/Mansi tūlt, tūlt-en=easily done t,u~o~ö,l~Λ~t,t,,.............Ostyak/Khan tolt-na=do with magic; tolten= having magical powers; t~d,i~e,_,d,,.................Votyak/Udm tod =knowledge, acquaintance, remember; t,i~e,_,d,,...................Zuryen/Komi ted = d,u~o,l,ht~tt,ε,..............Lapp/Saami dowd-ât =know,perceive,sense,understand,know about,able to findou t~θ,u,l~t,ε,..................Etruskan trut-nvt = haruspex (one who prophesizes from entrails) (net>nvt) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tumpe== to strike , hit , shake , ..........................................*tappa= trample, stamp ,drum (v) d,a~u,b,e,....................Sumerian EG dúb, túb= to kick, flop; ..........................................a-dab=drum, hammer, tremble, quake;to rumble t,u~o,b,_,....................Hungarian dob-ol=to drum; dob =a drum; tomb-ol=shave violently, tipor=stomp t,u~o~ö,mp,,..................Vogul/Mansi tåmpi =beat,knock,strike against; t~d,i~e,b~p,,.................Votyak/Udm tap-irti=stampede, stamp, stomp, trample on t,i~e,b~p,,...................Zuryen/Komi top-jödni =stamp with the feet; t~ť,o,mb,o,...................Mordvin tapa = to step on, to press on; t,u~o,mp~mm,i,................Finn/Suomi tappa = to kill, to cut down; ..........................................tappan =to crush with the foot,stomp on; t,ü~o,m~β,b,e,................Samoyed taponnau ="I kicked with the leg"/ Selkup; t~θ,u,m~v,p,e~a,..............Etruskan θapi-cun, θapin-tas = to step on, trample; ALTAIC dav-ul=drum/Turkish; too=hand drum/Manchu; tapta=trample/Chuvash; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tumte-== feel > know (v) d,a~u,d,e~i,-,................Sumerian EG tal =to know t,u~o,d,e~i,-,................Hungarian tud =to know, tud-ás=knowledge; tudos=scientist; t,u~o~ö,nt,e,-,...............Vogul/Mansi tūlt, tūlt-en=easily done; t~d,i~e,d,o~u~e,-,............Votyak/Udm tod =apprehend,know t,i~e,d,o~u~e,-,..............Zuryen/Komi tod- =know,experience,perceive t,u~o,nt,e~ie,-,..............Finn/Suomi tunte=apprahend,feel,know,perceive,recognize d,u~o,dd,e,-,.................Lapp/Saami dowd-ât=apprehend,feel,know,perceive,recognize t,ü~o,mt,e,-,.................Samoyed tumta =able,can /Yur; tomto-=understand/Yen; tuddabo/Yen;... Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tuna== learn , accustom oneself > student , subject (v) d,a~u,n~ŋ,a,..................Sumerian EG dun= pupil, subordinate; tal =to know; de 5, ti_ 5=advise; t,u~o,n,a~o,..................Hungarian tan-ul=learn, tan=subject, tan-ul-ó =pupil, tan-it-ó=teacher; t,o~u,(n),,...................Cherem/Mari tun-ema=become accustomed to, learn; tunokte=teach t~d,i~e,n,e,..................Votyak/Udm tuno=magician, seer, shaman t,i~e,n,a,....................Zuryen/Komi tun=magician, seer t~ť,o,n,a~o,..................Mordvin tona-doms/tonav-toms=learn, become accustomed to t,u~o,n,a~o,..................Finn/Suomi tottu=accustom oneself; t,ü~o,n~η,e,..................Samoyed tana-m-dangs=learn; t~θ,u,n,a,....................Etruskan θan-asa 2 = teacher, subject,?actor; (tan-ács=advice) ALTAIC ťuŋe=to inform/ProtoAltaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tune== appear , become visible (2nd) (v) [origin unknown?] d,a~u,n~ŋ,_,..................Sumerian EG tán =to become clear, clear, light, free; d,e,n~ŋ,_,....................Sumerian ES šen = mirror, pail (?with water) t,u~o,n,,.....................Hungarian tün = become visible, appear(ance);tü_-kör=mirror; ..........................................tünd-ök-öl=shine briliantly; ALTAIC tün- =to be bright or clear, lighten /Chagatai [single example?] Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tarttu-== fasten , hold , keep ; *tarttε- =get stuck, stick; (v) d,u,r,d,a~u,-,................Sumerian EG dari=support; dára, dár =to bind,to pack,belt; ..........................................dur = bond, string, tie; t,a~o,r,t,u~o,-,..............Hungarian tar-t =to hold, keep, preserve, support; tár =storage, preserve; t~ť,a,r,t,o,-,................Mordvin tar-ga =pull; t,a,r,tt~t,u~o,-,.............Finn/Suomi tartu-a ? t~θ,a,r,t,u,-,................Etruskan tur =to grab, hold, to offer. ALTAIC tarta =to grab, fasten, hold/Altaic; tart- =weight/Turk... Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tōrem== sky , weather god [Ugor] (religion) d,u,r,e~i,m~n,................Sumerian EG daramah = a title of Enki the creator god, shaman-wisdom god, t,o,r,e~i,m~v,................Hungarian teremtö =creator; törzs =tribe, társa-ság = comunity, nation; t,ú,r,e,m,....................Vogul/Mansi toorem = god, sky, father of the gods; tör =root, origin; t,u,r,e,m,....................Ostyak/Khan turem =god, sky, time, world, father of the gods; d,uo,rr,æ~ie~i,m~mb,..........Lapp/Saami tierm-es =weather god; t~θ,ō,r,e~a,m~v,..............Etruskan tur-an = goddes of origin, an=female; ..........................................θ(u)r(a) = origin, community; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *türe== break , crack , crush , pound , smash (v) d,u~i,r,_,....................Sumerian EG tar =cut,break,decide, destroy, judicious; ..........................................dar=erase,split up,grind; t,ü~ö,r,,.....................Hungarian tör=break,crack,crush,pound, care, an effort,law,erase/wipe ..........................................(origin unknown) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *torke-== punish , quarrel, fight (v) d,u~a,r,_,e~i,-,..............Sumerian EG dir-ig=trouble,over concern; du_7 =but,gore; du_14=quarrel t,o>a,r,v,e~i,-,..............Hungarian dor-gál=scold (-gál=frequentive suffix); tor-lás =retaliation; t,a~o~u,r,_~j,e,-,............Cherem/Mari tor-le- =scold; t~ť,o~u,r,j~v,e,-,............Mordvin tur-ems=scuffle; t,a~o,r,k,e~ie,-,.............Finn/Suomi tora=quarrel; toru-=scold; d,œ,r,k,e,-,..................Lapp/Saami doar-ro=fight,struggle; doarro-=butt,gore,fight t,u~o,r,gg,e,-,...............Samoyed ťaar =quarrel ALTAIC ?ture =enemy/Uigur Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tūηe== (tü:ηe) stump > lower stem, tree trunk (tree) d,a,n,_,......................Sumerian EG ?tun 3, tu_ 10 =to defeat, massacre, to break up, smash; t,u,k>v,,.....................Hungarian töv, tö:=root,source; tönk=stump, "tönk-re" ver=utterly destroy; t,uu,η~j>-,,..................Cherem/Mari tüη=base,but t~d,i,_,,.....................Votyak/Udm din t~ť,o,v~η,o,..................Mordvin te-, tej-sa ALTAIC töη=base/Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tuηke== push in , vessel , container , plug (v) d,a~u,ŋ~g,e,..................Sumerian EG dug=vessel, pot, jar; dug 4=engage in sex t,u~o,g,_,....................Hungarian dug,tok =container, scabard, vessel, dug- =push into,hide t,u~o~ö,ηk>ηχ,,...............Vogul/Mansi tux-r,tox-eri =stuff into t~ť,o,ηg~k,o,.................Mordvin toηga-ms =drive in, put in, stuff in t,u~o,nk~ng,i,................Finn/Suomi tunke-a =break through,force into,press,push,squeeze into t,u~o,nk~ng,i,................Estonian tungi-ma ALTAIC *tīk'u/Altaic; tyk=hide /Kazakh,Osman-Turk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ture== neck , throat (body) t,u~o,r,,.....................Hungarian tor-ok = throat, windpipe, gullet; du-dol= humm a song; t,u~o~ö,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi to`r, tur =sound, throat; t,u~o~ö,r,,...................Ostyak/Khan tur =neck, throat Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *tūηki== swell (v) , broad , wide (a) d,a,ŋ~g,e,....................Sumerian EG daŋ-al,dag =widen, wide; dug-ud =heavy d,e,n~m,e,....................Sumerian ES da.ma.al =wide ; zé.bi-da =heavy; t,u,g,i~e,....................Hungarian tág =wide & broad; dag-ad =to swell; m~v táv =distant; t~d,i,(η)g,i,.................Votyak/Udm dun-di-nis Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *u-==[ or o] that , there , the (location) u,-,..........................Sumerian EG ù =and/as this; a = the; u,-,..........................Hungarian a, a-z =the, that; ott=there; itt=here; u~i~e,-,......................Cherem/Mari u i~e,-,........................Votyak/Udm o-ti=to there; o-tin=there; i~e,-,........................Zuryen/Komi a-ta=here; a-ti=there; u~o,-,........................Mordvin o, o-tin ü~o,-,........................Samoyed a-m ALTAIC o,ol =that (one) /Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *uće== (or wiće) wise , aware , observant (probably Altaic!) u,š~s~z,e~i,..................Sumerian EG _usu =skill, strength; _zu =wise; uš 4=intelligence; u,cs~gy~s,,...................Hungarian _ész = the mind; esz-es =smart, wise; ügy-es=clever; u,s~χ,e,......................Etruskan uśi, uśie =to hear, understand, obey; ALTAIC äs, as =the mind /Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *üje==[ or eje ] night , north (heavens) a~u,g~ŋ,e~i,..................Sumerian EG _gi 6, _gi-g 2=dark,night; u 4=time; saŋ-gig=north men, Sumerian; i,j~gy,,......................Hungarian éj_, éj-el =night, at night, é-szak=north a,j~i,,.......................Vogul/Mansi ji,ii,jie,jiγ =night; ī-vot=north wind; jike-poål=north; i,j~i,,.......................Ostyak/Khan jəj, iəi=night o~u,j~i,,.....................Votyak/Udm uj, üj =night; ü,j~i,,.......................Zuryen/Komi oj, voj, yj=night; ü,j,o,........................Mordvin vej, ve=night; ü,j~y,i,......................Finn/Suomi yöö=night; ü,j~i,i,......................Estonian _öö=night; ü~i,ggj~kk,e,.................Lapp/Saami iggjâ=night; #,ü,j,e,......................Penuitan way=night,north/Calif Wintu; oj=night,north/Calif Nisenan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *uje== float , swim a~u,g~ŋ,e~i,..................Sumerian EG us=waterfowl, duck; essa-du =flipper, fin; u,j,,.........................Hungarian usz =float, swim; úsz-ony =divers special "flipper" gloves; o~u,j,,.......................Vogul/Mansi uji, vuj =swim o~u,j,,.......................Ostyak/Khan ūiəm, ūit =swim u~i~e,-~j,,...................Cherem/Mari i.äm, iiam i~e,j,,.......................Votyak/Udm uj i~e,j,,.......................Zuryen/Komi ui-ni=swim u~o,j~-,o,....................Mordvin ujems u,j~i,i,......................Finn/Suomi uida u,?,e,........................Livonian ujua u,j~i,i,......................Estonian ujuma (v)a,j~i,e,...................Lapp/Saami vuoggjât, vijji ü~o,?,e,......................Samoyed urnak, uurnak/Selkup ALTAIC uju/Tungus, oj/Mongolic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ulte== by way of , through (location) a~u,l,d,e~i,..................Sumerian EG -dè- =by way of; u,l,d,_,......................Hungarian -ált-al=by way of; át =through,across; o~u,l~Λ~t,t,,.................Vogul/Mansi últa,uotta; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ur-os== lead male , leader , strong (society) a~u,r,-,u~a,š~z,..............Sumerian EG uru 16(-n)=strong,mighty,valiant,clever; er-im =soldier, man; e,r,-,e,š~z,..................Sumerian ES era =leader (of assembly); u,r,-,o>a,s,..................Hungarian uru > úr-=lord < leader; erös=strong, mighty; u,r,-,a~o,s,..................Finn/Suomi ur-os =adult male, hero, brave man (v)a,r,-,œ,s,.................Lapp/Saami var-es=male, male animal ALTAIC ury=male/Old Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ukke== (ikke?) grandparent > gr.gr.parent (family) u,g~h,e~i,....................Sumerian EG uku=ancestor; ugu 4, ugu-n=progenitor, to beget u,k,_,........................Hungarian ükk =ancestor, gr.gr. grandparent o~u,k,,.......................Vogul/Mansi iükä`,ekə=woman,lady u,kk~k,i,.....................Finn/Suomi ikä=age;ukko=the old god, chief god; ..........................................eukko=grandmother,elderly woman; u,kk~k,i,.....................Estonian ika=age; ALTAIC ??o(k)`e=wife,female /ProtoAltaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *urε==direction , side , edge , peak [Ugor] (location) a~u,r,i~e,....................Sumerian EG ùr_ =roof, mountain pass, beam; u,r,ε,........................Hungarian orr =nose,something peaked; or-m =mountain peak, peak of a house; (w)u,r,,......................Vogul/Mansi or, wur =mountain ridge; (w)u,r,,......................Ostyak/Khan ür =border, sharp edge, a forrested hill; wur=border, edge,hill; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *uše== skin , outer cover of body > meat , flesh (body) u,z,_,........................Sumerian EG uzu =flesh, meat, omen; u,s,,.........................Hungarian h-us=flesh, meat; (w)u~a,t~l,,..................Ostyak/Khan et =body; surface of the body; skin of humans; i~e,ž,,.......................Zuryen/Komi ež =skin, flesh; u~o,ž,o,......................Mordvin jož(a), jožo=surface; (v)a,ss~s,e,..................Lapp/Saami âsse=back of furs or skins; the outer layer of flesh, at shoulder Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *ušε-== yawn (v) _,z,ε,-,......................Sumerian EG _zi-d, _zi- =breeth, breath u,s,ε,-,......................Hungarian ás-it =yawn; _zi-hál=heavy breathing; o~u,t~l,ε,-,..................Vogul/Mansi usə-nt (w)u~a,t~l,ε,-,...............Ostyak/Khan us-, os-,waš-es, u~i~e,ž,ε,-,..................Cherem/Mari uš-tem Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *uγetk== portage, path,way > road (location) u,(h~g),e~i,d,_,..............Sumerian EG gud=road [ŋ>g] u,v~u,e~i,t,v,................Hungarian ú_t =road u,v~u,e~i,t,v,................Savard Hung u_tu =road a,γ~x~w,e,t,γ~x~-,............Vogul/Mansi a'xt, úγet o~u,γ~x~w,e,t,γ~x~-,..........Ostyak/Khan ogət =path,way; ü~o,_,e~a~o,d,gg,.............Samoyed ηu_,ŋut =path,track,way/ńeńec; ŋoajaa=path,way/ŋanasan; wat/Selk Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *waćke== thin , lean , dry built (a) v,a~o,cs~gy~s,v,_,............Hungarian vac-ak=weakly built,shoddy,junk; véz-na=skinny,sickly; (v),a,š~č,γ~x~-,,.............Vogul/Mansi wańt=slender,narrow,thin (β),a~o~u,č~ź~z,_~j,e,........Cherem/Mari wićk-iž=slender,thin w~β,o~u,ź~ž,_,,...............Votyak/Udm vaćk-uuńe=small Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wāće== switch , shaft , frame , lattice > town (tree) (house) _,u,š~s~z,_,..................Sumerian EG _uš=support, foundation, _uš 8=base << frame (structure) v,ā,cs~gy~s,,.................Hungarian váz= frame,structure; vac-ok=primitive shelter; ..........................................vessz-ö =shaft, switch, a shoot; (v),ā,š~č,,...................Vogul/Mansi _ošà, uase, ( wos=town /anc Siberian ) (w),u,š~č,,...................Ostyak/Khan _uaše w~β,ā~ō,č~ź~z,,...............Cherem/Mari βase =shaft, beam v,ā,čč~šš,e,..................Lapp/Saami vāž-os=frame of buildng v,ei,s~χ,e,...................Etruskan vei(s) = lattice like weir for catching trout; (vejsze) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *waićε== [wajćε] type of wild duck (bird) _,a~u,i,š~s~z,i~e,............Sumerian EG _us, uz=duck or goose + ku=bird suffix (j>i occured early) v,a~o,,cs~gy~s,ε,.............Hungarian vöcs-ök =crested grebe, type of wild duck w,a,,š~č,,....................Vogul/Mansi waas=duck w,a,,š~č,,....................Ostyak/Khan wäs-əh=duck ,a~o~u,,č~ź~z,,...............Cherem/Mari woć ="anas acuta" bird type; w~β,o~u,,ć~ś~č,,..............Votyak/Udm wočy=wild duck v~β,o~u,,ć~ś~č,,..............Zuryen/Komi võź=whistle duck v~u,a,i~y,s~ts,ε,.............Estonian wais=golden-eye, water hen; v~u,o>uo,i~ie,čč~šš,ε,........Lapp/Saami waDž-lońde=kind of seabird (londe=bird) _,a,i,ć,ε,....................Penuitan wat-wat=duck/Calif Miwok; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wälke== (wäľe 2) light , lightning , shine , white (heavens) b~p,a~i,l,e~i,................Sumerian EG bil (w>b)=to burn; .........................................._ul 4,5=the vault of heaven;[m~w] ?mul=star(w~m?), v,e,l(og),_,..................Hungarian vil-ág=light, vil-ám=lightning, vill-ong=shimmer (w),ä~e,l(γ),,................Vogul/Mansi βoľγ,woľγ=light; oľk=light; waľľ w~u,ä~e,l(γ),,................Ostyak/Khan wăľi=shine; (β),ä~e,l(γ),e,...............Cherem/Mari βalγe-δe=clear, v,o~u,l,,.....................Votyak/Udm vaľk=lustrous, resplendant; v,o~u,l,,.....................Zuryen/Komi voľk =gleaming, shiny; voľal=gleam,shine; v~β,ä~e,lg~ld,o,..............Mordvin valdo,valda=light w,ä,l,k,i,....................Finn/Suomi vaalkea=white,clear,light,fire; vaalea=bleach,blond,light; v~u,ä,l,k,e,..................Livonian valda =white; v~u,ä,l,k,i,..................Estonian valge=white,light v~u,ie~a,lg,e,................Lapp/Saami vielgâ-d, vilgis=white,light,pale φ>_,a~e,l(ac),e~a,............Etruskan pul-um= stars < lights; [#wF>phi>p] Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wälka== (walka- ) take down > separate (v) b~p,a~i,l,a,..................Sumerian EG bal=tear down, dig up, to quarry, demolish,enemies; bad =let out; v,e,l(og),,...................Hungarian vál-ik=separate,vál-t-oz=changes,el-vál=divorce, vál-aszt=choose (w),ä~e,l(γ),,................Vogul/Mansi wag-l =descend, come down w~u,ä~e,l(γ),,................Ostyak/Khan wagə-at=come down >>take off (β),ä~e,l(γ),,................Cherem/Mari βàl_-em ='herabsteigen, herabklettern' v~u,ä,l,k,a,..................Livonian vålg-am ='Landungsplatz' v~u,ie~a,lg,ē,................Lapp/Saami vuoľge=depart, go, start, leave (home) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wämta== forrest, uninhabited wasteland, wilderness (tree) b~p,a~i,d,a,..................Sumerian EG bad=inarrable land (wild lands) v,e,d,,.......................Hungarian vad-on=wilderness,forrest; vad=wild animal; vad-ász=hunter (w),ä~e,nt,,..................Vogul/Mansi wont,_unt=forrest v~u,ie~a,dd,ē,................Lapp/Saami vuowde=forrest Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wänte== guard- , watch over , observe (v) b~p,a~i,d,e,..................Sumerian EG pàd > pà_ =to seek,find; _ugu-la =overseer, captain, etc., .........................................._igi=eye; v,e,d,_,......................Hungarian véd =defend; vigy-áz=watch out; .........................................._ügy-el =to be in charge/watch over [ d> dj>gy] (w),ä~e,nt,,..................Vogul/Mansi wānti =guide; w~u,ä~e,nt,,..................Ostyak/Khan _uatta =catch sight of, notice, see; v,o~u,d,,.....................Votyak/Udm vid-li-ni=notice, see, touch; φ>_,a~e,t~χ,e~a,..............Etruskan φexu-cu, φeχ = to observe the rules, keep order( figyel ~ fegyel) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wara== wait , guard , guarded place > city (v) _,a~u,r,a,....................Sumerian EG _ùru=guard, protect; uru 2=town,city; _,a~o,r,a~o,..................Hungarian _ör=guard; vár=wait, fort; vár-os=city (old uru-as); vé-d=defend (v),o~u,r,,...................Vogul/Mansi _ūri, vuri=wait, guard, keep, maintain ; v,a,r,a,......................Etruskan veru=guard; veitha=carefull; auri-na =town; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wäŕe== daybreak (heavens) b~p,a~i,r,e~i,................Sumerian EG bar 6,7=daybreak b~p,e,r,e~i,..................Sumerian ES . v,e,r,e~i,....................Hungarian vir-ad=daybreak, to keep awayke (?vil~vir) v~β,ä~e,l,o,..................Mordvin vaŕ-məd-əms=daybreak Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *warpe==(also warwe) medicine (man), hex (society) _,u,r,e~i,....................Sumerian EG _ur-aš, g-ar-aš 3,4 =magic, oracle _,a~o,r,v,_,..................Hungarian _orv-os ~ urus ~ oros =physician, medicine <*medicine man, shaman ,a,r,p,i,.....................Finn/Suomi arpa =destiny, fate, magic wand; ,a,r,p,e,.....................Livonian aŕbī =hex ,a,r,p~b,i,...................Estonian arp, arb =destiny, fate, magic, sorcery; ,o>uo,r,hp~p,e,...............Lapp/Saami vuorbe (closer to arẃe ) (β~b),ā,r,b,e,................Samoyed _arbe=witchcraft,charm/Teleut; orba=shaman's drumstick/Shor ALTAIC orba=hex/Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wärηε== [also warε] crow (bird) b~p,a~i,r,-,i~e,..............Sumerian EG bur-u 4,5 =crow ( hu>u=bird) v,e,r,j>g,,...................Hungarian var-jú=crow (w),ä~e,r,γ,,.................Vogul/Mansi _ur-in-, _uarηai=crow [from warε] w~u,ä~e,r,η(k),,..............Ostyak/Khan _uărηaí, _uŏrηa=crow [from warε] v~β,ä~e,r,η~j,ε,..............Mordvin vara-ka, var-šej=hooded crow w,ä,r,v,ε,....................Finn/Suomi var-is=crow v~u,ä,r,k,ε,..................Livonian var-ìkš=crow v~u,ä,r,v,ε,..................Estonian vare-s=crow v~u,ie~a,r,η,ε,...............Lapp/Saami vuor-če-s=crow (β~b),o~u,r,η,ε,..............Samoyed βarηäè=crow/Kamas; barηäè=hooded crow/Neńec; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *βere== to conquer , to strike , to beat , to crack b,e~i,r,_,....................Sumerian EG búru, bur 2 = to open, release, crack off, tear out, despoil, ...............................................interpret; b~v,e~i,r,,...................Hungarian ver =beat, hit, strike, to crack, to hammer, conquer; b>p ..........................................per-em=border,outer edge; (perem is normally called a German loan) #,β,e~a,r,e~a,................Etruskan v_raθ = to strike down (with a projectile) ALTAIC Turkic// vars/Chuvash, bəru/Tatar; ur-/Uigur, Uzbek; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *βe-reppe== sparrow (Supposedly Slavic origin?) (bird) b,e~i,-,r,e~i,b,e~i,..........Sumerian EG bir_ 4,5 =sparrow; pa_ =small bird type (?swallow); b~v,e~i,-,r,e~i,p~b,_,........Hungarian be-rib =sparrow in Chango Hungarian, veréb in standard Hungarian Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *βer-em== a hole in the ground (supposedly a loan from Alan) b,e~i,r,-,e~i,m~n,............Sumerian EG bùru(-d) =opening, hole, mine, depth, well, pit; ub 4 =cavity; b~v,e~i,r,-,e~i,m~v,..........Hungarian ver-em = a small hole in ground used to store food; öbl-ös=cavity Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *witte==(witte) five , 5 (number) v,i~e,t,_,....................Hungarian _öt =five ( tt > t early change) v,i~e,t,_,....................Savard Hung (h)ütü =5 (w),i~ü,t,,...................Vogul/Mansi _ät=five (β),i,ť>ć,e,..................Cherem/Mari wit=five v,i,ť~t,,.....................Votyak/Udm vit=five v~β,i~e,t,o,..................Mordvin v'eťe=five v~u,i~ie,ťt~ht,e,.............Lapp/Saami viťtâ=five Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *waηśe== (wäηśe) cut , hew , carve (v) wäηe = a cut _,u,η,š,e,....................Sumerian EG bi_ 6 =to tear, to cut off; < *wäηśe v,a~o,j>g,s,_,................Hungarian vág =cut; váj=hew out; vés=to hew, cut out; < *vaηśe (v),a,γ,ć~s,,.................Vogul/Mansi waγ =cut; wańť =cut, rip open,slash; (w),a,η(k)~γ,ć~s,,............Ostyak/Khan waηx-em=cut, uaηk =hew, w~β,o~u,η,z~ś,,...............Votyak/Udm vand=cut down v~β,o~u,η,z,,.................Zuryen/Komi vundi-ni=cut down, reap, scye; ,a,_~v,s~ts,i,................Finn/Suomi veitsi=knife; < *wäηśe v,a,_,ś,e,....................Etruskan vuisi=sharp; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wekke== slender , thin (a) v,e~i,k,_,....................Hungarian vék-ony=slender, thin v,o~u~e,k,,...................Votyak/Udm vek-ńi,vek-či=small,fine Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *weća== (weća) all , entire , total , complete (number) (a) _,u,š~s~z,a,..................Sumerian EG _aš_ =one; _su, _sa 5 =to increase, fill up? v,e~i,cs~gy~s,a~o,............Hungarian _össz-es=all,entire; _össze=come together; _össze-g=total amount; w~u,e,š~č,,...................Ostyak/Khan _oća~voć=all, entirely; v,e~i,ć~ś~č,e,................Votyak/Udm voć,voć-ak, viś, vić-ak=all, entire, every, allways; v,e~i,ć~ś~č,a,................Zuryen/Komi vać, vaťš=entirely; v~β,e~i,ć~ź,a~o,..............Mordvin veše, väši, väšij =all, whole; (β~b),e~a~o,č~s,e,............Samoyed bánsa=all; bwšša=" heil,ganz" φ>_,e~a,s~χ,a,................Etruskan _s-nu-iaφ = a single future alliance; s =one + nu + iaφ=future Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *were== blood (body) _,u,r,_,......................Sumerian EG _ùri =blood v,e~i,r,,.....................Hungarian vér =blood; vir, wer- /OH v,e~i,r,,.....................Savard Hung veri =blood (w),e,r,,.....................Vogul/Mansi vuir, vír, wuir w~u,e,r,,.....................Ostyak/Khan uir w~β,e~y~ə,r,,.................Cherem/Mari βür v,o~u~e,r,,...................Votyak/Udm vir v,o~u~e,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi vìr v~β,e~i,r,o,..................Mordvin veŕ w,e~ie,r,i,...................Finn/Suomi veri v~u,e~i,r,i,..................Estonian veri v~u,æ~ie~i,rr,e,..............Lapp/Saami vârrâ Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wetä== (wiδa) lead, steer, lead to (v) _,u,d,_,......................Sumerian EG _ùs- =to drive, to follow v,e~i,z~s,e,..................Hungarian vez-et =lead, drive, direct; ?visz =to carry along; w~β,e~y~ə,δ~t,,...............Cherem/Mari wide-, wüde =carry, guide, lead v,o~u~e,_,,...................Votyak/Udm βiδ-em v~β,e~i,d,e,..................Mordvin ved-ams=lead, wet'a w,e~ie,d~t,ä,.................Finn/Suomi vetää= 'ziehen'= to pull v~u,e~i,d~t~s,ä,..............Estonian veda-ma=lead (β~b),e~a~o,d,e,..............Samoyed waada, boedä= cultivate, drag, pull, nourish φ>_,e~a,t,a~e,................Etruskan vati-exe = with a leader, by leading; vet-lu-na =lead-man + ?; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wete== [ also weðe ] water , river (nature) _,u,d,_,......................Sumerian EG _id=river; _a_, _e_ 4=water (eš is rain also) _,e,z~s,_,....................Sumerian ES _eš =water; (ES not stated but fits the rule) v,e~i,z~s,,...................Hungarian viz =water; _ügy =small river; _i_=drink, ital= a drink; v,e~i,z~s,,...................Savard Hung vezi =water; (w),e,t,,.....................Vogul/Mansi vüt ~_üt =water w~β,e~y~ə,δ~t,,...............Cherem/Mari βət=water,river v,o~u~e,_,,...................Votyak/Udm va_, vu_=water v~β,e~i,d,o,..................Mordvin v'ed=water (β~b),e~a~o,d,e,..............Samoyed βit,bi_,_it=water,river φ>_,e~a,t,e~a,................Etruskan _iθ-al = a drink; _iθta_=drinking vessel; ?_use-ti=draw water; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wäδε== [also wiδe] kill (v) Ugrian > waδe b~p,a~i,d,_,..................Sumerian EG bad=die,kill,corpse; u 3,6,8 =fight, dispute? v,e,l,ε,......................Hungarian _öl =kill; (w),ä~e,l~t~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi _ääl-=kill, wel=catch,kill w~u,ä~e,l~t~-,,...............Ostyak/Khan wel, wet, _uaΛ , =catch,kill v,o~u,l~j~-,,.................Votyak/Udm vij, vi- =kill v,o~u,l~j~-,,.................Zuryen/Komi vi-ni=kill _,ä,l,ε,......................Penuitan wel=to catch/Miwok; ALTAIC *öltür=kill/Turkic;öldür=kill/Turkish; ala-/C.Mongol; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wije== (wīke) take , carry along (v) _,u,,_,.......................Sumerian EG _ú-s ?= to follow, to drive, come near.. v,i~e,j~gy,,..................Hungarian vi-sz=takes, carries along; vi-ni=to take; v,i,j~i,,.....................Votyak/Udm vai-ni, vaj- v~β,i~e,j,o,..................Mordvin v'ije w,ii,_,.......................Finn/Suomi vii-ma, vie-dä v~u,ii,_,.....................Estonian vii-ma v~u,i~ie,ggj~kk,e,............Lapp/Saami wijke Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wića== watch , beware (v) _,u,š~s~z,a,..................Sumerian EG _igi=see,eye, front, face; _ugu-la=overseer; _,u,d~t,e,....................Sumerian ES i.bí =eye (?) (w>b) v,i~e,cs~gy~s,a~o,............Hungarian vigy-áz=watch out,beware; figy-el=watch;_ügy-el=watch out,beware; v,i,ć~ś~č,e,..................Votyak/Udm voź=hold,support,keep,guard, halt, v,e,ć~ś~č,a,..................Zuryen/Komi wid'źi-ni=halt, beware, see v~u,i~y,s~ts,ē,...............Estonian viisa-ma= belauern,heimlich,beobachten; viisama=lauern,lauschen. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wiδe== brain marrow , bone marrow (body) v,i~e,l,,.....................Hungarian vel-ö=marrow; (w),i~ü,l~t~-,,...............Vogul/Mansi vuål-em, vålem, βoal-em w~u,o,l~t~-,,.................Ostyak/Khan _uēDəm, _uētem w~β,i,-,,.....................Cherem/Mari βi_-m v,i,l~j~-,,...................Votyak/Udm viji-m, vim v,e,l~j~-,,...................Zuryen/Komi ve_-m ,i~e,d,o,.....................Mordvin _ud'-em, ud'-ime ,i~y,t~d,i,...................Finn/Suomi _ydi-n ,i~y,t~d,i,...................Estonian _üdi v~u,i~ie,ďď,e,................Lapp/Saami _âd'd'-âm Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wiηe== end , death (v) _,u,k~g,_,....................Sumerian EG _ug 5,7,8 =to die,death v,i~e,j>g,,...................Hungarian vég=end; vész=death,loss; vén=very old; w,ii,_,.......................Finn/Suomi vii-mane=the last v~u,ii,_,.....................Estonian vii-mane=the last Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wolnε== tin, lead _,u~a,,n~ŋ,i~e,...............Sumerian EG an, anak =tin v,o>a,l,n,,...................Hungarian ón =tin (v),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,n~ń,,.........Vogul/Mansi alen =tin (w),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,n~ń,,.........Ostyak/Khan olnε, olna =tin (β),a~o~u,l,(n),,.............Cherem/Mari βulnə =tinn Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *woče== loose , lost > die , death , perish > danger (v) _,u~a,z~š,_,..................Sumerian EG _úš =to die,death v,o>a,s,,.....................Hungarian vész=danger, perish; vesz-t=loose, death & destruction; (v),a~o~u,č~š~s,,.............Vogul/Mansi _ūsi =die, be destroyed; ust=get lost (w),a~o~u,č~š~s,,.............Ostyak/Khan _os-, woš =die,perish,disappear w~β,o~a,s,,...................Votyak/Udm _õs, yš =disappear, get lost, perish v~β,o~a,š,,...................Zuryen/Komi voš, veš- =dissapear, get lost, perish Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *woje== (woje) butter , grease (body) _,u~a,,_,.....................Sumerian EG _ia_ =cream, fat, oil _,e,,_,.......................Sumerian ES _u_ =fat, cream v,o>a,j,,.....................Hungarian vaj=butter; (v),a~o~u,j,,.................Vogul/Mansi våj,vōj,βaj =fat; sai-βoi=butter; (w),a~o~u,j,,.................Ostyak/Khan _ui=fat,butter,oil; w~β,a~o~u,-~j,,...............Cherem/Mari _üi =oil,butter; w~β,o~a,j,,...................Votyak/Udm vei,vüj,voj=butter,oil,fat; v~β,o~a,j,,...................Zuryen/Komi vii,vi=butter; ,o~u,j~-,o,...................Mordvin vaj,oi=fat,butter,oil; ,a~o,j~i,i,...................Finn/Suomi voi=butter ,a~o,j~i,i,...................Estonian või=butter ,œ,j~i,e,.....................Lapp/Saami vuoggjâ=fat,butter,margarine; ALTAIC mai=butter/Baskir-Turk; bai=butter,fat/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wolka== shoulder > shoulder harness (body) v,o>a,l(og),,.................Hungarian váll =(1) shoulder; (2) separate; (v),a~o~u,l(γ),,..............Vogul/Mansi _ujl-ep, βoil-əp =shoulder harness ,a~o,l,k,a~o,.................Finn/Suomi _olka=shoulder ,a~o,l,k,ē,...................Estonian _õla=shoulder ,œ,lg,ē,......................Lapp/Saami _oaľge=shoulder Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wolne== tin (metal) _,u~a,,n~ŋ,e~i,...............Sumerian EG _an-na=tin; unu 2 =adornment, jewelry; v,o>a,l,n,_,..................Hungarian _ón_ =tin (v),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,n~ń,,.........Vogul/Mansi _ååln =gold, silver, jewelry (w),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,n~ń,,.........Ostyak/Khan _olna =lead (β),a~o~u,l,(n),e,............Cherem/Mari wulnõ=lead, tin Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *worγa== [wora ?] sew , stitch , cobble , heal mend (v) _,u~a,r,(h~g),a,..............Sumerian EG bur_ = to cut; _,o>a,r,v~u,,.................Hungarian varr=sew, stitch; var-ga= cobbler of (shoes), shoemaker; (β),a~o~u,r,γ~-,,.............Cherem/Mari _urγe-m w~β,o~a,r,k~j~-,e,............Votyak/Udm vur-ni ALTAIC *or /Turkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wore== mountain , peak , nose , muzzle (nature) _,u~a,r,_,....................Sumerian EG _ùr = mountain pass, roof, beam; kiri=muzzle _,o>a,r,,.....................Hungarian _or-m=mountain peak; orr =peak, nose; (v),a~o~u,r,,.................Vogul/Mansi _uor (w),a~o~u,r,,.................Ostyak/Khan wur=wooded mountain w~β,o~a,r,,...................Votyak/Udm vyr=hill v~β,o~a,r,,...................Zuryen/Komi vor=forrest ,œ,rr,e,......................Lapp/Saami varre=forrest ALTAIC _oroi=summit/Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wuðe== new (a) b,a~u,d~š,_,..................Sumerian EG (gi)-bil =new (j>g') _,u~o,j~gy,,..................Hungarian _új =new ,o~u,ð~d,,....................Cherem/Mari _uu=new; w~β,i~e,ľ,,...................Votyak/Udm viľ=new; v~β,i~e,ľ,,...................Zuryen/Komi viľ=new; ,o,d~l,o,.....................Mordvin _od=new; ,u~o,d,i,.....................Finn/Suomi _uusi=new ,u~o,δδ,e,....................Lapp/Saami _oðða=new Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wole== (ηole) to be , to exist , to have (v) _,u~a,l,_,....................Sumerian EG _ul 4= anything, something; ?ŋál, gál =to be (m~b); _,e,l,_,......................Sumerian ES ma-al=to be; ba- =verbal possesive prfx ; v,o>a,l,,.....................Hungarian vol-t=was; vala ~ vagy ~ van (l~n)=to be, to exist, to have (v),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,,.............Vogul/Mansi _all-, _ōl-=live,to be (w),a~o~u,l~Λ~t,,.............Ostyak/Khan _utta w~β,a~o~u,l,,.................Cherem/Mari _əl- w~β,o~a,l,,...................Votyak/Udm vil=to be v~β,o~a,l,,...................Zuryen/Komi vel-=to be ,o~u,l,o,.....................Mordvin _ul'-ems=to be ,a~o,l,i,.....................Finn/Suomi _olla=to be ,a~o,ll,i,....................Estonian _olla=to be ALTAIC pol/Altaic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *δama== bond , (also äðemε = glue ) (tool) d~t,a~u,m~n,a,................Sumerian EG dim=make fast, bond, tie, rope; ? dumu =child; d~gy,a~o,m~v,a~o,.............Hungarian tám=brace,support; gyám = guardian(δ>d>dj>gy~ny, m>v) eny_v=glue t,o~u,m,,.....................Vogul/Mansi iľəm =glue t,o~u,m,,.....................Ostyak/Khan ajəm =glue ľ,a~o~u,m~w,,.................Cherem/Mari lümö ľ,o~u,m~v,e,..................Votyak/Udm ľem t,a,m,a~o,....................Finn/Suomi tyma d,o>uo,m~mb,ē,................Lapp/Saami dâbma z,a,m~v,a,....................Etruskan zam-ati=guardian mother; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *δul== fire > ignite (nature) d~t,a~u,l,....................Sumerian EG dill-en=oven; dih 2=fever, sting; dalla=to shine,appear d~gy,u~o,l,...................Hungarian gyul 2 =ignite, del-ne=country oven; dél=noon; t,u~o,l,......................Finn/Suomi tuli=fire; ALTAIC deli=rash/Turk; düli=warm/Tungus; tu_=hot /Japan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *δur=> child, seed, [Ugrian] δur= origin, community (family) d~t,a~u,r,....................Sumerian EG tur=child, young, small /dú=give birth, du-mu=child; d~gy,u~o,r,...................Hungarian gyer-mek =child ( d' >>gy), törzs=tribe,társaság=community; t,u~o,r,......................Finn/Suomi tur =seed; terä =ear (of wheat); t,u~o,r,......................Estonian tera =ear (of wheat) z,u,r,........................Etruskan θur(a), E-tru- =origin, community > tribe/nation; ALTAIC tor-lak=young/Turk, töre=be born/Mongol Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ase== illative " to " (suffix) -,a~u,š~z,_,..................Sumerian EG -še = illative " to" (suffix) -,e,š~z,_,....................Sumerian ES ?ga_ =to bring (κ>g) -,a~o,s,,.....................Hungarian -hoz=illative "to" (suffix) ex: ház-hoz =to the house; -,a~o~u,ž,,...................Cherem/Mari -š, ka =illative (ex: olaš šočəm =town born) -,a,z,o,......................Mordvin -s =illative (ex: kudo-s = "to" the house; oš-s=into the town) -,a,s,i,......................Finn/Suomi -in, -hi-n, -si-n=illative "to" suffix ; -,a,s,i,......................Estonian -asse, -ga =illative "to" suffix Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ase== allative " up to , to "(suffix) -,a~u,š~z,_,..................Sumerian EG -še, -ku=allative " to, up to" (suffix) -,a~o,s,,.....................Hungarian -hoz=allative "to, up to " suffix;-l is part of several locatives -,a,s,i,......................Finn/Suomi -lle=allative (Finnic group different) -,a,s,i,......................Estonian -ale=allative Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *wer= Causal Case "for" (suffix) _,u,r,........................Sumerian EG -bar =Causal Case _,e,r,........................Sumerian ES -a-ri =Causal case /J.Krecher, 1965; v,e~i,r,......................Hungarian -ér-t =causal case "for"; ex: fiú-ért =for the boy; ért=know; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-an== adverbial suffix (suffix) -,a~o,n,......................Hungarian -an =adverbial suffix (gyors=fast, gyors-an=quickly), ; -,o~u,n,......................Votyak/Udm -en =with, instrumental suffix, -d'n=inessive (in) suffix; -,o~u,n,......................Zuryen/Komi -ën, -en =instrumental suffix Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-nä== commitative suffix " with " (suffix) -,n~ŋ,a~i,....................Sumerian EG -ni- =locative; ?da, dè =commitative suffix -,n~ŋ,e,......................Sumerian ES . -,n,e,........................Hungarian -ná-l=addesive "at" ; -val =commitative suffix "with" ; -,n~ń,ä~e,....................Vogul/Mansi -nä, -nät =lative, illative -,n,ä,........................Finn/Suomi -ne=commitative suffix -,n,ä,........................Estonian -aga=commitative suffix -,n~η,e,......................Samoyed -ne=against,for,to;nene=at,with;nâŋ =to;nanu=at;nata=from/Ŋanasan Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-eηke== terminative & locative " as far as " (suffix) -,e~i,ŋ~g,e,..................Sumerian EG -ég, íg, ik, še =terminative suffixes; ..........................................................?-ba, -bi=locative terminative -,e~i,g,_,....................Hungarian -ig = terminative suffix "until, as far as"; -,e~i,nk~ng,i,................Estonian -ni, -na=terminative Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ńe== plural person (suffix) -,(n~ŋ),e~i,..................Sumerian EG -ene=plural suffix (person),-h (pl animal,thing); há,hiā=numerous -,ny,e~i,.....................Hungarian me-nyi, há-ny =how many?; -k =plural suffix, from the dual; -,ń~n~j,e,....................Cherem/Mari -n =plural (sometimes unmarked) -,ń>n,,.......................Zuryen/Komi -len =plural suffix; -,ń,o,........................Mordvin -ń =plural (sometimes unmarked) -,n,i,........................Finn/Suomi -n =plural siffix -,n,e~a,......................Etruskan eni-ca=many; -ca= pronoun suffix; ALTAIC -n/OldTurkic Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-k== mood characteristic in the imperative (suffix) -,η~h,........................Sumerian EG -ga, -ha, -du 5, -da =cohortive -,v,..........................Hungarian -j, -gy, -d, -s = imperative & cohortive suffix; .....................................................example: ír-j =write! (command) -,j~v,........................Mordvin -k = eŕa-k= live!; -,k,..........................Finn/Suomi -na =anta=give; anna=give it! -,k,..........................Lapp/Saami _ =foiceless vowel; boatte= give; boaddĕ = give! -,gg,.........................Samoyed -ek =Selkup ( ťaad-ek =ignite!) , .....................................................in others changed to glotal stop; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-kin==(?) equative " as , like " (suffix) -,η~h,i,n~ŋ,..................Sumerian EG -gin 7 =equative suffix; a-gin =thus; -,η~h,i,n~ŋ,..................Sumerian ES -di-ìm =equative -,v,i~e,n,....................Hungarian -kén(t) =equative suffix; e-ként =like that, as that; ALTAIC -gimi=equtative suffix/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-lom= deverbalal suffix; -,l,o>a,m~v,..................Hungarian -lom =deverbal; ex: foly=flow > foly-lam> folyam =river/creek etc -,l,a,m~v,....................Etruskan -lum =deverbal as in "Mex-lum rasneas" the (etruscan) ...............................................people's territory. Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ma= deverbal suffix #1 (suffix) ; -,m~n,a,......................Sumerian EG -im=deverbal suffix; -,m~v,a~o,....................Hungarian -om=deverbal suffix; -,m~v,a~o,....................Mordvin -mo = deverbal suffix; -,m,a~o,......................Finn/Suomi -ma = deverbal suffix; -,m,a,........................Livonian -ma = deverbal suffix; -,m,ē,........................Estonian -m = deverbal suffix; -,m~mb,ē,.....................Lapp/Saami -mâs =deverbal suffix; -,m~β,e,......................Samoyed -mu =deverbal suffix/Kamas; -mer/Ńeńec; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-mp== comparative suffix (suffix) -,b,..........................Sumerian EG ?ma=big, pa =high -,b,..........................Hungarian -bb = "more" as in "nagy-obb" (big-er) -,b,..........................Cherem/Mari -ba-=comparative; -,mb,.........................Mordvin -mb =comparative; -,mp~mm,......................Finn/Suomi -mp ex: uude-mpa =newer (uusi, uute=new) -,m~mb,hp~p,..................Lapp/Saami -b ex: oððâs-âb =newer; -,m~β,b,......................Samoyed -mp =comparative; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-na== (?) dative suffix " for " (suffix) -,n~ŋ,a,......................Sumerian EG -ma, -ra, -na =dative + pronoun (1,2,3 person) prefix -,n,a~o,......................Hungarian -nak (person) & -ra (not person) =dative "for" suffix -,n,a,........................Etruskan nac = some kind of causative (?suffix); ex: ilacve Alsase(-)nac Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-n== accusative "sentence subj" (suffix) -,n~ŋ,........................Sumerian EG -ni =accusative suffix -,n,..........................Hungarian ?-t =accusative suffix; ex: ház-at =the house (as the subject) -,n,..........................Finn/Suomi -n, -t ALTAIC -nu=accusative/Turk, Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-nä== locative > addesive (suffix) -,n~ŋ,a~i,....................Sumerian EG -ni- =locative (addesive); en-ten =winter-time (en-=time locative -,n,e,........................Hungarian -nál= "at" (addesive); tél-en= "in/during" winter; -,n~ń,ä~e,....................Vogul/Mansi -nä=locative endings;-na=illative suffix (ex: χat-na=in the house -,n~ń,ä~e,....................Ostyak/Khan -na=locative; -nät, -nàt =commitative suffix; -,(n),ä~e,....................Cherem/Mari -nõ, -nə=locative; -,n,,.........................Votyak/Udm -n=locative; -,n,,.........................Zuryen/Komi -n=locative; -,n,e,........................Mordvin -ne,-ni=locative; -,n,ä,........................Finn/Suomi -na=locative endings; ?-lla =addesive suffix; -,n,ä,........................Estonian -el =addesive suffix -,ń~n,ē,......................Lapp/Saami -nne,-nni=locative; -,n~η,e,......................Samoyed -nu, -ne, -ni=locative/Ŋaŋasan; ne,ni/Selkup; -ene=at,with/Eńeć; -,n,a~e,......................Etruskan -ne =locative as in lei-ne =the underworld ................................................(lei=down; see ala)/Alinei Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-nä== genetive "of" (suffix) -,n~ŋ,a~i,....................Sumerian EG -*ŋe > -gè, -è =genetive; (also -ne according to some) -,n,e,........................Hungarian -nak=genetive & dative suffix (of/for); -,(n),ä~e,....................Cherem/Mari -ān =genetive "of"; -,n,,.........................Zuryen/Komi -len =genetive "of" -,n,e,........................Mordvin -eń =genetive; -,n,ä,........................Finn/Suomi -en, -a, -den, -ten=genetive suffix; -,n,ä,........................Estonian -an > -a,-e =genetive suffix (was -an) -,n,a~e,......................Etruskan -sl, -l,-s =genetive (n~l?) ex: Unial=of Uni (Uni=Juno ) ALTAIC -ni, na, nan =genetive/Turkic; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ne-= conditional particle (suffix) -,n,e~i,-,....................Hungarian -na-,-ne-,-né-,-ná-=ír=write > ir-ná-m =I would write; na? =well? -,n~ń,e,-,....................Vogul/Mansi -noe =conditiona; woer-noe-m =I would make; -,(n),e,-,....................Cherem/Mari -ne- =desiderative; tym mam manõ-ne-t? =what do you want to say? -,n,e~ie,-,...................Finn/Suomi -ne- = potential ; lähte-ne-n =I "probably" start; -,n~η,e,-,....................Samoyed -εna- =conditional particle/Selkup (Prokofev) Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ni== infinitive (suffix) *-nA + *j=dative; -,n~ŋ,i,......................Sumerian EG -ni is often found in causative verbs and probably .................................................denotes the underlying agent. -,n,i~e,......................Hungarian -ni =infinitive suffix; me-ni=to go; -,n~ń,i~ü,....................Vogul/Mansi -ne, -n =present participle suffix/Tavda; ex: te-ni =eat-ing; -,n,e,........................Zuryen/Komi -nï =infinitive suffix; ex: mun-nï=to go; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *nu-= upper part, high ; nu-mε =God,the top, sky- ............................................>superessive (suffix); n~ŋ,a~u,-,....................Sumerian EG nim=high, above, east, highland; num 2,nun=rise up; ..........................................numa=goddes of heaven; n,u~o,-,......................Hungarian -on =on top, superessive suffix; ex: ház-on =upon the house; n~ń,u~o~ö,-,..................Vogul/Mansi no-, nu-, numi, num =top, top part, highest; ..........................................Numi Tarem=god of heaven; n~ń,u~o~ö,-,..................Ostyak/Khan no-, nu-, num =upper; nomən, numən=upper; n,ü~o,-,......................Samoyed num=heaven,sky;nu-idu=upward/Kamas;num=god,heaven,sky/Koibal,Ńeńe n,u,-,........................Etruskan num-en =spirit/Latin < Etruscan?? ALTAIC nu-hu =high place/Manchu Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-o=(-8) enclictic word of interrogation (suffix), -,o>a,........................Hungarian -e =enclictic suffix of interrogation; ír-t-ál-e =did you write? -,a~o~u,......................Vogul/Mansi -a, ä -,a~o~u,......................Ostyak/Khan -æ =enclictic word of interrogation; -,o~a,........................Votyak/Udm -a, -va -,-,..........................Zuryen/Komi -o, -õ Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-pa= deverbal > present participle (suffix) -,p,a,........................Sumerian EG -_a =intransitive & passive participle; -p=inanimate pronoun ..................................................suffix ? (it) s -,v,a~o,......................Hungarian -*wa > -ó,-ö =present participle; ír=write > ...................................................ír=write > ír-ó ember=writing man; -,p~w,a,......................Ostyak/Khan -əw, -ep =deverbal; jynt-əp=needle < jynt=to sew; -,p,a~o,......................Finn/Suomi -va = present participle; kumarta-va =bow-ing; kay-va=going; -,b,e,........................Samoyed -eb = deverbal suffix; kaa=die > kaa-be=dead;/Eńeć,Kamas; ..........................................-pa /Ńeńec; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ra=ablaitive #2 "from", delative "off of" (suffix) -,r,a,........................Sumerian EG -ra- =ablaitive-inanimate "from"; -ri=delative "off of" /L86 -,r,a~o,......................Hungarian -ro-l=delative "off of" & sometimes ablaitive "from"; -,r,ē,........................Estonian -lt =ablaitive "away from" -,r,a,........................Etruskan lu-ri =from him/her/it; <metathesis?> Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-śe== allative sufix "to" < *saγe = arrive, become (suffix) -,š,e~i,......................Sumerian EG -še =locative & terminative (allative & terminative); -,s,e~i,......................Hungarian -hoz, -hez, -höz = to, toward, allative suffix; -,ž,e,........................Cherem/Mari -š=lative; šua- , šoa- =arrive, attain, get; šukte- =complete; -,z~ś,,.......................Votyak/Udm sut- =attain to; -,z,,.........................Zuryen/Komi su- =come and take unaware, reach, overtake; -,ś,o,........................Mordvin -oš=lative; as in kud-oš =to the house, allative suffix; ................................................saa=arive,become, -,s~ts,i,.....................Finn/Suomi -s=lative; as in ala-s =under, locative; or ylö-s =up; ?sakky- -,s~ts,i,.....................Estonian -le=allative "to"; -,s,e,........................Samoyed tae- =attain/Eńeć; tu- =arrive,reach/Kamas; túa=attain/Ŋaŋasan; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ś== past tense suffix -,ž,..........................Cherem/Mari -š -,ś,..........................Mordvin -ś Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-tt= locative suffix -,t,..........................Savard Hung -tt=locative noun suffix; Pécs-ett =at Pécs; -,t,..........................Etruskan -ti, -θi=locative; Uni-al-θi=at Uni's (temple). -al=with; Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-kt== causative & instrumental (suffix) -,g~_,........................Sumerian EG -ta, -da, -li, -le =instrumental suffix -,t,..........................Hungarian -ht >-it =causative suffix; -által =instrumental suffix -,kt~t,.......................Cherem/Mari -kt- =causative (muška=wash, muškõ-kt-aš =cause to wash; -,k,d~t,......................Finn/Suomi ?ten Reconstructions...............FinnUgor *-ttä== ablaitive #1 " from " (suffix) -,d~t,a~i,....................Sumerian EG -ta = ablaitive-instrumental " from ", (suffix) -,t,,.........................Savard Hung -tol =ablaitive suffix -,tt~t,ä,.....................Finn/Suomi -tä, ta, a=ablaitive suffix -,ťt~ht,ä,....................Estonian -lt =ablaitive; -t=partitive;