E, G, H Words

Based on John Halloren's Sumerian Lexicon
Modified in red for Sumerian & FU List by Fred Hamori's Sumerian

The indications are that the source of the linguistic ties are with the ancient people living north of the Black Sea. These people are perhaps forgotten by history but their successors were known as the Kimerians, then Scythians. These may be the source of the FU protolanguage, but that is impossible to prove linguistically, except as a much smaller number of known vocabulary and personal names, place names, river names and some god names which were greatly distorted by the Greek historians. The most usefull comparisons with sufficient vocabulary is with what today are called FinnoUgrians. Current theories about who the Cimmerians and Scythians however contradict the historic records and are only biased assumptions, that no one has bothered to prove in a rigorous way.

This is a warning that historic linguistic comparisons don’t expect identity in meanings, but can be related meanings, but they do expect a systematic change from a protoword, which is derived from a comparisons of several daughter languages. In that, Sumerian has most basic words that compare well to the standard common FU protowords, but it also has many words that are only found now in one to one correspondences with some FU languages. These words are generally assumed to be loans or words of unknown origin, since they weren’t found in other FU languages. Obviously they need not be loans, but forgotten words in all but one FU language. There has been an unusually lot of general assumptions about most FU languages that have been recently found untrue. Such cultural assumptions of the past should not be applied to all of them, since there were a lot of differences between them both culturally and racially. I have illustrated most examples here with Hungarian simply to minimize the added comments, with occasional protowords to illustrate the changes. Sound changes can only be proven in a relative sense for some changes, which means that occasionally the direction of change can very easily be reversed. This causes no problem for comparison between existing languages although the protoword may be different. For example *w > b or was it really *bh >w .

According to current researchers Proto Sumerian did not have the voiced stops b, d, g and only acquired
them later just as FinnoUgrian and Etruscan. It did not differentiate he/she just as Ural-Altaic. It used
vowel harmony as does Ural-Altaic. It also did not use the plural ending when plurality was known because of various circumstances like a number of an item, just as FinnoUgrian doesn’t do that. It was an agglutinative language in structure like Ural-Altaic, that shared a lot of morphemes with FinnoUgrian even though there were a few differences in word order. Case endings which are common in FU noun morphemes were also used with verbs in Sumerian which indicates a more generic usage than what evolved later in FU. Hungarian also shares a several of the noun case markers as verbal prefixes indicating direction, but a few of them are replaced with alternative prefixes. Sumerian originally used a hex number system that evolved to a hexi-decimal system. FU languages are all based on an original hex system that later was changed to a decimal system. With two hands, where one represented the digits 1,2,3,4,5 and the other representing the 6 multiples from 6,12,18,24,30 you could count up to 35 with a nonpositional system or 105 if it was finger positional, rather than just 10 using the old FU hex number system. More likely the system was non positional and went up to 35 since the Hungarian numbers from 40 to 90 begin to use the suffix ven but not before. Sound rules are extensively documented in other references on my webpage.

This data is from John Hallorens webpage, with my additions in red.

é	house, household; temple; plot of land [E2 archaic frequency = 649; concatenates 4 signs]. é is just an abbreviation of the word for house, gé_ =house < ku-eš =tent < *kota =house,dweling [ é-pit=to build a building, thing; gor-é =corn shed, EP>EV=house in Turkic ]
é si-ga	a quiet house ('house' + 'silence'). [“house” + sug =whisper, sük-et=deaf < silence]
é...bùr	to break into a house (reduplication class) ('house' + 'to break into'). *w>b [“house” + ver =break ]
e5-ŋar	brick wall (cf., eŋar).
é-a...ti(-l)	to live in a house ('house' + locative + 'to live'). é is just an abbreviation of house! [*kol’a > hely=place +en=at + tel-ep=settlement, living place]
é-ad-da(-/ak/)	the house of one's fathers ('house' + 'father' + genitive). [ház attyá-é =house of father]
é-a-nir-ra	house of mourning ('house' + 'lamentation' + genitive). [‘house’ +nyir=wet,moist + é=genitive ]
é-a-nir-ra-gal-gal-la	euphemism for the netherworld ('house of mourning' + reduplicated ŋ + genitive). [“house” +nyir=wet,moist + é=genitive “house of tears” + “great” ]
é-an-na	sanctuary ('house' + 'Heaven' + genitive). [“house” + *saNke > ég=sky + nak=genitive (of) ]
é-anše	donkey stable ('house' + 'equid').
é-ba-an	an adjective denoting a very fine quality.
é-BAPPIR	(cf., é-lùnga).
é-bar-ra	outer house ('house' + 'outside' + nominative). [“house”+ per-em =the house outer/periphery ; -em=deverbal suffix]
ebir(2), epir(2)	small pot; beer mug.
ebla	a watery type of beer - 'light beer' (íb, 'waist', + lal/lá, 'to lessen'). [öbl-it =rinse out, water down] hab=foam + lá as in lány (girl) =small,weak.
éd, è; i	to go out, emerge; to send forth; to lead or bring out; to rise; to sprout; to be or become visible; to appear as a witness (the final d appears in marû conjugation) [ED2 archaic frequency = 12; concatenates 2 sign variants]. [PFU *eδe >> Hungarian el=away, *eδe =lead > elö [*δ> l ] in Hungarian, -allways!- ] similar root also in Altaic.
èd, e11	to exit; *alwe > elve, el to rise; *em-el =raise {metathesis of FU *ale-me =raise } also *salke > _áll_ =to stand up to descend, set; to bring down (or up); *ala > le, al =down, under to import; to fetch; to remove; to drain (è-dè(-d) in marû). There is a *dh > l in Hungarian & Ugrian, however not likely in other FU, yet the L/D is quite consistent here across a range of meanings.
é-da[-di-a]	a flour offering.
edakua(2)	fish bones (adda, 'skeleton', + ku6/kua, 'fish'). [ *tete > et/ed = corpse + *kala>hal =fish ]
edimx, edin	earthenware vat for oil and fats. [ edény = dish, plate, pottery ]
edin, eden	n., steppe, plain; grazing land between the two long rivers; back, spine (éd, 'to send forth', + in, 'straw') [EDIN archaic frequency= 5]. [határ =borderland, non-agricultural communal lands used for grazing. It sounds like its related to "back" =hát, but thats only coincidental, as it comes from the term for clan *kunta prep., on; against. [*d'>l elen =against ]
é-dù-a	house plot ('house' + 'to build' + nominative).
é-dub-ba	archive; school ('house' + 'tablet' + genitival a(k)). *l>ø [hely=place + táblá-é = house +sign + of ]
é-duru5	hamlet, rural settlement, suburb ('houses' + 'fresh'; cf., Akk. adurû, 'village, outpost' and Orel & Stolbova #658, *dar- 'dwelling place'). Semitic unrelated.
e-el[SIKIL]-lu	a (pure) sound (Akkadian ellu, 'clear, pure').
é-éše	jail ('house' + 'rope') [*śalke =fiber >>száll=fiber>>szal-ag=ribbon, tying bands, strip of material (-ag verbal formative)] *l>ø
é-gal	palace ('house' + 'large'). (“house” + *kur > kora =mountain, large )
é-ganba	warehouse ('house' + 'marketplace').
é-ì-gára	dairy ('house' + 'fat' + 'cream'). *w>ø, *j>ø, *l >ø [ hely=place + *woje > vaj =butter + gyur=to knead , churn (same as turkic yogur)]
é-kaš	a public house, pub ('house' + 'beer'). l>ø [ 'place' + kocs-ma =pub]
é-KI.LAM	a storehouse ('house' + 'place' + 'abundance'). [“ house” + hely=place + lom=a deposit, an unkept collection of stuff. or halom=a mound]
é-kišib(-ba)	storehouse ('house' + 'receipt' + genitival a(k)). [ “house” + kap=to receive (if ši is a dropped formative) ] also Etruskan > Latin > English have.
é-kur	prison ('house' + 'netherworld'). if kur refers to ki-uru =”guarded place” then “house” + hely=place + ör =guard
é-gi4-a	daughter-in-law; prospective bride ('the one who restores the house').
é-lunga(2,3)	beerhall; brewery ('house' + 'brewer').
é-mar-uru5[GUR8]	arrow quiver ('house' + 'to immerse' + 'high, deep'). [“housing” + mer-ül=immerse however mar=to sting, to bite is better + hor-d=carry>case] This may relate to the "arrow + case", using a term for arrows as sting/bite>pierce. FU *ime = arrowhead shaped trianguar tip needle, used to sew leather.
ég, ék, íg, e	n., levee, embankment, dike, bund (a, e4, 'water', + ig, 'door') [EG2 archaic frequency = 12; concatenates 5 sign variants]. [ ig door derives from FU *aŋe (ŋ=nk/ng), thus ŋ>g/n are both valid, Hungarian áj=opening, aj-to=door] Sumerian *j>g v., to water; *j>g , CV>VC [*jo-ki =river, water > -jó = river, water way ] to speak, say (e= sing. marû, plural hamtu, and plural marû; cf., dug4, also di); to do (as auxiliary verb preceded by a noun). *j>g, l [ -og, -ol=verb formative, does~doing] demonstrative pron., this one; [ *it >> ez > e ] in the immediate vicinity; suffixed to ergative agent [ -hoz =locative suffix “to”] prep., locative/terminative suffix - in; toward. [ -ig =locative, terminative suffix]
ég-ég/e ú-saŋ11-e/a	reinforcement of the levees with cut/bundled plants/reeds ('levees' + 'fascines').
ég dal-ba-na	a dike that is shared by two watercourses or by two fields ('levee' + 'between').
ég kal-kalag-ga	to reinforce the levees ('levees' + 'to repair, mend' + nominative).
ég sa-dúr-ra	wide levees at the low-lying end of a field which halted and contained the water for irrigating the field ('levees' + 'low-lying end of a field').
ég si-ga	the work of piling up a levee ('levee' + 'to increase, fill'). (“levee” + ság =mound)
égi	cf., ègir).
egi(2)	cf., egir2/3).
egir2,3, egi(2)	princess. (gir =royal) her-ceg=prince/Hungar < ?Herzog /German << urság =lordship /Hungarian
elamkuš(2,3,4)	bladder (éllaŋ, 'kidneys', + kuš, 'skin'). Sumerian went k>h>ų [ *kuwla >holy-ag + *kuće >hugy=bladder+urin ]
e-li-lum	cry of joy. [ haj, hej ]
éllaŋ	kidneys. [see elamkuš]
ellaŋ [LAGAB]	hoop or wooden ball ?; driving stick ?; bow ?; block of wood; a number word. [ hajl =bent, curved ] *k>g>h>blk lost in Sumerian [ LAG-ab =RÖG ]
eme	tongue; speech; plow's share. [*ńäl(e)ma > nyelv =tongue ] *lm >m, ń >y>blk in Sumerian
éme	(cf., ummeda(2)).
eme...è/e11	to stick out the tongue ('tongue' + 'to send forth').
eme...šub6[ŠID]	to lick with the tongue ('tongue' + 'to lick'). (“tongue” + szop=to suck)
eme3,5,6	she-ass, jenny.
eme-dar	a tool, utensil ('tongue' + 'to slice, smash'). *m~n, l>ø [“tongue, language =nyelv, however *niδe >>nyιl ( *δ>l ), sounds almost the same means a shaft, handle of a tool ] + tör=smash, break.
eme-du(2)	house/estate-born slave (eme, 'mammy', + tud/dú, 'to be born').
é-me-eš	summer ('houses' + 'are' + 'many'). ??? meli > eme =warm, Sumerian often drops trailing liquids. [*mäle >> mel-eg =warm ] *mäle > meli > me_=warm + eš =measure.
eme-gilim-ma	confused speech ('tongue' + 'to be twisted, tangled, bend, bow' + nominative). [!?eme-gilima >> goyim=confuser/foreighn speech>foreigher, in Hebrew] [ *manče >mon-d >say (talk) + *kaje > haj-=bent, bowed (unclear ) + ]
eme-gir15/gi7	Sumerian language ('tongue' + 'native'). [ *mos + *ur-as = heavenly leader > princely leader/lord > Mozer > Maźar > Maćar > Magyar], it also relates to the understanding of a language/tongue Magyaráz=explain it. In sumerian meš=prince, while eme=tongue + gir 15=noble, not native.
eme-ha-mun	contrasting speech or languages (e.g., Sumerian and Akkadian) ('tongue' + 'mutually opposing').
eme-ŋír	dagger blade ('tongue' + 'dagger'). *ŋ>g>k [ “tongue” + kard=sword ]
émeš	summer. { mele =hot,heat + eš =lenght > period? } [ *melke > mel-eg =warm + es=adjectival]
eme-ŠID	lizard ('tongue' + 'to consider, measure').
eme-sig... dug4/du11/e	to slander ('tongue' + 'low; small' + 'to speak'). ['tongue' + szük = tight, narrow...?] ‘szük szavú’ still used for someone who doesn’t want to tell.
eme-sig...gu7	to slander ('tongue' + 'low; small' + 'to consume'; cf., inim-sig...gu7). ['tongue' + szük = tight, narrow + ha-ng=sound, voice]
eme-si-nu-sá	describes a person 'whose speech is not right' ('tongue' + si...sá, 'to do something in the right way' + 'not'). [*ńälma >nyelv-ez-et nem jó] ez=formative, et=object marker nem=ne sá?/szó=word.
é-mí	"woman's house" ('house' + 'woman'). m~n, l >ø [ hely=place + nö=woman, né=mrs.]
emma	(cf., enmen).
émma	(cf., énmen).
é-muhaldim[MU]	bakery, kitchen ('house' + 'baker, cook').
en	n., dignitary; lord; high priest; ancestor (statue); diviner [EN archaic frequency = 1232; concatenates 3 sign variants]. [ön =thee, the first person pronoun of respect] v., to rule. [naj =ugrian for queen, this however is closest to Sumerian nig and the meaning of female/ woman, female ] adj., noble. [ naj = big, important, respected, J>blk very common]
en(2,3)	n., time; enigmatic background [EN2 archaic frequency = 17]. [ n is a locative/genetic suffix and can also be time locative in FU and Hungarian] prep., until. [ -ig =terminative suffix, up until *ŋ>g] *ŋ>n
èn...tar	to ask (someone dative); to investigate; to take care of; to handle; to pay attention to, heed ('enigmatic background' + 'to determine, inquire').
é-^na4kín-na	mill house, mill ('house' + 'millstone' + genitival a(k)).( “house” + *kö=stone + nak=genitive)
èn-du	song ('time' + 'to walk'; note du12,'to sing'). [ *äne > én-ek =song, ek=suffix ]
endub, endib	cook (en, 'lord', + dub, 'to move in a circle, shake') [ENDIB archaic frequency= 6]. ön + dob(oz) =drum or box, circular boxlike object, but also dob=a drum that is the instrument.
e-ne	he, she; him, her. [ö=he,she; ön=thou, you-respectful ]
e-ne... dug4/di/du11/e	to play (3rd person pronoun + 'to do'). du may be an abbreviation of dub, so it’s a sound box otherwise –od, -d, -ol, -l =verb formatives
e-ne-àm	he is indeed (formal 3rd person pronoun + 'to be'). [ö ám]
e-ne-gim	like himself (3rd person pronoun + equative). [ö kén =like him/her ]
e-ne-ne	they; them. [ök < ö+k]
én-é-nu-ru	introductory formula for exorcism/incantation texts ('enigmatic background' + 'house' + 'image, likeness' + 'to send'). n=locative suffix, -nál=at + “house” +néz=look/see.
e-ne-sù-ud...dug4/du11/e	to rejoice; to copulate (with -da-)('to play' + sud, 'to lengthen; to immerse').
engar	irrigator, farmer (en, 'lord', + agar, 'field'; Akk. 'ikkar from Semitic "to hoe, cultivate"). This is related to the Sumerian word engur =underground or southern fresh water lake. [(j)un-gar =a muddy, marshy lake, swamp, or marshy river, also found in the Hungarian word for marsh “han-t” which is hardly used now; the source of Hungarian name based on their ancient origins description. Their other explanation from Turkic onogur may not be valid.] This word has a lot of similar meanings in related and neighboring languages. [ ön-t =to irrigate, to cause to water upon, pour out ++ gar=water basin]
engar-gu4(-ra)	ox-ploughman ('farmer' + 'ox'). ”farmer/irrigator” + gulya =cattle
engiz [ME.EN.GI]	cook (en, 'lord', + gaz, 'to fracture, crush, slaughter') [ENGIZ archaic frequency= 22].
engur	subsoil water; abyssal sea of fresh water (a, 'water', + naŋ, 'to drink', + úr, 'floor; root'; cf., an-gur4). tenger =sea, huge from Altaic but there are variations of similar terms to do with the sky in FU also, both are similarly named as they represent something huge and eternal.
é-níŋ(-gur11[GA]-ra)	storehouse, treasure-house ('house' + 'things' [ + 'piled up']; cf., saŋ-níŋ-gur11-ra(-ak)). *ŋ>g/n [ hely + anyag=things + hal-om=pile] *l>ø
en-ku	fishing overseer (en, 'lord', + ku6/kua, 'fish'; same signs (ZAG.HA) as ešsad). [on=above, high person + *kala>hal=fish]
enkum	temple treasurer; guardian deity of the foundations [ENKUM archaic frequency= 14].
enkux [ZAG-HI-A]	tax assessment official.
enmen, emmen, immen, immin, emma, imma	thirst (en, 'time', + mun, 'salt'). [*śome > szomj =thirst ] Sumerian also often looses lead S sounds!!
énmen, émmen, ímmen, ímmin, émma, ímma	to drink beer.
en-mur	a resin, possibly myrrh ('lord' + 'lungs'). *ŋ>n>ń [*ađeme >>enyv =glue, the best made of fish bladders, used to make composite bows ]
en-na (...-a)	until; as long as ...; everywhere ('time, enigmatic background' + nominative).
en-na-bi-šè	until now; until the time ('time' + 'this one' + 'towards').
en-nu(-un/ùŋa) ...dù/ak	to watch; to guard against. [néz=watch + ]
en-nu-un /ùŋa...dù/ak	to watch; to guard against. [néz=watch + ]
èn-šè(-àm)	until when; how long ('time; until' + terminative postposition, 'up to' [ + enclitic copula]).
ensi(3)	dream interpreter (en, 'enigmatic background' + sig7, 'to dwell; to complete' ?) ENSI archaic frequency= 8]. (L <> N ná =at? + alsz=sleep )
énsi(-k)	city ruler (Old Sumerian); city governor (post-Sargonic) (en, 'lord, manager', + si, 'plowland', + genitive; cf., nísaŋ, 'governor') [ENSI2 archaic frequency= 1]. ( naj=queen,lord/Ugor + szán-t=plow +nak=genitive)
en-te-en-na(-/ak/)	the cold season, wintertime ('time' + 'cold' + genitive). [*tälwä >> tél +nek =of the winter ] l~n is common alteration.
enten(a)	winter (en, 'time', + ten, 'cold', + a(k), 'of'). [ *talwe >> tél =winter + n=time locative ] L < > N ten=cold in Turkic
èn-tukum-šè	for how long ('time' + 'if' + terminative postposition). construction of the equivalent is very analogus, using different, but linked roots. me=what + idö=time + ig=terminative >> medig
É-NUN	(cf., agrun).
é-ŋar	form, shape ('house' + 'form, appearance').
eŋar, iŋar	brick wall (é, 'house', + ŋar, 'to deposit'/ŋar8, 'to mortar bricks').
é-ŋar8	brick wall (cf., eŋar ).
é-ŋI	treasure-house (?). *ŋ>g>k [ ék- =wedge, jewelry, precious things]
eŋir, eŋer	n., back; stern (of a ship); end; limit; future; inheritance. prep., behind. adv., afterwards.
é-^ŋištukul	armory ('house' + 'weapon').
e-pa5(-r)	hydraulic system (of a particular farmer or of the land as a whole) ('levees' + 'irrigation ditches'; asyndetic hendiadys).
ér, ír	n., tears; lamentation; prayer; complaint. *ś>ų[ sķr =cry ] lead s lost in many Sumerian versions. v., to weep. ( sír =to cry, rí = to cry loudly
ér...ŋá-ŋá	to set up a lament ('lamentation' + 'to make').
ér...pàd/pà	to burst into tears; to cry, weep ('tears' + 'to show'). sir or rí=cry + pat-an=to burst out
ér...šeš2,4/še8-še8	to cry, weep ('tears' + 'to weep'). [ sir=cry + *sose >> áz =soaked ]
ér...sig7	to lament ('tears' + 'to complain'). *j>g [sir or ri=cry + saj-n- ál=to be sorry about ]
ereš, ereç ?[NIN]	queen, lady. [*ur =leader, guardian + *eś =woman/female >> Hungarian ur asz-ony= queen ]
ereš5[GAL-AN-ZU]	knowing, intelligent. [*säre >> ér-ez=sense, feel >> ér-t=understand, comprehend]
e-re-sì-ki-in	servant (?).
é-ri-a	(cf., a-ri-a).
erib	daughter-in-law. [ ara =bride ]
e-ri-iš	queen, lady. [ ereš is related to the queen of the underworld, the eldest daughter of the moon whose younger sister is Inana. The two reflect the older & younger aspects of fertility. Eres Kigal is not just the queen of the dead, but represents the queen of lower earth, the source of life from the womb of the earth. In some northern Mesopotamian languages Eret instead of Eres is used for the source of life, the originating earth mother. However the term has a perfectly good etymology for queen also since *URAS =lead male >> UR= lord + US=female. (Hu üszö=heffer, úr-asz-ony=queen)
erim, érin, éren	man, servant, soldier; troops, army; gang of workers; people, folk [ERIM archaic frequency= 175; concatenation of 3 sign variants]. [ harc-os =fighter, soldier / erö =force, strength, workforce ]
érim, erin7, rim(3)	n., enemy; destruction [ERIM2 archaic frequency= 20]. adj., hostile; evil. [ ri-ad =to become greatly frightened, to alarmed -am, -r, ++ formatives]
erim3,4,5	treasury, storehouse; treasures. [ ér-= worth, valuables ] -im is but a deverbal suffix in Sumerian like FU.
érin še-gur10-gur10	harvest workers ('gang of workers' + 'grain' + reduplicated 'sickle; to reap').
érin, rín	balance scale (cf., erim). [ ér=value,worth; rin-gat=to ballance back and forth]
erin-bábbar	white cedar (wood) ('cedar' + 'white').
ér-ra	mourning, lamentation ('tears' + nominative). [sir =cry,lament] Sumer often drops lead sibilants.
ér-šem3,5-ma	compositions concerning the gods sung by the gala priests in the Emesal dialect to the accompaniment of a tambourine ('wail' + 'tambourine' + genitive).
erum2,3, eru2,3	slavegirl. [ erö = strength, workforce +*eme =woman/mother]
eš	n., many, much. [ sok=many,much, és=also,and ] swapping of CV to VC v., to anoint. adv., adverbial force suffix (sometimes followed by -šè). [ -os/ -es=adjectival suffix >> -n =adverbial suffix]
éš	(cf., éše).
èš	shrine [AB archaic frequency = 384; concatenates 2 sign variants].
eš(2,3)-da	ceremony; a type of vessel, goblet ('shrine' + 'with; to be near'). [sü-t =shine (sun), bake +t/d verbal formative suffix]
eš2,3-dam	epithet of a temple of the bride-goddess Inanna; brothel; tavern ('shrine' + 'spouse').
eš5,6,16,21	three. [peš >eš] The longest digit of the hand is the third finger, used to taste by dipping cooked food. The term “iz”=flavor is associated with it. In Hungarian a similar concept is used for 8 where the second hand representing 5 + 3 is called the “licking=nyal” finger and is the source of 8 =nyolc.
eša, eše4	emmer wheat flour. *l>ś [ *leśe >> lisz-t =flour ]
é-šag4/šà	house interior; (temple) cella ('house, temple' + 'midst'). [ place + *siðäme >>szügy=heart, interior >>> zug ]
esaŋ	heir son (a/e4, 'seed, offspring', + saŋ, 'first, prime'). [“offspring” + _egy=one (*s>blk) ]
ésaŋ[NÁ׊E]; esaŋx[É׊E; É.ŠE; É.SAN]	granary, storeroom (é, 'house, temple', + saŋ, 'first, prime'). ['house' + *sänte > _ed =grain *s>blk, nt>d]
eš-bar	decision ('much' + 'to divide'; cf., ka-aš-bar). [? l>r ] [ ész =mind, thought, esz-el=figure out + pele > fél =half,partner]
eš-bar-kíŋ-du11-ga	pronounced decision ('decision' + 'message, order' + 'to speak' + nominative).
ešda	(cf., šíta).
èšda	(cf., šita).
èše	a surface measure = 2.16 hectares or 6 iku.
éše, éš[ŠÈ]	rope; measuring tape/cord; length measure, [*koće > hosz =length] k>h>ø rope = 10 nindan rods = 20 reeds = 120 cubits = the side of 1 square iku in area = 1,0,0 [60^2] fingers; a surface area measure, = 6 iku; leash (can be an adverbial suffix like eš) (eš, 'much', + eš, 'much') [ŠE3 archaic frequency= 152].
e-še-á	a type of canal or ditch.
ešemen(2,3)	jump rope; play; celebration (éše, 'rope', + men, 'both, two'). [ ese-mény =event, special event/celebration ]
èš-èš	a festival (All-Shrines) (reduplicated 'shrine').
éš-gán	surveyor's rope ('rope' + 'surface measure'). [ hosz =length + han-t=land next to water,marshy ]
ešgar	(cf., zeh) [? EŠGAR archaic frequency= 12].
esi	(cf., ^(na4)esig).
é-sig4	wall ('house' + 'brick'; cf., iz-zi). *s>t is rare, but is common in Ob Ugrian, in front of the word! [ tég-la=brick ]
e-si-na; ì-si-na	culm or stalk of barley.
esir(2)	crude bitumen (usu, 'strength' or esi, 'strong', + ir(2), 'liquid secretion'). [*sure > szur-ok =pitch, tar, secretion of trees ]
ésir-é-a; esir-è-a; ésir-há	asphalt ('bitumen' + 'to go out' + nominative). [*śure > szur-ok=pitch,tar ]
e-sír-ra	in the streets ('sandals' + locative). [ surá-é =of the shoe, euphemism for place to walk ]
éš-kàr, éš-gàr	task; one man's daily work assignment; the oxen or plows which perform a task; to be assigned for someone's benefit ('measuring tape' + 'something round and upraised').
éš-kir4/6	nose rope (cf., eškiri) ('rope' + 'muzzle/nose'). [‘rope’ + _orr=nose ] *kura/ura = mountain,peak since the nose looks like a peak.
eškiri, ešgiri	nose rope, halter, bridle; jumping rope (éše, 'rope', + kìri, 'nose, muzzle'). [ szál =fiber, filament + kur> or =nose ]
éšša	to be satiated, full. [ híz=to fatten, get fat ]
ešsad	fisherman (éše, 'rope', + sud, 'to immerse, sink'; same signs (ZAG.HA) as enku). [“rope” + suly=weight,sinker ] *dh>ly xx
eššu	ear of barley or other grain.
eštub^ku6	a river carp binnî. [ ponty =carp, its like Akkadian, rather than Sumerian.(?)]
é-šu-sì-ma	warehouse ('house' + 'portion' + 'to put, surround' + 'to bind').
é-ta...è	to leave the house ('house' + 'from' + 'to exit'). [ “house” + tol=from +el=away]
é-tùr	cattle pen ('house' + 'stable'). [‘house’ + tár=storage, tart=to keep (there) ]
é-u4-15	full moon ('house' + 'day 15'). u4 is abbreviation of ut =day,sun,time even if it uses another symb “house” + idö=time + 15.
é-u4-7	first crescent moon ('house' + 'day 7').
é-u4-sakar[SAR]	new moon ('house' + 'day' + 'to begin').
é-ubur	milking pen ('house' + 'teat'). [‘house’ + (übür in Mongol for breast? ]
e-ùr	armor (cf., ^kuše-íb-ùr). [vér-t =breastplate] *we>u
é-ùr-ra	storehouse ('house' + 'rafter beams'). “house” + ara-sz
é-ùru...gíd	to keep watch over a house ('house' + 'watch fire' + 'to reach out, manage'). [öriz=to guard]
é-uz-ga	fattening house ('house' + 'goose' + 'milk'). [ híz =to fatten + ház=house ]
e-zé	you. [ -sz / -d =you in verbal suffixes ]
ezem	(cf., ezen).
ezen, ezem	festival, feast (uzu, 'cut of meat', + en, 'time') [EZEN archaic frequency= 114; concatenation of 3 sign variants]. et, esz, ev =eat + en=time locative suffix or nap=day.
ezen-mah	great festival ('feast' + 'great').
ezinu	grain, cereal; the deity Ašnan [EZINU archaic frequency= 24; concatenation of 4 sign variants]. [*sante > _ed =grain, szem=small grain seed/eye]
ga	n., milk (chamber + water) [GA archaic frequency = 245; concatenation of 3 sign variants]. conjugation prefix, 'also'; 'and then'. [akor=then ak+or?] k>g modal prefix, cohortative, used with hamtu forms. [ -j =cohortive] j>gy
ga...gu7	to nurse/feed with milk ('milk' + 'to feed').
ga6	(cf., gùr).
ga-ab-kar-re	(cf., gaba-kar).
ga-áb-kù-ga	milk from pure cows ('milk' + 'cow' + 'pure' + genitive).
ga-áb-sig7-ga	milk from beautiful cows ('milk' + 'cow' + 'beautiful' + genitive).
ga-an...za(-za)	to drip; to bubble ('milk' + 'sky, air' + 'to make a repetitive noise').
ga-an-tuš	(cf., gan-tuš).
ga-an-zír [ŠÈ-KA]	entrance to the netherworld (cf., ganzer).
ga-arhuš-a(-ke4)	the milk of mercy ('milk' + 'womb; compassion' + genitive).
ga-àr-ra	powdered or finely grated cheese ('milk' + 'to grind' + nominative).
gaba	breast; chest; side (of a field or mountain) (ga, 'milk', + ba, 'to give'). [*kappa > keb-el =breast, chest (also Altaic)]
gaba(-a)...tab	to hold to the breast ('breast' ( + locative) + 'to hold, clasp'). [*käppa > kebel -e =her breast + tapint=touch (with the hand) ]
gaba(-na)... dug4	to speak against (someone) ('rival' + 3rd person with locative + 'to speak').
gaba...ŋál	to boast ('chest' + 'to be available'). [keb-el=breast/chest + >> (homonym) képes =able, capable ]
ga-ba...ŋál	(cf., gaba...ŋál).
gaba...ŋar	to put out one's chest; to defy ('breast, chest' + 'to deliver'). [keb-el=breast/chest + hor-d=carry ]
gaba...ri	to confront ('breast, chest' + 'to throw out'). [kebel=chest/breast + rol=away from]
gaba...ru(-gú)	to encounter ('breast, chest' + ru-gú, 'to oppose'). [kebel=chest/breast + ra =to/upon*]
gaba...zi	to retreat ('breast' + 'to take out'). [ kebel-t huz=pull out]
gába[KAB]-ra	shepherd boy/girl (Akk. loanword from kaparrum I).
ga-ba-al...dù	to challenge, contradict, quarrel (either related to gaba, 'rival' or Akkadian qablum, 'controversy' + 'to make').
gaba-diri-ga	enormous strength ('rival' + 'to go over, exceed' + nominative).
gaba-gi4	opponent; opposition ('rival' + 'to besiege'). [*kappa >keb-el=breast/chest+ >>(homonym) hábor =upset,turmoil>>háboru=war ]
gaba-kar(-re)	escapist ('rival' + 'to flee'; cf., gaba...zi).
ga-ba-kar-re	(cf., gaba-kar).
gaba-ŋál	strength ('chest' + 'to be available'). [*kappa > keb-el=breast/chest + >>(homonym) köpcös =short and stocky built body ]
ga-ba-ra-hum	revolt (gaba, 'rival' + 'to overflow' + 'to wrestle, smash, break'). [hábor-od, háború]
gaba-ri	n., rival; copy, duplicate ('breast' + 'to exchange' - imagines the two breasts as copies or duplicates). [kebel & mell both mean breast/chest in Hu, The word for besides as in a double, also comes from breasts, as women have two next to each other. mell=breast, mell-et =besides, next to. Thus dublicate could also come from next to. Similarly Sumerian also uses the term for breast for next to.] adj., withstanding attack (describing a door or weapon).
gaba-šu-ŋar	resistance, rival “ellenál,ellenáló” ('gaba= breast, chest' + šu =hand + ŋar =to place on ‘ráteni’). ( kebe-l + csül(ök) =knuckle + gyár(t)=to make,manufacture ]
gada	flax; linen (clothing) (gu, 'flax, thread', + da, 'to protect') [GADA archaic frequency = 96; concatenation of 2 sign variants]. [*kaðje =cover, course cloth >> gatya =loincloth, baggy linnen summer pants ]
gada-bar-TÚG	long linen coat ('linen' + 'long coat') [*kuðje = cover, tarp >>gatya = linnen clothes/pants/underwear ]
gada-dilmun-ù-lal	a dress of Dilmun linen ('linen' + 'Dilmun' + pronominal prefix + 'to hang'). [ *kuðje =cloth + (of) DILMUN + lóg=hang or léla=curtain(archaic)]
gada-mah-ŋiš-lá	spread out linen ('linen' + 'large' + 'tool' + 'to extend'). [*kuðje=cloth >gatya =loincloth + mag-as=tall + *niδe>>nyél=handle/tongue + *eδ > el=away]
gada-níŋ-dùn-dù	a linen garment ('linen' + 'object' + 'to bring low' + 'to make'). [ *kuðje=cloth +anyag=material +dön-t=to push down +*teke>>te-(sz)=make,does]
ga-du(7)	lintel (above a door) (? + du7, 'to finish, complete'). [*kitte-ppe >> küsz-öb =threshold, central medial area between inside & outside]
ga-eš8	merchantman (compare ga-sa10).
gagar [KI]	area. [ ker-ül-et = district ] KER=GAR
gag-ha-har-ra-na	a peg or nail ('peg' + 'roads' ?). “har-ra-na” = “country ways?”, roads (na=plural) _ék or szeg =nail,wedge + “or-szág + út-ak” (szág/ság is a rather recent formative of collectives)
ga-gig	to lament; to wail (gù, 'to exclaim', + gig, 'illness; injury'). j>g [ha-ng =voice, sound + jaj =ouch, the call of pain]
gag-maš	a peg or nail ('peg' + 'one-half'). ( ék + más =wedge + other, likeness & 2^nd =like a wedge)
ga-gu7-a	suckling foal ('milk' + 'to feed' + nominative).
gag-zag-ga	side (?) peg ('peg' + 'side, boundary').
gakkul	clay brewing-vessel, mash tun.
ga-kug	(cultically) pure milk ('milk' + 'pure').
gal, ŋal	n., a large cup; [ kul-acs=canteen ? ] chief; eldest son. [ káál, gáál=important, big, lead person (szekler Hungarian) ] adj., big, large; mighty; great (chamber + abundant, numerous) *ŋ > g/n [ *naj ? >> nagy =big, important, very ] [GAL archaic frequency = 1004; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
gal4(-la), gála	vagina, vulva, female genitalia (throat-like chamber + lá, 'to penetrate, pierce').(*j>l,g,blk) [ kéj =sexual desire, kel =need, arise, become, aroused ]
gal5-lá(-gal), ŋùl-lá(-gal)	police chief, gendarme, deputy, bailiff; a demon ('to overwhelm' + 'to force into; to look after' [ + ŋ]). goj-ho=an angry demon/ghost; haj-tó, hajdú =a drover of cattle, that forces the path.
gala[NÌŠ.DÚR]	cantor, ritual singer, lamentation priest; transvestite (throat + la, 'youthful freshness and beauty'). [ haj, huj etc typical refrains in many shamanistic rituals that call to god, these remained as refrains in folk songs.]
gala3,4,5	(cf., kala3,4,5).
galam	n., stairs. v., to ascend, climb. [*kälä > kel =to cross over, to ford a river, to arise, to come onto land, to become ] adj., ingenious, clever, artistic, complicated, elaborate; tall, high.
galam-kad5	artfully made ('artistic' + 'to bind together'). m~n [ kül=outer >> kül-ön-(ös)= a special, unusual + köt-(és) =a binding] ös, és =adjectival suffix.
galam-ma	exalted one ('elaborate' + nominative). m~n [külön-ös-é =of a special, unusual (one) -ös=adjectival, é=genetival]
galam-ma hu-ru	clever fool ('ingenious, elaborate' + nominative + 'idiot, hillbilly'). m~n , r~l [külön-ös-en =especially + hülye=stupid ]
gal-bi	adv., greatly ('great' + adverbial force suffix).
gal-di	mighty (judge) (an adjective for the god Enlil) ('large' + 'to decide, judge').
gal-gal-di	boaster (reduplicated 'large' + 'to judge').
galla, gullax	police chief (?); a demon (cf., gal5-lá). *k>g [Ugrian kul=demon, devil, kul-ater=the kind of the demons, the devil; Hungarian golyho =a type of evil ghoul ]
gal-nar	head musician ('large' + 'musician'). ( én-ek=song (-ek formative), han-g=sound; ének-lö=singer )
gal-ùŋa	overseer ('large' + 'people'). gaál=great + né-p=people ?/? né-z=look/oversee.
gal-zu (gal-an-zu)	wise; omniscient; intelligent ('large' [ + 'heaven'] + 'to know'). [similar but not same nagy=big, nagyon=very +esz-es=smart] -es=adjectival suffix. (brain-y)
gam	n., decline, incline; death; depth (cf., gúr). v., to bend, curve; to bow down, kneel (for someone; dative; direction; terminative); to shrivel; to succumb (like a circle + to be). [hom-oru =something curved, concave; gamo, kampo=crook, bent -curved stick ]
gàm	n., sickle; handle (like a circle + to be). [kampo=crook, bent stick; gamó =something roundish, nodule, gomb =button, gömb=spherical ] v., to shine, glitter (like a crown, aga(3), + to be).
gamar	to be overwhelming (gam, 'to kneel', + mer, 'violent storm'). [ kam/gam =to bend down, concave, to fall on ones face, crooked ]
gamun	cumin; caraway seed. [ kömény=cumin]
ga-murx[LAK 490]	a type of cheese ('milk' + 'strained in cheesecloth' ?). [“milk” + morzs=to crumble, crush ]
gána, gán	tract of land, field parcel; (flat) surface, plane; measure of surface; shape, outline; cultivation (cf., iku) (cf., Orel & Stolbova #890, *gan- "field") [GAN2 archaic frequency= 209]. [egyen-es=straight > flat?]
gana, gan, kan	n., stand, rack, support; pestle, grinding stone (circular + to raise high) ŋ>g/n [ nyom =push, crush ] [GAN archaic frequency= 125; concatenation of 4 sign variants]. v., to bring forth, bear. [*jeŋe > jön=to come] j>g, ŋ>n
gána-ga	hill country ('land' + 'milk'). [ hány=to pile up, toss up >mound + "milk"] ga should be ki=place
gána-íl	taxable land or field ('land' + 'to carry'). –mV formative dropped in ale-me [ hant=land next to water + em-el=lift up {metathesis of FU *al(e)me } ]
gan-am4, gana4	(cf., us5, u8).
gan-am6, gana6 [DARA4]	ewe.
ga-nam-me-àm	it is indeed (affirmative + 3rd person pronoun + 'to be'). [ had/hagy =allow/let + nem-e=not-let? + ám=indeed = be indeed ]
gan-ba	marketplace; price equivalent.
gan-tuš	tenant ('to bring forth' + 'to occupy'). [ hant=land next to water, wetland + tesz =places,does ] placed next to arable land.
gan-tuš-tur-ra	minor tenant ('tenant' + 'little' + nominative). ?? land + settle +small+upon =settler on a parcel [ hant =land next to water, wetland +tesz=places + rá=upon + tör-pe=small,dwarf. ]
gan-zer(2,3)	darkness; the netherworld (cf., ga-an-zír). [ hely + szür-ke=grey < dim ]
gar	(cf., ŋar).
gàr, kàr	knob, pommel; hair lock on the back of the head (sign of a slave); cake; ŋ>ø [ *keŋer =groats> bread >> kenyér=bread] filled sack (of silver ?) = purse; used for round and high objects ('circular' + 'to send forth; to protect').
gar4[GUD/GUÐ]	early (the 'bull of the sun', Mercury, can only be seen right before sunrise; cf., gu4-ud). [ *kuδu ? > gϊlya =cattle, *d'>l]
gara2,9,10, gar2,9,10,11,12	thick milk, cream; cheese (cf., ga-àr-ra) [GARA2 archaic frequency= 106; concatenation of 2 sign variants]. [ Hungarian gyúr = Turkish yogur =to mix, roll, churn, knead ]
ga-ra-an-da	bearing fruit (cf., gurun).
garadin(4,5), karadin(4,5)	shock, pile of sheaves (on a harvested field) (guru7, 'grain heap', + tun(3), 'to constrict'). [ HAR-aszt =dryed/dead leaves and grasses ]
garaš	straw; supply master. [keres-(ked)-ö = merchant]
gáraš, karaš	military encampment; catastrophe. [ kár-(os) =harm, damage, harmfull ]
garaš3,4	decision; oracle. [ orvos =doctor << medicine, hex ] also Turkic
ga-raš^sar	leek(s) (Akk. loanword).
gàraš^sar	leek(s).
gàr-du	a class of persons ('hair lock signifying slavery' + 'to go').
ga-sa10	tradesman ('let me buy!'). [??gaz-da =proprietor,rich, gaz-da-ság=economy ]
ga-ša-an	lady (cf., gašan). [ házi-aszony =lady of the house/clan]
gaš-am	craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom. [KEZ-munkás =hand craftsman, artisan] [okos =smart, wise]
gaš-an	lady, mistress; queen (cf., ga-ša-an) (Emesal dialect word, in which nin becomes šan). [Ugrian eś = wife, heifer; Hu: házi-asz-ony =lady of the house] [ ge-asan?]
ga-še-a	milk for barley porridge; sour milk ('milk' + 'barley' + locative).
gaššu	intelligent. k>g [ *kače > okos =smart, intelligent ]
ga-sub-ba	milk sucking ('milk' + 'to suck' + nominative). [ ‘milk’ + szop-ó =suckl-er ]
ga-ti	plea, petition ('let me live!'). [hagy =allow , let + ]
gaz(2)	n., powder [göz=steam] ; break , fracture; war (chamber + repetitive motion; cf., ^[ŋiš]naŋa3,4, naŋX[GAZ, KUM]). v., to crush; to kill, slaughter (with -da-); [gyász=mourning ] to vanquish, defeat. [gyöz =vanquist, win; gyözö=victor]
gazi	a spice - cassia, used on meat ('let it breathe'; Akk. kasû II) [GAZI archaic frequency= 14].
ga-zi-in-bu	stake (for impalement).
gazinbu, gazimbi, gazibu	pole; stake; beam. [ gesz-t = tree, wood + PU> FA =tree]
ga-zum	carding (wool).
ge(2,6)	girl. [ já-ny =girl ] *j > g in Sumerian
ge-eš-tu	six hundred (geç-u (?); cf., ŋéš×u). {t>š } [*kutte > hat =six * van=10 > 60]
géme, ŋéme(?)	woman; workwoman; maid; slave-girl (ŋeš, 'tool', + mí, 'woman'). [gím =female deer] [*ńiŋe > nej, né =woman, female, wife ]
genna, gena, ginna,gina [TUR+DIŠ]	constant; regular; small; the planet Saturn (possible loan from Akk. kajjamaanu, kajjaanu, and kaanu 'constant'; cf., gi(n), ge(n) and ŋin, ŋen). ig-az=true, kis=small, ig-en=yes, affirmative
gi	reed; length measure, reed = 6 cubits = 3 meters (circular + to sprout) [GI archaic frequency = 484]. [ gyé-kény=reed mat j>gy, CV>VC metathesis [ ujj =sleeve, arm length ]
gi(17)	n., young man (small and thin like a reed). [ *kuj=young man >> kuj-me > hí-m =male ] adj., small. [kis=small ]
gi(4)	to surround, besiege; to lock up (circle + to descend into). [ *koja >> héj =rind, shell, covering etc. & kul-cs/kuj-cs =key for a lock ]
gi(n), ge(n)	v., to act justly; [*šeηe > ig-en=right, yes; ig-az=truth, ig-az-ság=justice ] to stabilize, strengthen; to confirm; to establish something as the property of someone (dative) (loanword from Semitic, Orel & Stolbova #1403, *ka'Vn- 'be true', Akkadian kânu; cf., ŋin, ŋen). [ *šeŋe >g-en =yes, right, OK ] adj., just; firm; fixed; reliable, trustworthy. [ig-az =truth, just, right ]
^gi)má-da-lá	a thick bundle of reeds used to build rafts ('boat' + 'to hold near' + 'to strap, bind').
gí, gé	reed mat. [gyé-kény =reed mat ]
gi...ku5	to cut reeds ('reeds' + 'to cut'). [gyék-ény=mating of reeds]
gi...zé	to cut reeds ('reeds' + 'to cut'). [ reed + *śala > szel=slice/cut ]
gi16[GIL]-da	basket.
gi16[GIL]-sa	lasting; of lasting value. [*šeηe > _ig-az =true, truly ] #š >blk
gi16[GIL]-sa...aka	to treasure highly.
gi17	(cf., gig).
gi-1-ninda	measuring reed ('reed' + 'one' + 'a distance measure').
gi25[DUGUD]	(cf., gíg).
gi4, ge4	to return, come back; to send (back) (with -ši-); [ *jeŋe >jöv, jön =come ] *j >g to reject, dislike; to restore; to answer (person to whom answer is given resumed by dative prefix, and with -ni-) (circular motion + to go out, send) [GI4 archaic frequency = 37; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
gi4-an	cultically unfit ? ('to reject' + 'heaven'). *k>ŋ [ki=outward + *säŋe>ég =sky/heaven => out (from) heaven ]
gi4-in	slave (girl) ('to lock up' + 'he, she'). {*j>g } jány =peasant girl
gi4-me-a-aš	colleague, fellow (cf., nam-gi4-me-a-aš) ('to return, come back' + 'office, function' + locative + plural suffix).
gi6-an-na	at night ('black' + 'heaven' + locative). *j >g [ *üje > éj-en / éj-el =at night ]
gi7	(cf., gir15). [ jár =to go around, travel etc. ] trailing liquids lost in Sumerian.
gi7-nun	slave (girl) ('to lock up' + 'master'). *j >g [já-ny =peasant girl] lány, leány =girl.
gi9, ge9	(cf., gir10).
gi-a-dag	raft ('reed' + 'water' + 'resting place'). *k>g>h , j>ø, w>ø *kojwa =skin/bark covered bowed frame > gi _ _ [ *kojwa >>hajó =boat + water determinative + *aðe =rest/sleep place >> ágy=bed]
gib	(cf., gilim[-b]).
gí-bil	to burn; burning (gu7, 'to consume', + bil, 'to burn'). *w>b [ *wäle > vil- =shine, bright, however *pata, padha > föl=to heat/cook ]
gibil(4)	new; fresh; renewal; to renovate (gúb, 'to purify, cleanse', + ul, 'to shine') [GIBIL archaic frequency= 77].
gibil-bi	the first time ('new' + adverbial force suffix). {*w>b, *δ>l } *wuδe > bil [*wuδe > új =new, *δ>l>j]
^gibún-ŋìr	feet bellows ('to blow; bellows' + 'foot'). [*puγe > fuj =blow + jár=move/travel ]
^gibún-šu	hand bellows ('to blow; bellows' + 'hand').
gíd[BU]	n., length [BU, archaic frequency = 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants]. v., to lengthen; [*koće >> hosz-it=lengthen ] to draw, pull, tow; [ húz =to tow, to pull] to measure out; to manage; to reach out (to take) [*kate > kéz=hand, kezel=handle, manage, take care of] (to be long and throat-like with motion away from). adj., long; distant. [*koće > hoszú=long]
gi-dili-dù	a single-growing reed (idiomatic expression) ('reed' + 'single' + 'to plant'). [the term for reed is replaced in Hungarian by Sanskrit nád, however gyé-kény=reed matting?, Finn ka-isa=reed ]
gid-im(2,4,7)	spirit, ghost (gig, 'to be sick', + dìm, 'sickness demon', or gi6, 'black', + dim4, 'to approach'). [ goly-hó =type of ghost spirit ] *δ>l , also the Sumerian ‘gala’ demons.
gidim6, gidi6	eclipsed, darkened (gíg/gi6, 'black', + dím, 'to make').{j>g} [ éje, éj =night + ten- =do,make ]
gi-dù-a	reed hut; reed fences; high-quality writing stylus ('reed' + 'to make' + nominative). [*kota =house < hut << tent; >> t>z Hungarian ház=house.] Etruscan > Latin > Germanic house
gi-dub-ba	stylus ('reed' + 'tablet' + nominative). [gaz=weed, brush, useless shrub + tábla (<Latin tabula) ]
^gidub-ba-an	pillar made of reeds; a fence made of such pillars ('to heap up' + 'to divide' + 'to be high'). [ dob=cylindrical or drum (shape) + fél=half or fel=up + on=upon ] fel+on >> fen
gi-dùg-ga	sweet reed, i.e., with a sweet, edible marrow ('reed' + 'sweet' + nominative). [ ‘reed’ + éd-es =sweet ] assuming that dù=sweet+ga/ka=genitive suffix.
gi-duru5[GI.A]	supple, swaying reed ('reed' + 'fresh').
^gièn-bar	reed, reeds (cf., ambar, 'reed-bed'). *p>b [“reed” +for-ás=source, spring, origin ] -ás=adjectival suffix
gig(-šè)...ŋar	to cause trouble; to be angry at ('injury' + terminative + 'to set'). k>ŋ [ ... har-ag=angry ]
gig, gi17	n., illness; injury; {*j>g} [ jaj=ouch, hurt ] wheat (cf., kibx) (throat + i, 'cry of pain', + throat) *ŋ>g/n [ keŋ-(er)=groats >> keny-ér=bread ] [GIG archaic frequency = 16]. v., to be/make sick; to be painful to (with dative); to reject. *j>gy [ gyenge =weak, sick ] adj., painful. [ jaj =cry of pain ] *j>g
gíg, ŋíg, gi6, ge6, ŋi6, ŋe6, mi, mé, ku10; gi25	n., night (sounds represent the throat chamber or the mouth as an enclosed dark chamber) [GI6 archaic frequency = 105]. *j > ŋ >g [*üje > éj, éj-el =night, north ] v., to be black or dark (ku10 reduplication class). [?? hom-áj=dim ] > mi ? adj., black, dark (cf., kúkku). [*üje > éj=night ] *j> ŋ >g
gig-ba	(cf., kibx).
^GIGgú-nida[NUNUZ]	a type of (high-quality) wheat (cf., zíz-GÚ-NUNUZ).
gi-gu4-ud	catapult ('reeds' + 'to leap'). (“reed” + ug-or=leap,jump -or =verbal formative & so is –ud )
gi-gun4(-na), gi-gù-na	sacred building ('reeds' + 'decorated temple').
gi-gur	reed basket ('reeds' + 'basket'). [“reed” + hord-ó=barrel, keg, carrier, porter OR kor-só=mug ]
gi-gur-še-bal	basket for carrying grain ('basket' + 'grain' + 'to transport').
^gihenbur(2)	(green) reed shoots, stalks (he, 'abundant', + in, 'discrete individuals', + buru14/bur14, 'harvest').
gi-izi-lá	torch ('reeds' + 'fire' + 'to hold up'). [ “reed” + izó=fierry hot + ál=to stand up ]
^gikid	reed mat [KID archaic frequency = 76; concatenates 5 sign variants]. [*kitke > köt =to weave/tie together ]
gi-kud(-a)	cut reed, used to make measurements ('reed' + 'to cut' + nominative). ?*st>d [ “reed” + has-it=cut, slice *VtV > z,s ]
gil	(cf., gilim).
gilim-(b), gili, gil, gi16	n., reed bundle; dancer; bride crown (gi, 'reeds', + lam, 'abundance') [GIL archaic frequency= 1]. [Turkish gilin =bride; FU *kalwe >> hölgy =damsel < beloved, bethrothed ] v., to twist; to bend, bow; to cross, bar; to fence off; to lie athwart; to go across; to cross plow; to mess up. [ hajl =to bend, to bow >> IJ = a bow ] L~J sometimes overlaps adj., to be twisted, tangled; opaque; to be corrupted; destroyed.
gil-le-èm	destruction (cf., gilim). FU *kal(e)ma ? =grave, burial mound; halom= a mound, *kala =death
gim, kim, gin7	prep., equative suffix; as, like; instead of; just as, during (cf., dím) (syllabic spellings indicate both gim and gin7; cf., Akk. kiima with same meanings). [gin 7 is the oldest & most common form.] [-kén-t =like / as (equative suffix ) ] Turkic gam
gim4, ím	n., runner(cf., kaš4). [*kiśe =run, race >> struggle küz-d ] -ím appears more like a deverbal suffix in many Sumerian endings to verbs. v., to trot, run (mainly said of animals) (gi4, 'to come back' + im, 'wind'). lm >m in Sumerian. jöv =to come + *ilma > [m>v] leve-(gö) =air/wind -og+ö > gö verbal formative + participle.
gim7	cf., kìm).
^gima-an-sim	sieve ('it sifts for me').
^gima-sá(-ab)	a basket ('to bind' + 'to equal in value' (+ 'container') ?; Semitic root means 'circle').
gìn	lapis lazuli (igi, 'eye', + na4, 'pebble, stone', but cf., gùnu, 'decorated with colors, lines, spots'). kin-cs=treasure ?, köv=stone
gín, giŋ4	small ax(-head) used as money; shekel (of silver) = ca. 8.333 grams; a surface area measure, 1/60 square nindan (sar) = 180 surface še = 2160 (=36,0) square fingers; a volume measure, = 0.3 cubic meters (Akk. kiinu 'true measure', cf., Orel & Stolbova #1459, *kin- "count") [TUN3 archaic frequency= 96; concatenates 3 sign variants]. hány = how many? , han-t =land near water
gin7	(this is sometimes the preferred form, but cf., gim). [-kén(t) ]
gi-na	consent (cf., gi(n)) ('just, firm' + nominative a). [ig-en =yes, correct, ig-az=true, consisten ]
gi-na-tum	security deposit (Akkadian loanword).
^giníŋ-esir-ra	washbowl (made of bitumen-coated reeds) ('thing' + 'bitumen' + genitive). [anyag=thing/material + szur-ok=pitch + é=genetive ]
gín-tur	a surface area measure, little shekel = 1/60 shekel = 1/3600 square nindan (sar) = 3 surface še = 36 square fingers = surface of the side of a cube of 1 sìla capacity.
giŋ4	(cf., gín).
gi-ŋI	a scented substance ('reed' + 'oil').
gir, kir	cow or mare of intermediate age; [kor=age, time] a fish, possibly a carangid [koró =a type of small fish ] xx (ki,'place', + ir(2), 'fluid secretion') [GIR archaic frequency= 28; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
gir10, gi9, ge9[NE]	anger, fury (compare bir9). [*kore > har-ag =anger, -ag=formative suffix, *k+backvowel > h ]
gir15, gi7 [KU]	noble; domestic, civilized; [urság=lordship,kingdom; herceg=prince < herczog? < *uras + *sukku ] belonging to the native in-group (circle + city) [kör=circle ] [ŠE3 archaic frequency= 152]. [*kere > kör/ker = a circle >local "around">>tribal endings with –(n)gar, -gir, -zur, may refer to your ethnic group as related to the water system you live near to. (h)Ungar = a watery marshy river
gir15/gi7-nun	lofty noble (an adjective applied to Enlil) ('noble' + 'royal'). m~n [ “noble” + nem-es=noble, royal, pure ]
gir4, kir13	kiln (for lime or bitumen); oven (cf., udun) (ki,'place', + ara4, 'to shine, blaze') [GIR4 archaic frequency= 1]. [ hely=place + ár-(ad) =flow, bright shine ]
gir4-bil	furnaceman, stoker ('kiln' + 'to burn'). [*kere =stone fireplace, oven /ObUgrian + *peje > föl =heat,cook]
gir5	(cf., ŋiri5).
gir-ab-ba	sea fish.
giri11, gir11[KEŠDA]	to be tidy, neat (cf., hir) (gi4,'to restore', + ri, 'to sweep away').
giri17	(cf., kìri).
giri17-zal	(cf., kìri-zal).
gìrim, gírin	(cf., gurun).
girim, girin, gir8	piece of clay; to detach a piece of clay; to creep or glide on the ground (gur5, 'to separate, divide', + imi/im, 'clay'; cf., gurun). [ görön-gy =lump, clump, clod of dirt/clay ]
gi-rin [LAGAB]	pure, spotless; shining; blooming, fruitful; a syllabic writing for gurun, 'fruit' ('reliable' + 'bright' (?)).
giriš	butterfly; moth.
gi-sa, kí-sa; gi(-níŋ)-sa-há	bundle of reeds; abutment or platform ('reeds' + 'mat, bundle'). [gaz =weeds]
gi-sal	reed screen on the roof ('reeds' + 'to be thin and wide'). [“reed” + szél-es=wide; szál=thin & narrow, straight; szalma=straw ]
gi-saŋ-hul	a type of reed ('reed' + 'head' + 'bad').
^gišà-sur	(reed-mat) sieve ('gut-like container' + 'to press out a liquid'). [szürö =sieve, strainer ]
gi-šà-sur	sieve ('reeds' + 'intestines' + 'to flow, drip'). [reed + *śeŋe > szöv=weave>szi-ta=sieve + *ćore >>csor- =drip/flow ]
gi-SI.A	(cf., ^(gi)ušub).
gi-sig	reed wall, hut ('reeds' + 'small, weak'). [ reed + szeg-ély=edge, periphery >> wall ]
^gisu7-su7	a basket (reduplicated 'threshing floor').
^gišu-KIN	faggot of reeds ('hand' + 'work, task'; cf., saŋa11/siŋ18, 'to cut, break, harvest').
^gišukur	fence. [ *ćukka >> csuk=enclose +r =deverbal suffix =enclosure]
gi-šul-hi	a reed or plant that was used as a medicine ('reed' + 'invader' + 'numerous').
gitlam(2,3,4), nit(a)lam(2,3,4)	lover; honeymooner; first husband; spouse (nitah, 'male, man', + lam, 'luxuriance'). [*kota >? git=house/home/family/marriage? +lam=sweet/honey] [ házas =married, ház=home,house,family -as=adjectival suffix + lomp=luxuriant (tail/brush)]
gi-UGUN	(cf., gi-gunu4).
^gium	a rope made of reeds (cf., umu ) ? *pime > _um, _u_ =herb,plants,grass *pime > füv > fü =herb, grass, spice
^giušub[SI.A/DIRIG]	basket (uš, 'to support, lift', + ub4, 'cavity, hole'). [ öb-, öbl =cavity, concave]
gi-zi	a kind of reed ('reed' + 'good; high'). [gaz=weeds ]
gu	string, thread; wool yarn; flax; hemp; snare; net; [ *kule > háló =net] Sumer drops trailing liquid sounds, orig. word for needle (circular + grass-like) [GU archaic frequency = 53]. [karc- =scratch,etch, horzs =scrape ] also in Sumerian hara
gú	neck; nape; *ń>ŋ>g , k(k)e# is dropped normaly [ *ńakke =joint, neck, yearly growth, > nyak =neck, kö-nyök=elbow] river bank; side; other side; edge; front; land; [ *katte >hat-ár =border, boundary] pulse, chick pea (for 'land, district' cf., gún; for 'load; talent' cf., gun; gún, gú) (circular + u5, 'on top of'; cf., Orel & Stolbova #982, *gun- "occiput, neck, nape") [metathesis?] [GU2 archaic frequency = 34].
gù	n., noise, sound; voice. [ ha-ng =sound, ha-l=hear ] v., to exclaim; to utter a cry (said of an animal) (throat + u(3,4,8), 'cries, screams'). [ hív > hí =to call, to cry ] *w normally dropped in Sumerian.
gú ŋiri16...ŋar/ŋá-ŋá	to breach walls ('to submit' + 'fortress').
gú ŋiš...ŋál	to submit (to someone dative) ('neck' + 'yoke' + 'to place'). t>s [“neck” + köt=tie + nál=at ]
gú...aka	to submit; to bow, to someone dative ('neck' + 'to do'; cf., gú...ŋar). [“neck” + hajl=bend ] *k>h
gù...dé	to call; to cry; to say ('sound' + 'to pour out, shape'). [ha-ng =sound + töl(t) =pour-s] k>h
gú...dirig	to sum accounts ('loads' + 'to add').
gú...dù	to despise; to neglect ('neck' + 'to fasten, plant'). [‘neck’ + ült(et)=to plant, to cause to sit ]
gù...dúb	to shout ('voice' + 'to make tremble'). (ha-ng=sound,voice + dob-(ol)=pounds,drums,beats )
gu...dúb; gu...tag	to align; to adjust (with a string) ('string' + 'to strike/to touch').
gù...dug4/du11/di/e	to make a noise or sound ('noise' + 'to effect'). (ha-ng=sound,voice + tesz=does,makes)
gú...è	to cover ('neck; edge' + 'to extend').
gú...gíd	'to stretch the neck' as something that mourners do ('neck' + 'to stretch out'). (‘neck’ + huz {*t>z} )
gú...gur	to gather, collect, amass (often with -da-; often reduplicated) ('chick pea/bean' + 'basket'). [össze/köz=together + hord=carry>gather/ hordo=barrel ]
gú...kud	to cut (off) the neck ('neck' + 'to cut'). [‘neck’ + has-it=cut,slice t>z,s]
gu...lal/lá	to set out a snare ('string' + 'to place, set, stretch, extend'). [ hur=snare ... lóg=to hang]
gú...lal/lá	to bow down; to kneel; to embrace (with -da- or -ta-); to peer out (with bàd, 'city walls') ('neck' + 'to hang, extend'). *k>g>h [?gug-ol =to squat down , haj-ol=bow down, kneel]
gú...mar	to pile up. *l>ø *k>g [ *k>h halom =a pile, halm-oz =to pile up]
gù...mur	to roar, bray, bellow ('sound' + 'lungs'). *ŋ > g/n [ ha-ng=sound (determinative?) + mor-og =growl, grumble ] -og=verbal formative, does.
gù...ŋar	describes the twanging of bows ('sound' + 'to deliver'). [ ha-ng =sound + hor-d =carry, a spreading sound ]
gú...ŋar/ŋá-ŋá	to submit ('neck' + 'to set down'; cf., gú...aka).
gù...ra(-ra)	to shout, roar ('sound' + 'to strike'). *ŋ>g/n [ han-g =sound > han-g-os=loud ]
gù...sè(-g/k)	to make obedient ('voice' + 'to apply; to cause'). [ nyak=neck,joint + oz=causes to be, verbal formative; similarly nyakas =someone who is stubborn, who doesn’t bend his neck]
gú...si(-a)	to assemble, organize ('necks' + 'to be upright, in order, and still').
gù...si-il	to scream with an ear-splitting voice ('voice' + 'to split'). [ ha-ng =voice, sound + szel=slice, cut ]
gú...šub	to be lax with respect; to scorn (with -ši-) ('neck' + 'to make fall'). [ nyak + szab-ol=cut out, slices out] szab-ol > szabja=saber. –ol is also a verbative suffix.
gù...sum	to repeat; to echo; to talk to (with dative) ('sound' + 'to give, lend').
gù...ta-dé	to read aloud ('voice' + 'from' + 'to pour out'). [kiált=shout +töl-t=pours]
gù...tumu2/4	to call ('noise' + 'to carry'). [ hi, hiv=call ]
gú...ús	to raise the neck ('neck' + 'to join'). [ ‘neck’ + össze =together, joined ]
gú...zi	to have success ('neck' + 'to raise'). [gyöz=to succeed, to win ]
gu2,4	(cf., gud(2)). dh> d in Sumerian but dh > l in Ugrian, thus gulya =cattle.
gu4	(cf., gud). dh> d in Sumerian but dh > l in Ugrian, thus gulya =cattle. l >ly >”j sound”
gu4-gu4-ud);	the planet Mercury ('bull' + 'sun'). gulya=cattle, bovines + öd=sun, time/Turk , idö=time/Hungarian itu=time/Etruscan.
gu4-ud	to jump; to flutter; to dance (reduplication class) metathesis ug-(or)=to jump (-or verbal formative)
gu5-ul	great (cf., gal; gu-ul). [káál, gáál =big (only in family names now)]
gu7, kú	n., food, sustenance; fodder; [koszt =food ] angle [GU7 archaic frequency = 236]. [*čeŋke >> _ék =wedge, szeg=angle ] č>ų v., to eat, swallow, consume, use; to eat up, finish off; to feed, nurse, [kaj-ál] benefit (with -ni-) (throat + ú, 'food').
gu7-kur-kur-ra	bread-basket of all the lands ('food, sustenance' + 'lands' + genitive). [ko-szt=food + or-(szág)=kingdom +ja=of ] -szág/ság=formative of the collective
gú-a...ŋar/ŋá-ŋá	(cf., úgu...ba-a-ŋar which is the later Neo-Sumerian form of this Old Sumerian original) ('neck' + 'upon' + 'to place [a load of debt]'). This expression is still used in Hungarian, referring to placing an undesired load/cost/problem on someone’s “neck” rather than “back”. [ “neck” + hor-d =carry ]
gú-an-še	all things considered ('land' + 'sky' + 'barley'). ?hogyan is =in whatever way also, how is that.
gub	to stand; to set, erect, install (singular); kup-or-og =to be bound and stationary, used in anc. times as a burial form. kopor-so=casket. to set down in writing; [kap-ar =to scratch, etch, engrave, (also used in writing/marking)] to stand by, to serve (with -da-); to do service (with -ši-); to stand aside (with -ta-) (to be long and throat-like in open container). [gub-aszt =to croutch, as such one stays as is, gub < clump, tangled]
gúb	to purify, cleanse. [ hab =foam, wave < *kumpa ]
gùb	left (hand) (cf., hab and húb; the left was the hand that stank from wiping excrement) [GUB3 archaic frequency = 15; concatenation of 4 sign variants]. kuka=outhouse (old term) [ káb-úl =to be swooning from the stench or medicine]
gú-bala	the turning edge ('edge' + 'to revolve'). [ “edge” + bágy < bála < pole =round, circular or r>l for-d=turn,revolve ] all forms attested !
gùb-bu	left arm ('left-hand' + nominative with vowel harmony). [ the toilet hand! bad hand! bal=left, bad (luck etc)
gùb-kaš4	stud farm manager (?) ('left-hand' + 'speed. fluency'). (‘left/bad hand’ + *kiśe =fast > küz-d=to contend,race, to fight for < Ugrian ** for fast )
gùd	nest. [ *kota > ház =house, clan territory, marriage ]
gud è	oxen taken out (of work) ('bull, ox' + 'to exit'). *dh> d in Sumerian while *dh > l in Ugrian [ gulya =cattle, bovine + el=away ]
gud éš-gàr	working oxen ('bull, ox' + 'assigned task').
gud ŋiš-ùr	oxen for the harrow ('bull, ox' + 'beam, harrow'). *dh> ly, l [gulya + nyél =rod, handle, shaft + ra=onto ]
gud(2), gu2,4	warrior. [ *kunta =clan > *xont=army,warrior > had =army, war, clan; kat-ona=warrior ]
gud, guðx, gu4	n., domestic ox, bull (regularly followed by rá; cf., gur(4)) (voice/sound with repetitive processing - refers to the bellow of a bull) [GU4 archaic frequency = 182]. *δ=dh >d in Sumerian {*δ > l } [*kuδe > gulya =cattle ] v., to dance, leap (cf., gu4-ud). [ ug- or =jump , leap ]
gùd...ús	to build a nest ('nest' + 'to moor, join'). kit-uš=dwelling place > ku-eš =tent > ga_ =house {k>g>h } {VtV > z} [*kota > ház =house, clan + *aśe > szá-l(ás) =settle-(ment) ]
gud8	short (related to but opposite in meaning to gíd).
gúda, gudu4	(cf., gudug).
gud-áb(-ba)	breeding bull ('bull' + 'cow' + genitive). [*kuδe > gulya =cattle herd + fi= male, son ] *p>f
gud-alim	bison ('bull' + 'bison').
gud-am; gu4-dam	a mythological entity ('bull' + 'wild ox').
gud-apin-níŋ-túg	blanket for a plow ox ('bull, ox' + 'plow' + 'thing' + 'cloth garment').
gud-du7(-du7)	perfect, unblemished bull; fierce, goring ox ('bull, ox' + 'complete, suitable; to butt, gore, toss').
gud-dub	ox (recorded) on a tablet ('bull, ox' + 'tablet').
gud-dun-a	subordinate ox ('bull, ox' + 'subordinate' + nominative).
gud-gal-gal	full-grown ox ('bull, ox' + reduplicated 'great').
gúdibir	war (gud(2), 'warrior', + bir, 'to wreck, murder'). [ FU *kunta =clan > Ugrian xonta =war, warrior >> katona=soldier had=soldiers, had+boru >> háboru=war ]
gud^ku6;gu-ud^ku6	carp ('dancing, leaping fish'). [Akkad?? binnu >> Hungarian pon-ty =carp]
gud-lah5[DU-DU]	ox driver ('bull, ox' + 'to drive'). [*kuδe > gulya =cattle herd + *lükke > lök=push, shove >?drive ]
gud-mu-x	x years-old ox ('bull, ox' + 'name, year' + number).
gud-niga	fattened ox ('bull, ox' + 'fattened'). [ gulya + nagy=big ]
gud-numun	oxen for sowing ('bull, ox' + 'seed'). [gulya + nemz=to procreate > to seed]
gud-numun-diri	reserve oxen for sowing ('oxen for sowing + 'excess').
gud-numun-gána	oxen for sowing on the field ('oxen for sowing + 'field parcel').
gud-ŋiš	work ox ('bull, ox' + 'tool'). [ *kuδe > gulya + *niδe > nyél=the wooden handle of a tool ]
gud-ra	ox driver ('bull, ox' + rá, 'to drive along).
gud-šár(-a)	perfect bull ('bull' + 'to be many; to slaughter' + nominative). [gulya + csor-da =cattle herd]
gud-su7-ra	threshing ox ('bull, ox' + 'threshing floor').
gud-šu-gi4	old ox ('bull, ox' + 'old'). [gulya + *sanke > agg =old ] xx
gud-šúhub	grazing or trampling oxen ('bull, ox' + 'to step; to graze').
gud-sún	wild-cow ('bull, ox' + 'aurochs cow'). [*kuδe > gulya =cattle + üszö = heifer ]
gu-du	anus. –du=formative [*ańća-= groin area, sexual area >> ágy –ék =groin area –ék=formative]
gudug, gudu4, gúda	a ritually pure, linen-clothed priest who cares for and feeds the gods; divinely anointed. [ *kuðje =blanket, cover >> gatya = linnen summer pants, or linnen underwear ]
gú-è	wrap. [kab-át=coat –at=deverbative ]
gú-en-bar-ra	outer throne room. [kin(ti) =outer + pár-na=pillow (also used for a seat) ]
gú-en-na	river mud; throne room ('river bank' + ?). [han(t) =river bank, wetland + nak=genitive ]
gug	monthly offering; brand; carnelian (with na4). { *j>g } [ aj-ánd-ék =gift ]
gug5	hostility, war (might be reduplicated ug5,7,8, 'to kill; to die'). [ Finn kiukku, Hung gög =anger, scorn, hostility/ had=war ]
gú-gal	chick peas ('chick pea/bean' + 'large'). [ csicse-ri (borso) =chick pea ] ch >gy is also common in Hungarian.
gú-gir	processing of bitumen. [ “bitumen ?” + gyár-t=manufacture, process ]
gú-gú-GUD	a type of pea (reduplicated 'chick pea/bean' + 'ox, bull'). ch > g ? (uncertain since word isn’t FU [ csicse-ri (borso) =chick pea + gulya =cattle ]
gú-gur5... dug4/du11/e	to cut down ('neck' + 'to separate' + 'to effect'). [ *kane or *kone > hón=shoulder + *jore=cut,scrape,iron + *te-ke > tesz=does ]
gú-gú-UH	a type of pea (reduplicated 'chick pea/bean' + 'insect, vermin').
gukin(2)	entire inhabited world. [egész =all of + kin =outer (place) ]
gukkal [KUN.GAL]	(cf., kungal).
gul	v., to destroy, demolish (as preparation for rebuilding); to be destroyed; [ hul =to fall down, to topple , hal=to die] to obstruct; to extinguish; [? gyul=to ignite] to cease; [ hal=to die, _áll=to stop, cease] to fall upon (with -ši-); to wreck to pieces, to destroy utterly (with -ta-) (reduplication class) (gu7, 'to consume' + ul, 'ancient, endurinN) [GUL archaic frequency = 24]. [ hul=to fall down, hall=to die ] adj., evil; enormous. [ hal-om = a mound , a pile ]
gùl, gal5	to overwhelm.
gu-la	large, great (cf., gal; gu-ul). [ Gyula =commander in chief (9th century) < Hunish Jula <Scyth kole]
gul-lum	cat ('to fall upon, destroy, extinguish' + 'fertile'; cf., ki-gul-la). {*k/h/_R } [ hul =fall down/ hal=die + lomp(os) =having a luxurious tail ]
gum	cf., kum).
gúm, gun5	to influence; to neglect, ignore (ga, 'milk' + um, 'old woman'). [gon-d =worry, concern]
gú-mun	caraway ('pea' + 'salt'). [kömény=caraway]
gù-mur-aka	hero; professional mourner ('to roar, bray' + 'to do').
gún, gú	land, region, district (gú, 'edge' + ùŋa, un, 'people, population'). [kin-t=outside, hely=place]
gun[GÚ-UN]; gún, gú	back of a man's neck = load, burden = a talent in weight = 30 +/- 2 kg.; tribute (gú, 'neck; nape' + ùŋa, un, 'people'; cf., gú). [*kane or *kone =shoulder] while marja =nape of neck as in Sumerian murgu *j>g
gun5	(cf., gúm).
gunni	kiln; stove. [ kandalo= fireplace ]
gùnu, gùn	n., dot, spot (circle + discrete point; cf., ugun) [GUN3 archaic frequency= 23; concatenation of 2 sign variants]. [gomb(a)=mushroom, button, roundish thing] v., to decorate with colors, lines, spots; to sparkle; to put on antimony paste makeup. [ék > ék-es =decorated, bejeweled] adj., dappled; striped; speckled, spotted; spangled; variegated, multicolored; embellished, decorated; brilliant.
gù-nun...di/e	to make a pleasant/loud sound ('sound' + 'fine, great, deep' + 'to say, do'). [hang =sound]
gú-ŋiri3/16	breach (cf., gú ŋiri16...ŋar).
gúr	n., sphere; circle, ring; loop; hoop (circle + ur, 'to surround'). [*kere > kör =circle ] P.I.E. *rad =circle, wheel v., to bow down, submit; to curb, subdue; to die (cf., gam). [ *kere >kör=circle> gör-b-ül =bends, kór=old, sickly, aged, dying of a desease; kór-ház=hospital]
gur(4),kur4, gir8	v., to be or feel big; to be endowed with; [-kora = big; used in suffixed terms] to turn, roll over; [gur-ul=roll, turn over] to run; to gallop; {*j>g} [jár =travel, move around] to grind (reduplication class) (circle + flowing motion). [ *kurwe > hor-zs, hor-ul = grind,scrape] adj., thick, coarse; fattened, plump; bright, preeminent; very strong; great (cf., gud, guðx, 'bull'). [*kur-is >> big, mountain; > kora=big >>kövér=fat + gulya]
gur, kùr	n., reed basket; measure of capacity - Biblical kor (= 300 sìla in Old Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods; = 144 sìla in Old Sumerian Girsu/Lagash; in admin. texts = 2 bariga) [? GUR archaic frequency= 14] (circle + to reap; to send). [hord-ó =barrel, hord=to carry, -ó =formative suffix ] v., to make a circular motion; to come back; to return; to give back; to protest, contradict; to reject evidence (in a legal case); to turn away from (object has ablative -ta); to wipe off. [*kere >> kör/ker =circle, hoop, loop, round, circular ] K+front vowel remains K, however dialectical variation of E~Ö is also at play, between northern and southern dialects.]
gùr,ga6	to bear, carry; [hor-d=carry] -d =formative, just like Sumerian –du. to be full, loaded, laden (Umma reading for íla sign, cf., mir) (circular container + er, 'to bring'; cf., gur, kùr, 'basket'). [ kövér =fat, big] kur>kövr >kövér u>v.
gur-2-ul	a capacity measure of 72 sìla in Presargonic Girsu.
gur4-gur4 [LAGAB+LAGAB]	a standard size container for wine, beer, and oil, = 10 liters (reduplicated 'thick, round, plump'). [hor-dó =barrel, carrier + {L/R} rög- =lump/clump (of dirt) ]
gur5[KA×GU] (ru.uš(11))...búr	to bare the fangs (sign for 'mouth-needles' ( + 'to send' + 'poison') + 'to release'). {k>g>x>h} [har-ap=to bite ]
gù-ra-ah	chattering, noise-making ('sound' + 'to strike repetitively, shake'). [ha-ng =sound, voice + rez(-eg) =rattling, shakking, vibrating -eg=formative, like –ag ]
gurdub	reed basket. [hord=to carry > hordó =something for carrying, barrel ]
gú-ri-ta	from the other side ('side, bank' + 'that' + 'from'). [*kute=back/rear/outer >>hát-rá-tól =from the back (side); tól=from, ra=directional suffix ]
gur-ra	adv., in return ('to return' + subordination suffix /-a/). [hord=to carry, kerül=return, turns up ] The word is probably associated with the morning sun kor , which returns after the night.
gur-sá-dug4	a capacity measure, = 160 sìla ('reed basket' + 'offering; measuring container of either 24 or 40 sìla').
gur-saŋ-ŋál	a capacity measure, = 240 sìla, where Civil says the difference is that this gur has been filled from measuring containers topped off with a 'head' of grain instead of being leveled off at the top ('reed basket' + 'head' + 'to place').
guru5, gur5, kur12	n., fangs. [har-ap=bite ] v., to separate, divide; to cut, pull (weeds) (gú, 'neck; nape' + ra, 'to strike'; cf., kud, kur5; and gú-gur5...dug4/du11/e). [has-it=to cut, to divide/slice]
guru6	(cf., kára).
guru7, gur7, kara6	grain heap; granary, silo; a capacity measure, ca. 909 liters (cf., gur, 'basket'). [ gor-é =corn granary, a primitive open corn storage, that has a top but sides are open and vented.]
guru7-du6	grain stack ('granary' + 'heap'). [goré =silo +domb=heap,hill ]
guru7-maš	grain depot ('granary' + 'interest, profit').
guru8, gur8 [TU]	high; deep. [ FU *kur-es =mountain, high,big] ?? deep
gurud(2)	to throw.
gúrum	inspection.
gurum[GAM]	n., heap, pile; arched beam; bending. { l>r } [*kalema =grave mound > halom=a pile, a mound ] v., to be bent; to subdue. –ma >um is archaic formative, [ gör-be =bent, crooked ]
gurun, gurin; girin, girim; gìrim, gírin	fruit; berry; flower (cf., gi-rin) (gúr, 'sphere', + an, 'high'; cf., kurun). {r_m > m} [gyüm-ölcs=fruit < ?Turk jemis ]
guruš šà-sahar	earth moving workers ('laborer' + 'essence' + 'earth'). [ hur-c-ol =to carry along + ‘earth’] *k>g>h
guruš, ŋuruš	sledge (archaic pictogram); adult workman, laborer (human sledge); young man [ *kuje +*urus =young man+strong, erös=strong] (gúr, 'wheels' [cf., gigir], + uš, 'to stand upon') [ker-ék=wheels ; sze-kér =chariot {metathesis} ] [? GURUŠ archaic frequency= 68; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
guruš3,4, guru5, gur5; kur5	to circumcise (?); to trim away, strip; to cut, clip (a part of the body); to notch, incise; to fell trees; to be parted, relieved of (gur10, 'sickle', + ŋìš/uš, 'penis'). [ her-él =to castrate , here =testicle ] –él is a verbal formative (does)
gurušda	(cf., kurušda).
gú-šè	up to the edge; to the other side ('side, bank' + terminative suffix). [ hón =shoulder, hant=watery land + hoz =to it ] The Hungarian terminative is –ig.
gu-sum	impression on a tablet (a wedge) ('needle' + 'to give'). [Ugor *soNke >_ék_=wedge {#s>blk} + ?]
gú-tar	back of the head ('neck' + 'to cut (hair)'). [tar-kó = upper back near shoulders ] metathesis , also tar=cut baren, bald, tar-ol=to cut down.
gú-tar...lal/lá	to style or dress hair; to bind an animal's mane ('neck' + 'to cut, determine' + 'to lift'). [?haj=hair + tar-aj =the mane, horse hair (or) tar-ol =cut down, make bald/baren ‘tar’ ]
gù-téš-a...sì	to be united ('voice' + 'to come together' + locative + 'to surround').
gú-tuku	mighty; foremost ('neck [for carrying ?]' + 'to have'). [‘neck or shoulder’ hón + töke =possessions, stock (animals and the stock market) ]
gú-tur	lentils ? ('chick pea/bean' + 'small').
gu-ul	to enlarge; to increase; to make numerous; to be great, exalted; sometimes = gul, 'to destroy' (cf., gal; gu-la). [ gyül =to gather together; gyüj-t = to collect // hal=to die]
gú-un	tribute; load (cf., gun).
guz, huz[LUM]	hu-hu-uz) (gù, 'noise', + zú, 'teeth'). [ha-ng=sound voice + ‘teeth” or formative ] v., to gnash the teeth; to bare the teeth; to rage at; to cut, trim, clip; to castrate (reduplication class [*kaće >>has-it =to cut in two, slice] adj., long, shaggy (hair). [kóc-os =shaggy, tangled hair ] -os =adjectival suffix
gú-za	a jewelry (?) ('neck' + 'precious stone') {VC >CV metathesis}. [ ék-szer =jewelry ]
gu-za-lá	throne-bearer; chair-bearer ('throne; chair' + 'to hold up').
guzza	throne; chair. [ guzs =to squat down ??]
ha	fish (not the usual word for fish, but the fish sign may get its syllabic reading of HA from *h 'many' + a 'water' = 'fish', an alternative to the usual ku6, kua) { lV# > blk} [KU6 archaic frequency = 282; concatenates 3 sign variants]. [FU *kala > hal=fish ]
ha	precative and affirmative verbal prefix = may; let; indeed. [ -hat- , hagy allow, enable, let or hagy=allow it ]
há, hi-a	numerous; diverse; assorted; mixed. [ *kane > hány =toss, how many / kev-er=mix ],
hà, hù, a6, u	ten (usually written as u). [ *min >> ven =suffix for ten ]
ha-al-ma	vandals (ha-lam + nominative).
hab(2)	n., foul smell; resin; gall(nut) (attracting many vermin in open container). v., to stink; to rot. [hab-zó =to foam, scum, wave ] adj., malodorous. [káb-it =cause to make sick from the smell; *kumpa > hab=foam, wave, scum ]
habrud	cesspit; pit, hole; cave, cavern (hab, 'to stink', + bùru(-d), 'hole').
háda, had(2)	v., to dry; to shine brightly [*kuŋe >hav > hó-d=the moon, hugy=star (archaic use)] (hé, 'let it become', + dág, 'brilliant'). [hagy=let it be + *dhule > gyul =fire, ignite ] Finnish tuli adj., dry; dried (e.g., fish); ? heat >bake > dry out ? [ *kuma >hev > hö =heat ] white. [ hal-vány =pale *d’>l in Hu ]
hal	n., crotch, upper thigh; [*süle >> _öl= lap, crotch area] secret; divination expert; [hal=hear; haló =one who hears, senses; halod=to you hear it? ] portion, share (cf., ha-la and pap-hal(-la)) (loans from Akkadian hallu I and pahallu; cf., Orel & Stolbova #1928, *pahal- "leg, thigh" and #1929, *pahal- "break through, split") [HAL archaic frequency = 53]. [*süle >> _ öl = crotch area, the lap ] also see Sumerian sala =vagina. v., to stream, run; to divide; to deal out, distribute (hal-ha in marû). [ dh> l *chaδa >szal-ad=run, s>h hal-ad =to move, advance , travel, run ]
ha-la	(inheritance) share, lot (cf., hal).
ha-lam	to ruin; to destroy (often with -ta-) (cf., hul(3)). [*kule > hal-(ál)+tol=from death]
halba(2,3), halbi(2,3)	frost, freezing. [ hül =to cool off, get cold , hid-eg=cold ]
ha-luh	(cf., hu-luh).
ha-mun	mutually opposing; contrasting, harmonizing; clashing (hum, 'to wrestle' conjugated as Akk. huud, 'joy', conjugates into hadûm, 'joyful' - except in Sumerian there is no syllable 'mum', just the syllable mun).
har, àr, ur5	n., millstone; ]. [ *korwa > hor-ul, horzs-ul =to scrape, grind, to mill] ring; [*kere >kör =cirle] link (in a chain); coil or spiral of silver or other precious metal that can be worn as a ring or bracelet and was used as money (cf., kín, kikkin, hara, ara3,5, ur5) (many small explosions + sliding motion) [UR5 archaic frequency= 34; concatenation of 2 sign variants v., to chew. [ har-ap=to bite, chew] adj., small; young. [gyer-ek=child ]
hara, ara3,5	n., miller (reduplicated har/àr, 'millstone'). [ same as above; hor- ] v., pulverize (in a mortar); to destroy; to make groats.[hor-ul, horzs-ul=scrape,grind, ] adj., ground, milled, crushed, pulverized.
hara5	spout; vessel with a large spout (ha, precative prefix, + ra, 'to branch out from the side of'). [orr =nose > spout]
har-ra-an	road (a city on the route to the Mediterranean, Akkadian loanword). [Harran was a Hurrian place not a Semitic place originally?!]
harub[DAG.KISIM5]	carob.
haš	(cf., haz).
háš; haš4	lower abdomen; loins; back; thigh (numerous + foundation, base). [has=stomach, belly, abdomen < hát=back; both from FU for freshy area or back]
haš4...ŋá-ŋá	to rejoice ('lower abdomen' + 'to deposit'). [ *kute =back,abdomen > has=abdomen ??]
haz, haš	to break or cut off (twigs, branches); to thresh grain (há, 'numerous', + zé, 'to cut, pluck'). [*kaće >> has-it=to cut, slice, break into two, split]
ha-za	to hold, grasp; to retain (Akk. ahaazum, Orel & Stolbova 25).
hé	precative and affirmative verbal prefix (same as ha). [ ha =if, hagy=allow, lett ]
he(2)	abundance; abundant. [ híz=fatten, become bulky; híja =lack of ]
he, hi	to mix [HI archaic frequency = 291]. [ kev-er =mix ] Sumer drops W usually.
hé-...nam-...	let it be. [hagy =to let it (be); hat =infix “to allow,let” + nem =not ]
hé-àm	'so be it', 'let it be', consent, approval, wish (precative prefix + î + 'to be'). –ma =archaic formative in FU that is usually dropped and sometimes replaced. [ -hat- =precative, allow/let infix, standalone form is hagy ]
hé-àm-me-àm	[that] is our wish ('wish' + î + 'to be'). [ha-gy =allow it + meg=definite action + ám=indeed ] the gy in hagy may actually be a command (j, gy, d) suffix.
hé-du7	decoration ('let it be suitable, fitting'). [ ék - =wedge, ornament, (+szer) jewelry ]
hé-en-na-nam-ma-àm	it is indeed (precative prefix + î + na-nam, 'indeed' + enclitic copula, 'to be').
hé-nun; hi-nun	abundance, fruitfulness ('may it be; numerous' + 'great, fine, deep').
henzer	weakling; cripple; infant. gyenge =weak (if ng >g >h?), perhaps linked to gig