I, K, L words
updated on October 21, 2006

based on John Halorens "Sumerian Lexicon"
modified in red by Fred Hamori, Sumerian & FU List

Hungarian formatives are shown bracketed ( formative ) . These are absolutely necessary in Hungarian to differentiate the very considerable number of homonym root words, yet in Sumerian they are rarely shown. Perhaps at times this was unnecessary
because of the contents of a sentence or because some logograms already differentiated the meaning. In a spoken language however this would have been impossible to use without some kind of classifier or formative ending.

I áj	n., cry of pain (derived from ér, ír, 'tears; complaint' {*>l,g,blk}[ jaj =ow ] ?) [I archaic frequency = 17]. áj- =loose cosciousness, jaj =ow, pain v., to capture, defeat, overcome (cf., éd, è; i)
i(-r)	(cf., ir).
i5-ŋar[KA.NAR] nev(et) +gyár-t	to promise, predict; ominous remark (inim, 'word' + 'to make, establish'). {inim > I 5} [*nime=name>név=name, nev(ez) =to call, to name +gyárt=make ]
ìa, ì vaj	n., oil, fat, cream. {*w>ø}, {j >I} [*woja > vaj =butter/fat ] impersonal verbal conjugation prefix, indicates distance from speaker. [ ö =he/she/it ]
ia2,7,9, í új	five. [ ujj "ui" =finger(s) of the hand ]
ia4, i4	pebble, counter.
ì-áb vaj – fej-(ö)	fat of cows, cream (?) ('fat' + 'cow'). [*woje >vaj + fej=to milk ] (the old word for cow & milk replaced with Iranian term)
ì-áb-sè-ga vaj-fej(ö)-sü(t)-ik	clarified butter, ghee (Old Sumerian) ('cow fat' + 'to make flat [by boiling away the water]'). [*woja >vaj =butter +*pid >fej=milk + süt=bake, heat up ] or szik= dry up
ib öbl	corner, angle, nook [IB archaic frequency = 252; concatenates 2 sign variants]. [ öbl- =a nook, an inlet, bay, a depression, a hollow ]
íb, éb öv üv-(ölt)	n., middle; waist; loins; thighs. { *w>b} [*wiŋe > vö > öv, Finnish vöö ] v., to be angry; to flare up in anger; to curse, insult. {*w>b } [ üv- ölt =to scream in rage, howl. ]
íb-dam-za üv(öl) –teni –zaj(ong)	anger ('to be angry' + dum-dam...za, 'to grumble'). üv(öl)-teni =to “howl” in rage
i-bí [BIL] fel-hö	smoke; Emesal dialect for igi, 'face; to see' ('to go out, rise' + 'to burn'). {*p>b} [*pilwe>> felhö=cloud,plume] Turkish bul-ut
ibila, ì-bí-la ifjú	son; heir, successor; inheritance (íb (subj. prefix) + íla, 'he carries it'). {*p>b, *j>l,g,blk} [*p>f ifija =son of , ifju =youth, ifi =junior/descendant ]
íb-lal öv-log-ó	underwear (?) ('hips' + 'to hang, stretch, extend') {*w>b} [*wiŋe >>öv, Finnish vöö =belt] + [*loŋe >> lóg=hang, léla=curtain] something hanging from the belt. ? like a breechcloth
ib-si8[DI]	square ('eye' + 'to crack open'). ? + szeg=angle,corner {négy-szög =4 angle= square}
íb-tag4 ? –tag-(ol)	leftover ('middle' + 'to disregard'). [*kit-eppe ="common+middle ground" >közép=central +tag-(ad)=to deny, reject]
íd	(cf., ída).
id4,8, it4	(cf., itud).
ída, íd, i7 *wete > viz, ügy	river; main canal; watercourse (éd,'to issue', + a,'water'). {*w>blk }, {t>d} [ *wete > viz=water, ügy =river, üde=to water, moisten, freshen, refresh, i- =a drink]
íd-a-dug ügy-(viz)- tok	irrigation project ('canal' + 'water' + 'vessel'). [ ügy=small river + i- =drink + tok =container, vessel ]
i-dib ki-tepe > közép	threshold; flagstone, slab; device, contrivance ('to go out' + 'to traverse, cross'). {*#k>g>h>blk} [*kit-eppe "common middle area" >küsz-öb = threshold]
Id-igna ügy-jön	the Tigris river (ída/íd, 'river', + ì, 'impersonal verbal conjugation prefix', + ŋin, 'to go', + nominative a, "the river that goes", the Tigris was a faster-moving river than the Euphrates; it was less likely to overflow because, not depositing as much silt, it did not built up its bed as high) [? IDIGNA archaic frequency= 25]. [ FU *wete =river, water>> Hu viz=water, _ügy = river, _üde =refreshed by moisture [ jön ~gyön =comes ]
idim *sid > hid-(eg) –növ dühöng töm-ör	n., spring, underground water; weight, mass (ída, 'river', + mú, 'to sprout, appear'). *s- >ø, m~n [ *sid =cold brook {s>h} hid-eg =cold + nö- =to grow] nö(v) =növény = Sumerian numun, -im may also be a deverbal suffix. adj., wild, raging, mad; [düh =rages + deverbal suffix ] considerable, [töm-ör =dense, packed, több=more ] distinguished.
ì-dub vaj - tok	storage jugs, pitchers ('oil' + 'to store, heap up'). ['oil' +tok =case, container ]
ì-dùg(-ga), ì-du10-ga éd(es)	perfume; good oil ('oil' + 'sweet'). [ i- =drink/water + éd-es=sweeet (-es =adj suffix) ]
ì-dùg-nun(-na), ì-du10-nun(-na) éd(es)- nem(es)	cream; perfume ('oil' + 'sweet' + 'fine'). [i-=drink/water + éd-es=sweet + nem-es=noble, fine; -es=adj suffix]
i-^dutu	outcry; complaint; cry for justice; 'Oh, Shamash!' ('cry' + divine determinative + 'god of justice').
ig aj-tó, áj	door, entrance [IG archaic frequency = 43; concatenates 2 sign variants]. *ŋ>g/n [ *aŋe =opening > áj=opening, aj-to=door ]
igi elö ügyel/figyel	n., eye(s); glance; { face; aspect, looks; front (reduplicated ig, 'door') [IGI archaic frequency = 21]. v., to see. [ ügy-el =watch out, take care, figy-el=watch, observe ] prep., before, in front of. [*dh> l>j elö =front,lead,ahead,etc]
igi -ik	reciprocal of a number (= the multiplier that will give 60; the igi of 5 is 0;12) (abbreviation of igi-ŋál, 'that which is opposite'). [ -ik = suffix of ordinal numers; harm-ad =1/3 > harmad-IK=the 3rd]
igi(-šè)... dib(2)	to pass in front of/before ('face' + terminative suffix + 'to pass by').
igi(-tur)... gíd gyötör..hosz(an)	to despise, look upon with disfavor or anger ('eye, face' + 'little' + 'to lengthen'; cf., saŋ-ki...gíd). [gyötör =to torment, gyül-öl=to despise ] ++ hosz-an=for long (an=adverb)]
igi...bad ügy(el).. bol	to open one's eyes ('eye' + 'to open'). ['eye' + bo-l =from out of, from ]
igi...bar figy(el) ..fir-(tat)	to look at ('eye' + 'to open'). *p>b ['eye' + fér (*p>f/b)=to fit into ? fir-tat =to question,look for answers (tat=frequentive]
igi...dù figy(el)..oda	to be on the lookout for (with -ši-) ('eye' + 'to raise erect'). [figyel=watch,pay attention + oda =to there]
igi...du8 figy(el)..oda	to see (often with -ni- or bi-); to spy; to witness ('eye' + 'to crack open'). [figyel=watch,pay attention + oda =to there >> to pay attention to ]
igi...gub	to look at ('eye' + 'to set').
igi...íl ügyel/figyel	to direct the eyes to (with -ši-, at a specific object); to view; to look over ('eyes' + 'to lift'). [ügy-el =to take care of something, to keep an eye on; figyel =to observe,watch over]
igi...kár figy(el)..kör(ül)	to look upon; to examine, inspect; to select (often with -ši-) ('eyes' + 'to illuminate'). [figy-el =watch+ kör-ül=around >> to look around]
igi...lal ügy_ ..le	to close one's eyes ('eyes' + 'to diminish, retreat'). ['eye' + le=down/off of] le=down, al=low ..to lower the eye lid.
igi...ŋál figy(el)..?nála	to (be able to) see; to understand; to look upon (often with -ši-) ('eye' + 'to place [into]'). [ 'eye' + nál ="at", addesive rather than illative "into" suffix] Sumerian illative =ku.
igi...ŋar ig-éz ig-ér	to face, look at (with -ši- adds intensity to the gaze); to appear before someone ('eye; face' + 'to set'). [ ig-éz =to look at intensely, to conjure up ] [ ig-ér =to promise ?]
igi...si(-g) vigy..áz	to see ('eyes' + 'to fill'). [ to pay attention, to watch out ]
igi...suh ig(éz)..szök(ni)	to stare with wide-open eyes ('eyes' + 'to pop out'). ['eye' +(fel) szök =to burst forth, jump up, etc ]
igi...te-en egy(ez) teni	to unite ('eyes' + 'to soften, allay'). to make one, to unite
igi...ùru vigy(áz)..ör(iz)	to be on guard, vigilant ('eyes' + 'to watch, guard'). ['eye' + *wäre >> ör-iz =guards ]
i-gi4-in-zu ugy-an , ugy	indeed!; as, like (used in hypothetical comparisons). *ŋ>g, [ *ŋ>gy ugy-an=indeed! (-an=adverbial suffix), igy=thus, like this]
igi-4-ŋál	1/4. “one-4 + (? ŋál ) egy=one + negy-ed=four-th
igi-6-ŋál	1/6. “one-6 +(? ŋál ) egy=one + hat-od =six-th
igi-a-a-na-šè ügy() atyá–nak-hoz	before his father ('front' + 'father' + ni-a(k), 'his + genitive' + terminative suffix, 'unto'). { adda > a =father} ['eye/front' + *att>atya=father + nak = genetive & dative -hoz=to, to bring]
igi-bala ügy-fél	traitor, turncoat; shiftiness ('eyes' + 'to turn, change, revolt'). ['eye' + *poulke >bogyo=round [ügy =a cause,case + fél =partner, or member of a group, half]
igi-daŋ-al ügy() –tág-ul	wide seeing eyes ('eyes' + 'wide'). [ 'eye' + tág –ul=wide-en-s]
igi-du elö – {*dh>l }	adj. for a lead animal; leader (also read as palil) ('front' + 'to walk'). {*dh >d >dj =g } [*edhe > elö =lead + jöv/gyöv=come or gyal(og) =walk ]
igi-du8-a figy(el)-hód	visibility (of the moon) ('to see' + nominative). ['eye' + hód =moon ]
igi-gu4	a stylized biconvex geometric figure constructed from 120 degree arcs ('eye' + 'ox').
igi-gub(-ba)	coefficient ('inverse' + 'fixed').
igi-gùn-gùn ügy() + huny	flashing eyes ('eyes; face' + 'to sparkle; to have on makeup'). [ ‘eye’ + huny =to close the eyelids ], as one opens and closes the eyelid the eyes become dark and light from the white of the eye. Flirting with the eyes?
igi-hul...dím	to put the evil eye (on someone) ('eye' + 'evil' + 'to fashion').
igi-íl-la ügy() + *ále(me)	choice ('eyes' + 'to lift' + nominative). ['eye' + *äle-me >em-el =lift (metathesis) ]
igi-lá	(cf., igi-tùm-lá).
igi-mè(-/ak/) elö + mar-ak (od)	before the battle; vanguard ('before; front' + 'battle' + genitive). It looks like the *dh (aspirated d) sound,which normally changes to L in Hungarian, and normally d in Sumerian also had a Sumerian dj >g (gy) variant. This would explain the many words that are symbolized with the egye (igi), but have nothing to do with the eye. *edhe > elö=lead, elsö=first also associated with egy=one + mar-ak-(od) = a fight, normally between two, that emphasizes scratching, cutting. (mar =to scratch, to etch, to grind )
IGI-NAR(-m)	review, inspection, supervision. [ügy-el=oversee, keep an eye on the affairs/doings]
igi-nim(-ma)	upper country - from Sumer either the east or the northwest ('to face' + 'east'). ['face' + num- =high /ObUgrian ] The Sumerian term for the east refers to the highlands of Elam, whose name is the same as the term for east. From the direction of Elam. To face refers to the direction you look.
igi-níŋin	treachery ('eye' + 'to wander, turn away').
igi-nu-du8(-a)	blind person - a slave; unskilled worker ('eye' + 'not' + 'to crack open').
igi-ŋál(-la)	clever, intelligent ('eye' + 'to place [into]' + nominative). ['eye' + ügy-es=clever, inteligent]
ígi-ra gé-m	heron (igi, 'the eye', + ra, 'to strike'). gém =heron (-ma is a common formative, but in this case its not thought to be one)
igi-šè...du	to walk in front of ('to the front' + 'to walk'). {*dh >g} *edhe >elö =lead,front .. gyö/jö(n) =come (jön or jö or jöv are all used )
igi-sig5	pulverized (onions) (cf., mun-gazi) ('eye' + 'to be good').
igi-sìg-sìg[PA-PA] __ zak-lat	an insulting face ('face' + reduplicated 'to strike, knock down'; cf., ka-sìg). ügy() ..zak-(la-t) =to constantly cause problems, hardships, difficulties to someone (with the face)
igi-su	(cf., i-gi4-in-zu).
igi-te-en egy-et-em	fraction; proportions; symmetry. Used to indicate universal, but from the “wholeness”, “oneness” of things. So perhaps the part or fraction and how it relates to the one, is used here. –te- > ed refers to fractional designations. negy-ed = four +th.
igi-tùm-lá	coveting, longing, greedy eyes; a starving person ('eyes' + 'to obtain, carry away' + 'to weigh'). ? éh =hungry + teni=to do ? ? *kuma > kiv-án =desire (-an=adverbial) {m>v}
igi-u4-è-a	facing the sunrise, facing east ('face; before' + ^dutu-è, 'sunrise' + locative).
igi-X-šè	in the presence of X ('face, front' + X + terminative suffix). [ 'eye' + X +hoz =to X ]
igi-zàŋ-ŋá; igi-zàg-ga	select, precious ('eyes' + 'to choose' + nominative).
igi-zé-zé ügy-szár(az)	dry-eyed (?) ('eyes' + 'to cut, shear, pluck'; Akk. ,suhhutum means 'pressed out'). [ ügy()=relates to seeing .. szár(az) =dry ?sze-d=to pick, to pluck]
igi-zi...bar	to choose; to legitimate ('to look at' + 'legitimate; to strengthen').
igi-zu	(cf., i-gi4-in-zu).
ì-gu-la)	perfumed oil ('oil' + 'flax' + 'beauty, desire').
ì-HI-nun(-na)	(cf., ì-dùg-nun(-na); hé-nun; hi-nun).
i-i	(reduplicated éd).
ì-ir-a ír	ointment ('oil' + 'perfume' + nominative). [ír =ointment as a medication]
iku	a surface measure of 3600 meters^2 = 100 sar = 1 square 'rope' = 1/18 bùr (plural Akk. form of ég, ék, 'levee'). [ ék=wedge, used as a form of land measure also. ]
í-kú	inclined angle, inclination (e.g., 45 degrees - the angle formed by animals eating fodder). [ék =wedge, szeg=angle]
ì-ku6 háj -hal	fish oil ('oil' + 'fish'). [ -l(V)# >blk] [háj= fat +*kala =fish] {#kB >h} B=backvowel a,o,u,ö
íl	(cf., íla).
il5	(cf., ili5).
íla, íli, íl el (em)el {metathesis} áll	n., carrier. [ el =away ] v., to lift, [ *äle-me=lift >> em-el] carry; to deliver; to bring; *s>ø [szál-it =to deliver, to travel, to ship] to endure; *s>ø [*salke >> áll =stand, maintain, stand up to and endure] to support; to carry forward (in accounting); to be high; to shine (íl-i in marû). [*ale-me > em-el =lift ] the swap only occurred in Hungarian.!
ì-lah4 ö-lök	a profession (impersonal verbal prefix + 'to fling away'). [ö=he/she + lök =to push, to shove, to fling ] lök-ö =pushing,pusher ?ölö=murderer?butcher (öl is Turkic )
íldag[A-AM]-zi-da {ld~gy} jeg(ENYE) +..	pleasant poplar tree ('poplar tree' + 'good'). { *j>l, g } jege-nye =poplar j>gy=d? jege ~ gyege~djeg
il-duma(2,3), ildum(2/3), ildu(2/3) __ + töm-(eg)	crowd [ILDUM archaic frequency= 5; concatenation of 2 sign variants]. lu=man +dum=crammed [+ töm-eg =a crowd, -eg=formative suffix] töm=to stuff into.
ì-lí olaj	fine oil (jar) ('oil' + 'true measure; fine oil'). {*j>l/g } olaj=oil , vaj =butter < *woje
ili5 áll	to rise, get up. *s>ø [*salke > áll =stand, get up ]
Ilimmu ki-len-c	nine (ía/í, 'five', + limmu, 'four'). ki-len-c =9 { ki=out of ; *luka > le=10/ObUgr +nc=one } “one out of 10” The word if correct uses a very archaic Ugrian phonetics and words. The identical method of creating the word for 9 is found in the Dravidian languages of India.
íl-lá (em)el	elevation ('to lift' + 'to hang'; cf., dùn-lá, 'depression'). [*ale-me >>em-el =lift + ló-g =to hang ] -em is a formative, not the root but it was swapped in Hungarian, unlike other languages.
illu lé ? lep	high water, flood; (amniotic) fluid; resin. {*m>w>ø } [*leme > lev > lé =fluid, soup (or) *leppe > lep=inundate ]
i-lu	song, lament, dirge ('cry' + 'to multiply'). {-k(V)#>blk} [ ? + *luke=count,decipher >olv-as=read ]
i-lu...du11/e __ … dal	to sing a dirge ('dirge' + 'to speak, sing'). [? + *dal=a song ]
ím	cf., gim4
im, em	cf., imi.
IM...dirig	(cf., ní...dirig).
im...mir *ilma..mér-(g-es)	to be windy ('wind' + 'storm wind'). {*lm>m } [ *il(e)ma>lev-(egö) = wind + mér-g-(es)=anger,violent] {m>v}
im...šèŋ *ilma..esik	to rain ('storm' + 'to rain'). {*lm >m} [*ilma = wind + *eće >>esik=rains ]
IM×TAK4; IM.TAK4; TAK4; TAK4.IM tag-(ol)	to cut; to be cut out. [tag-ol =to separate, cut to its parts ]
im-ba	loss ('the paid out').
im-babbar(2) *maa – feir	gypsum; whitewash ('clay' + 'white'). bar=white >> babbar ?light {*p>b} [ *maa =earth,dirt + feir >fejér>fehér=white ] {*p>f}
im-dù-a; im-du8-a *maa +dug	wall of rammed earth; adobe wall ('mud' + 'to build, erect' + nominative). [ *maa =earth +dug =to stuff into > compress ]
im-dugud *maa +döng-(öl)	lump of earth or metal (cf., aŋarx) ('clay, earth' + 'weight'). [*maa=earth + döng(öl) =to tamp and pound down earth, to harden it.] The FU term *maa=earth has very few derivatives only in Hungarian.
^IMdungu tun-(elma=air) / Finn	cloud, cloudbank. [Finnish tun-elma =atmosphere, (*ilma = wind )] Turkic tengri =god & sky
im-gíd-da *maa +hoszú +old(al)	small, one column tablet ('clay tablet' + 'long' + 'side'). [ *maa=earth + *kuc’e > hosszú=long +old-al=side ]
im-ha-mun	a dark-colored earth used for a high-contrast dye ('clay, earth' + 'contrasting'; cf. also, im-ri-ha-mun).
im-hul *ilma +goly-(ho)	evil wind ('wind' + 'evil'). {lm>m} *ilma >leve(gö) =air,wind + goly-ho=angry spirit,ghost.
imhur[IGI.A]	foam.
imi, im, em	clay, loam, mud; tablet [IM archaic frequency = 67; concatenation of 2 sign variants]. [*maa =land, earth , dirt] The normal lands of FU people were wetlands, therefore the land usually was either mudy or frozen.
imi, im, em	wind; direction; weather; storm; cloud; rain (cf., tumu). {lm>m} [*il-me >le-ve-gö =air (m>v) ]
imin(2,3)	seven; totality; innumerable; all (ía/í, 'five', + min, 'two'). [min-d=all, totallity, min-c =10 used in 30 and min>ven in 40..90, (conceptually similar ) szed/csat=to gather, join > /Ugrian/ *sat=7 > s/h > hét=7]
im-lá vele, fele-	container; width ('clay' + 'to hold'). {?w>m} vele =with < fele=to share/partner; *wole > vala=to be {w >m} doesn’t occur in Hungarian but *m>w does, but a {w~m} alteration is found in some FU languages, including Finnish.}
im-lag *maa + rög	clump of clay ('clay' + 'piece'). l>r [ *maa =earth + rög =lump, piece, clod]
im-ma mul	last, [vala =was ] previous (year) ('the named'). [*maa + mul =to pass, mul-t =the past(year) -t=past tense]
im-ma...gub *maa	to register on a clay tablet ('clay tablet' + locative + 'to write down'; cf., im-šu-gub). [*maa =earth +n=locative ..kap-ar =to scatch, incize, engrave ]
im-ma-al eme + mell	milk cow (cf., immal(2)). {ke# >blk} [*eme=mother,female + *mälke >> mell =breast, chest]
immal(2)	milk cow (cf., im-ma-al). [*mälke =breast/chest > udder?> mell =breast ] *FU Milga >>?milk
im-mar-tu ilma +morá(gy)	westwind ('wind' + 'western desert'). [*ilma >leve(gö) + morágy=pine/cypress forrest/tree ] The second term reminds me of “morágy”, which is not well understood today referring to a kind of pine trees, pine forrest of some kind and found in several FU languages. Perhaps this relates to the ancient forrests of Lebanon as a direction, and not in the sense of a desert.]
im-ma-si-im-ma-diri-ga	'it is too much' - the scream of suffering men or of women in travail (a deverbalized fixed form).
im-me	to be the one for (ì + me + a).
immen, immin, imma	(cf., enmen).
ímmen, ímmin, ímma	(cf., énmen).
immindu	roasting, baking oven (imi/i