I, K, L words
updated on October 21, 2006

based on John Halorens "Sumerian Lexicon"
modified in red by Fred Hamori, Sumerian & FU List

Hungarian formatives are shown bracketed  ( formative ) . These are absolutely necessary in Hungarian to differentiate the very considerable number of homonym root words, yet in Sumerian they are rarely shown. Perhaps at times this was unnecessary
because of the contents of a sentence or because some logograms already differentiated the meaning.  In a spoken language however this would have been impossible to use without some kind of classifier or formative ending.

I
áj

n., cry of pain (derived from ér, ír, 'tears; complaint' {*>l,g,blk}[ jaj =ow ] ?) 
[
I archaic frequency = 17]. áj- =loose cosciousness,  jaj =ow, pain
v., to capture, defeat, overcome (cf., éd, è; i)

i(-r)

(cf., ir).

i5-ŋar[KA.NAR]
nev(et) +gyár-t

to promise, predict; ominous remark (inim, 'word' + 'to make, establish'). {inim > I 5}
[*nime=name>név=name, nev(ez) =to call, to name +gyárt=make ]

ìa, ì
vaj

n., oil, fat, cream. {*w>ø}, {j >I}
[*woja > vaj =butter/fat ]
impersonal verbal conjugation prefix, indicates distance from speaker. [ ö =he/she/it ]

ia2,7,9, í
új

five.
[ ujj "ui" =finger(s) of the hand ]

ia4, i4

pebble, counter.

ì-áb
vaj – fej-(ö)

fat of cows, cream (?) ('fat' + 'cow').
[*woje >vaj + fej=to milk ] (the old word for cow & milk replaced with Iranian term)

ì-áb-sè-ga
vaj-fej(ö)-sü(t)-ik

clarified butter, ghee (Old Sumerian) ('cow fat' + 'to make flat [by boiling away the water]').
[*woja >vaj =butter +*pid >fej=milk + süt=bake, heat up ]  or szik= dry up

ib
öbl

corner, angle, nook [IB archaic frequency = 252; concatenates 2 sign variants].
[ öbl- =a nook, an inlet, bay, a depression, a hollow ]

íb, éb
öv
üv-(ölt)

n., middle; waist; loins; thighs.  { *w>b}
[*wiŋe > vö > öv, Finnish vöö ]

v., to be angry; to flare up in anger; to curse, insult. {*w>b }
[ üv- ölt =to scream in rage, howl. ]

íb-dam-za
üv(öl) –teni –zaj(ong)

anger ('to be angry' + dum-dam...za, 'to grumble').
üv(öl)-teni =to “howl” in rage

i-bí [BIL]
fel-hö

smoke; Emesal dialect for igi, 'face; to see' ('to go out, rise' + 'to burn'). {*p>b}
[*pilwe>> felhö=cloud,plume] Turkish bul-ut

ibila, ì-bí-la
ifjú

son; heir, successor; inheritance (íb (subj. prefix) + íla, 'he carries it'). {*p>b,  *j>l,g,blk}
[*p>f ifija =son of , ifju =youth, ifi =junior/descendant ]

íb-lal
öv-log-ó

underwear (?) ('hips' + 'to hang, stretch, extend') {*w>b}
 [*wiŋe >>öv, Finnish vöö =belt] + [*loŋe >> lóg=hang, léla=curtain]
something hanging from the belt. ? like a breechcloth

ib-si8[DI]

square ('eye' + 'to crack open').
? + szeg=angle,corner {négy-szög =4 angle= square}

íb-tag4
? –tag-(ol)

leftover ('middle' + 'to disregard').
[*kit-eppe ="common+middle ground" >közép=central +tag-(ad)=to deny, reject]

íd

(cf., ída).

id4,8, it4

(cf., itud).

ída, íd, i7
*wete > viz, ügy

river; main canal; watercourse (éd,'to issue', + a,'water').  {*w>blk },  {t>d}
[ *wete > viz=water, ügy =river, üde=to water, moisten, freshen, refresh, i- =a drink]

íd-a-dug
ügy-(viz)- tok

irrigation project ('canal' + 'water' + 'vessel').
[ ügy=small river + i- =drink + tok =container, vessel ]

i-dib
ki-tepe > közép

threshold; flagstone, slab; device, contrivance ('to go out' + 'to traverse, cross'). {*#k>g>h>blk}
[*kit-eppe "common middle area" >küsz-öb = threshold]

Id-igna
ügy-jön

the Tigris river (ída/íd, 'river', + ì, 'impersonal verbal conjugation prefix', + ŋin, 'to go', + nominative a, "the river that goes", the Tigris was a faster-moving river than the Euphrates; it was less likely to overflow because, not depositing as much silt, it did not built up its bed as high) [? IDIGNA archaic frequency= 25].
[ FU *wete =river, water>> Hu viz=water, _ügy = river, _üde =refreshed by moisture [ jön ~gyön =comes ]

idim
*sid > hid-(eg) –növ
dühöng
töm-ör

n., spring, underground water; weight, mass (ída, 'river', + , 'to sprout, appear').
*s- >ø, m~n [ *sid =cold brook {s>h} hid-eg =cold + nö- =to grow]
nö(v) =növény = Sumerian numun, -im may also be a deverbal suffix.
adj., wild, raging, mad; [düh =rages + deverbal suffix ]
considerable, [töm-ör =dense, packed, több=more ]
distinguished.

ì-dub
vaj - tok

storage jugs, pitchers ('oil' + 'to store, heap up').
['oil' +tok =case, container ]

ì-dùg(-ga),
ì-du10-ga
éd(es)

perfume; good oil ('oil' + 'sweet').
[ i- =drink/water + éd-es=sweeet (-es =adj suffix) ]

ì-dùg-nun(-na),
ì-du10-nun(-na) 
éd(es)- nem(es)

cream; perfume ('oil' + 'sweet' + 'fine').
[i-=drink/water + éd-es=sweet + nem-es=noble, fine; -es=adj suffix]

i-dutu

outcry; complaint; cry for justice; 'Oh, Shamash!' ('cry' + divine determinative + 'god of justice').

ig
aj-tó, áj

door, entrance [IG archaic frequency = 43; concatenates 2 sign variants].  *ŋ>g/n
[ *aŋe =opening > áj=opening, aj-to=door ]

igi
 
elö
ügyel/figyel

n., eye(s); glance;  {
face; aspect, looks; front (reduplicated ig, 'door') 
[
IGI archaic frequency = 21].
v., to see. [ ügy-el =watch out, take care, figy-el=watch, observe ]
prep., before, in front of. [*dh> l>j elö =front,lead,ahead,etc]

igi
-ik

reciprocal of a number (= the multiplier that will give 60; the igi of 5 is 0;12)
(abbreviation of igi-ŋál, 'that which is opposite').
[ -ik = suffix of ordinal numers; harm-ad =1/3 > harmad-IK=the 3rd]

igi(-šè)... dib(2)

to pass in front of/before ('face' + terminative suffix + 'to pass by').

igi(-tur)... gíd
gyötör..hosz(an)

to despise, look upon with disfavor or anger
('eye, face' + 'little' + 'to lengthen'; cf., saŋ-ki...gíd).
[gyötör =to torment, gyül-öl=to despise ] ++ hosz-an=for long  (an=adverb)]

igi...bad
ügy(el).. bol

to open one's eyes ('eye' + 'to open').
['eye' + bo-l =from out of, from ]

igi...bar
figy(el) ..fir-(tat)

to look at ('eye' + 'to open'). *p>b
['eye' + fér (*p>f/b)=to fit into ? fir-tat =to question,look for answers (tat=frequentive]

igi...dù
figy(el)..oda

to be on the lookout for (with -ši-) ('eye' + 'to raise erect').
[figyel=watch,pay attention + oda =to there]

igi...du8
figy(el)..oda

to see (often with -ni- or bi-); to spy; to witness ('eye' + 'to crack open').
[figyel=watch,pay attention + oda =to there >> to pay attention to ]

igi...gub

to look at ('eye' + 'to set').

igi...íl
ügyel/figyel

to direct the eyes to (with -ši-, at a specific object); to view; to look over ('eyes' + 'to lift'). [ügy-el =to take care of something, to keep an eye on;  figyel =to observe,watch over]

igi...kár
figy(el)..kör(ül)

to look upon; to examine, inspect; to select (often with -ši-) ('eyes' + 'to illuminate').
[figy-el =watch+ kör-ül=around >> to look around]

igi...lal
ügy_ ..le

to close one's eyes ('eyes' + 'to diminish, retreat').
['eye' +  le=down/off of]  le=down, al=low  ..to lower the eye lid.

igi...ŋál
figy(el)..?nála

to (be able to) see; to understand; to look upon (often with -ši-)
('eye' + 'to place [into]'). [ 'eye' + nál ="at", addesive rather than illative "into" suffix]
Sumerian illative =ku.

igi...ŋar
ig-éz
ig-ér

to face, look at (with -ši- adds intensity to the gaze); to appear before someone
('eye; face' + 'to set').
[ ig-éz =to look at intensely,  to conjure up ]
[ ig-ér =to promise ?]

igi...si(-g)
vigy..áz

to see ('eyes' + 'to fill').
[ to pay attention, to watch out ]

igi...suh
ig(éz)..szök(ni)

to stare with wide-open eyes ('eyes' + 'to pop out').
['eye' +(fel) szök =to burst forth, jump up, etc ]

igi...te-en
egy(ez) teni

to unite ('eyes' + 'to soften, allay').
to make one, to unite

igi...ùru
vigy(áz)..ör(iz)

to be on guard, vigilant ('eyes' + 'to watch, guard').
['eye' + *wäre >> ör-iz =guards ]

i-gi4-in-zu
ugy-an , ugy

indeed!; as, like (used in hypothetical comparisons).
*ŋ>g, [ *ŋ>gy ugy-an=indeed! (-an=adverbial suffix), igy=thus, like this]

igi-4-ŋál

1/4.  one-4 + (? ŋál )
egy=one + negy-ed=four-th

igi-6-ŋál

1/6.   one-6 +(? ŋál )
egy=one + hat-od =six-th

igi-a-a-na-šè
ügy() atyá–nak-hoz

before his father ('front' + 'father' + ni-a(k), 'his + genitive' + terminative suffix, 'unto'). { adda > a =father}
['eye/front' + *att>atya=father + nak = genetive & dative  -hoz=to, to bring]

igi-bala
ügy-fél

traitor, turncoat; shiftiness ('eyes' + 'to turn, change, revolt').
['eye' + *poulke >bogyo=round
[ügy =a cause,case + fél =partner, or member of a group, half]

igi-daŋ-al
ügy() –tág-ul

wide seeing eyes ('eyes' + 'wide').
[ 'eye' + tág –ul=wide-en-s]

igi-du
elö –   {*dh>l }

adj. for a lead animal; leader (also read as palil) ('front' + 'to walk').  {*dh >d >dj =g }
[*edhe > elö =lead  + jöv/gyöv=come or gyal(og) =walk ]  

igi-du8-a
figy(el)-hód

visibility (of the moon) ('to see' + nominative).
['eye' + hód =moon ]

igi-gu4

a stylized biconvex geometric figure constructed from 120 degree arcs ('eye' + 'ox').

igi-gub(-ba)

coefficient ('inverse' + 'fixed').

igi-gùn-gùn
ügy() + huny

flashing eyes ('eyes; face' + 'to sparkle; to have on makeup').
[ ‘eye’ + huny =to close the eyelids ], as one opens and closes the eyelid the eyes become  dark and light from the white of the eye. Flirting with the eyes?

igi-hul...dím

to put the evil eye (on someone) ('eye' + 'evil' + 'to fashion').

igi-íl-la
ügy() + *ále(me)

choice ('eyes' + 'to lift' + nominative).
['eye' + *äle-me >em-el =lift (metathesis) ]

igi-lá

(cf., igi-tùm-lá).

igi-mè(-/ak/)
elö + mar-ak (od)

before the battle; vanguard ('before; front' + 'battle' + genitive).
It looks like the *dh (aspirated d) sound,which normally changes to L in Hungarian, and normally d in Sumerian also had a Sumerian dj >g (gy) variant. This would explain the many words that are symbolized with the egye (igi), but have nothing to do with the eye.
*edhe > elö=lead,  elsö=first also associated with   egy=one  + mar-ak-(od) =
a fight, normally between two, that emphasizes scratching, cutting. (mar =to scratch, to etch, to grind )

IGI-NAR(-m)

review, inspection, supervision.
[ügy-el=oversee, keep an eye on the affairs/doings]

igi-nim(-ma)

upper country - from Sumer either the east or the northwest ('to face' + 'east').
['face'  + num- =high /ObUgrian ]  The Sumerian term for the east refers to the highlands of Elam, whose name is the same as the term for east. From the direction of Elam. To face refers to the direction you look.

igi-níŋin

treachery ('eye' + 'to wander, turn away').

igi-nu-du8(-a)

blind person - a slave; unskilled worker ('eye' + 'not' + 'to crack open').

igi-ŋál(-la)

clever, intelligent ('eye' + 'to place [into]' + nominative).
['eye' + ügy-es=clever, inteligent]

ígi-ra
gé-m

heron (igi, 'the eye', + ra, 'to strike').
gém =heron (-ma is a common formative, but in this case its not thought to be one)

igi-šè...du

to walk in front of ('to the front' + 'to walk').  {*dh >g}
*edhe >elö =lead,front .. gyö/jö(n) =come  (jön or jö or jöv are all used )

igi-sig5

pulverized (onions) (cf., mun-gazi) ('eye' + 'to be good').

igi-sìg-sìg[PA-PA]
__ zak-lat

an insulting face ('face' + reduplicated 'to strike, knock down'; cf., ka-sìg).
ügy() ..zak-(la-t) =to constantly cause problems, hardships, difficulties to someone (with the face)

igi-su

(cf., i-gi4-in-zu).

igi-te-en
egy-et-em

fraction; proportions; symmetry.
Used to indicate universal, but from the  wholeness”,  “oneness” of things.
So perhaps the part or fraction and how it relates to the one, is used here.   te- > ed refers to fractional designations.  negy-ed = four +th.

igi-tùm-lá

coveting, longing, greedy eyes; a starving person ('eyes' + 'to obtain, carry away' + 'to weigh').
? éh =hungry + teni=to do ?
? *kuma > kiv-án  =desire (-an=adverbial)  {m>v}

igi-u4-è-a

facing the sunrise, facing east ('face; before' + dutu-è, 'sunrise' + locative).

igi-X-šè

in the presence of X ('face, front' + X + terminative suffix). [ 'eye' + X +hoz =to X ]

igi-zàŋ-ŋá;
igi-zàg-ga

select, precious ('eyes' + 'to choose' + nominative).

igi-zé-zé
ügy-szár(az)

dry-eyed (?) ('eyes' + 'to cut, shear, pluck'; Akk. ,suhhutum means 'pressed out').
[  ügy()=relates to seeing  .. szár(az) =dry   ?sze-d=to pick, to pluck]

igi-zi...bar

to choose; to legitimate ('to look at' + 'legitimate; to strengthen').

igi-zu

(cf., i-gi4-in-zu).

ì-gu-la)

perfumed oil ('oil' + 'flax' + 'beauty, desire').

ì-HI-nun(-na)

(cf., ì-dùg-nun(-na); hé-nun; hi-nun).

i-i

(reduplicated éd).

ì-ir-a
ír

ointment ('oil' + 'perfume' + nominative).
[ír =ointment as a medication]

iku

a surface measure of 3600 meters2 = 100 sar = 1 square 'rope' = 1/18 bùr
(plural Akk. form of ég, ék, 'levee').
[ ék=wedge, used as a form of land measure also. ]

í-kú

inclined angle, inclination (e.g., 45 degrees - the angle formed by animals eating fodder).
[ék =wedge, szeg=angle]

ì-ku6
 háj -hal

fish oil ('oil' + 'fish').   [ -l(V)# >blk]
[háj= fat +*kala =fish]  {#kB >h} B=backvowel a,o,u,ö

íl

(cf., íla).

il5

(cf., ili5).

íla, íli, íl
el
(em)el {metathesis}
áll

n., carrier. [ el =away ]
v., to lift, [ *äle-me=lift >> em-el]
carry; to deliver; to bring; *s>ø [szál-it =to deliver, to travel, to ship]
to endure; *s>ø [*salke >> áll =stand, maintain, stand up to and endure]
to support; to carry forward (in accounting);
to be high; to shine (íl-i in marû). [*ale-me > em-el =lift ] the swap only occurred in Hungarian.!

ì-lah4
ö-lök

a profession (impersonal verbal prefix + 'to fling away').
[ö=he/she + lök =to push, to shove, to fling ] lök-ö =pushing,pusher
?ölö=murderer?butcher   (öl is Turkic )

íldag[A-AM]-zi-da  {ld~gy}
jeg(ENYE) +..

pleasant poplar tree ('poplar tree' + 'good').  { *j>l, g }
jege-nye =poplar   j>gy=d?  jege ~ gyege~djeg

il-duma(2,3), ildum(2/3), ildu(2/3)
__ +
töm-(eg)

crowd [ILDUM archaic frequency= 5; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
lu=man +dum=crammed
[+ töm-eg =a crowd, -eg=formative suffix] töm=to stuff into.

ì-lí
olaj

fine oil (jar) ('oil' + 'true measure; fine oil').  {*j>l/g }
olaj=oil  ,  vaj =butter < *woje

ili5
áll

to rise, get up. *s>ø
[*salke > áll =stand, get up ]

Ilimmu
ki-len-c

nine (ía/í, 'five', + limmu, 'four').
ki-len-c =9   { ki=out of ; *luka > le=10/ObUgr   +nc=one } “one out of 10”
The word if correct uses a very archaic Ugrian phonetics and words. The identical method of creating the word for 9 is found in the Dravidian languages of India.

íl-lá
(em)el

elevation ('to lift' + 'to hang'; cf., dùn-lá, 'depression').
[*ale-me >>em-el =lift + ló-g =to hang ]  -em is a formative, not the root but it was swapped in Hungarian, unlike other languages.

illu
lé ? lep

high water, flood; (amniotic) fluid; resin. {*m>w>ø }
[*leme > lev > lé =fluid, soup   (or) *leppe > lep=inundate  ]

i-lu

song, lament, dirge ('cry' + 'to multiply').   {-k(V)#>blk}
[ ?  + *luke=count,decipher >olv-as=read ]

i-lu...du11/e
__ … dal

to sing a dirge ('dirge' + 'to speak, sing').
[? + *dal=a song ]

ím

cf., gim4

im, em

cf., imi.

IM...dirig

(cf., ní...dirig).

im...mir
*ilma..mér-(g-es)

to be windy ('wind' + 'storm wind'). {*lm>m }
[ *il(e)ma>lev-(egö) = wind + mér-g-(es)=anger,violent]  {m>v}

im...šèŋ
*ilma..esik

to rain ('storm' + 'to rain'). {*lm >m}
[*ilma = wind + *eće >>esik=rains ]

IM×TAK4; IM.TAK4;
TAK4; TAK4.IM
tag-(ol)

to cut; to be cut out.
[tag-ol =to separate, cut to its parts ]

im-ba

loss ('the paid out').

im-babbar(2)
*maa – feir

gypsum; whitewash ('clay' + 'white'). bar=white >> babbar ?light  {*p>b}
[ *maa =earth,dirt + feir >fejér>fehér=white ] {*p>f}

im-dù-a;
im-du8-a
*maa +dug

wall of rammed earth; adobe wall ('mud' + 'to build, erect' + nominative).
[ *maa =earth +dug =to stuff into > compress ]

im-dugud
*maa +döng-(öl)

lump of earth or metal (cf., aŋarx) ('clay, earth' + 'weight').
[*maa=earth + döng(öl) =to tamp and pound down earth, to harden it.]
 The FU term *maa=earth has very few derivatives only in Hungarian.

IMdungu
 tun-(elma=air) / Finn

cloud, cloudbank.
[Finnish tun-elma =atmosphere, (*ilma = wind )]
Turkic tengri =god & sky

im-gíd-da
*maa +hoszú  +old(al)

small, one column tablet ('clay tablet' + 'long' + 'side').
[ *maa=earth + *kuc’e > hosszú=long +old-al=side ]

im-ha-mun
 

a dark-colored earth used for a high-contrast dye
('clay, earth' + 'contrasting'; cf. also, im-ri-ha-mun).
 

im-hul
*ilma +goly-(ho)

evil wind ('wind' + 'evil').  {lm>m}
*ilma >leve(gö) =air,wind + goly-ho=angry spirit,ghost.

imhur[IGI.A]

foam.

imi, im, em

clay, loam, mud; tablet [IM archaic frequency = 67; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
[*maa =land, earth , dirt]
The normal lands of FU people were wetlands, therefore the land usually was either mudy or frozen.

imi, im, em

wind; direction; weather; storm; cloud; rain (cf., tumu). {lm>m}
[*il-me >le-ve-gö =air (m>v)  ]

imin(2,3)

seven; totality; innumerable; all (ía/í, 'five', + min, 'two').
[min-d=all, totallity, min-c =10 used in 30 and min>ven in 40..90,
(conceptually similar ) szed/csat=to gather, join > /Ugrian/ *sat=7 > s/h > hét=7]

im-lá
vele, fele-

container; width ('clay' + 'to hold').   {?w>m}
vele =with < fele=to share/partner; *wole > vala=to be 
{w >m} doesn’t occur in Hungarian but *m>w does, but a {w~m}
alteration is found in some FU languages, including Finnish.}

im-lag
*maa + rög

clump of clay ('clay' + 'piece'). l>r
[ *maa =earth + rög =lump, piece, clod]

im-ma
mul

last,   [vala =was ]
previous (year) ('the named').
[*maa + mul =to pass, mul-t =the past(year) -t=past tense]

im-ma...gub
*maa

to register on a clay tablet ('clay tablet' + locative + 'to write down'; cf., im-šu-gub).
[*maa =earth +n=locative ..kap-ar =to scatch, incize, engrave ]

im-ma-al
eme + mell

milk cow (cf., immal(2)).  {ke# >blk}
[*eme=mother,female + *mälke >> mell =breast, chest]

immal(2)

milk cow (cf., im-ma-al).
[*mälke =breast/chest > udder?> mell =breast ] *FU Milga >>?milk

im-mar-tu
ilma +morá(gy)

westwind ('wind' + 'western desert').
[*ilma >leve(gö) + morágy=pine/cypress forrest/tree ]
The second term reminds me of “morágy”, which is not well understood today
referring to a kind of pine trees, pine forrest of some kind and found in several FU languages. Perhaps this relates to the ancient forrests of Lebanon as a direction, and not in the sense of a desert.]

im-ma-si-im-ma-diri-ga

'it is too much' - the scream of suffering men or of women in travail (a deverbalized fixed form).

im-me

to be the one for (ì + me + a).

immen, immin, imma

(cf., enmen).

ímmen, ímmin, ímma

(cf., énmen).

immindu

roasting, baking oven (imi/i