E, G, H Words

Based on John Halloren's Sumerian Lexicon
Modified in red for Sumerian & FU List by Fred Hamori's Sumerian

The indications are that the source of the linguistic ties are with the ancient people living north of the Black Sea. These people are perhaps forgotten by history but their successors were known as the Kimerians, then Scythians. These may be the source of the FU protolanguage, but that is impossible to prove linguistically, except as a much smaller number of known vocabulary and personal names, place names, river names and some god names which were greatly distorted by the Greek historians. The most usefull comparisons with sufficient vocabulary is with what today are called FinnoUgrians. Current theories about who the Cimmerians and Scythians however contradict the historic records and are only biased assumptions, that no one has bothered to prove in a rigorous way.

This is a warning that historic linguistic comparisons don’t expect identity in meanings, but can be related meanings, but they do expect a systematic change from a protoword, which is derived from a comparisons of several daughter languages. In that, Sumerian has most basic words that compare well to the standard common FU protowords, but it also has many words that are only found now in one to one correspondences with some FU languages. These words are generally assumed to be loans or words of unknown origin, since they weren’t found in other FU languages. Obviously they need not be loans, but forgotten words in all but one FU language. There has been an unusually lot of general assumptions about most FU languages that have been recently found untrue. Such cultural assumptions of the past should not be applied to all of them, since there were a lot of differences between them both culturally and racially. I have illustrated most examples here with Hungarian simply to minimize the added comments, with occasional protowords to illustrate the changes. Sound changes can only be proven in a relative sense for some changes, which means that occasionally the direction of change can very easily be reversed. This causes no problem for comparison between existing languages although the protoword may be different. For example *w > b or was it really *bh >w .

According to current researchers Proto Sumerian did not have the voiced stops b, d, g and only acquired
them later just as FinnoUgrian and Etruscan. It did not differentiate he/she just as Ural-Altaic. It used
vowel harmony as does Ural-Altaic. It also did not use the plural ending when plurality was known because of various circumstances like a number of an item, just as FinnoUgrian doesn’t do that. It was an agglutinative language in structure like Ural-Altaic, that shared a lot of morphemes with FinnoUgrian even though there were a few differences in word order. Case endings which are common in FU noun morphemes were also used with verbs in Sumerian which indicates a more generic usage than what evolved later in FU. Hungarian also shares a several of the noun case markers as verbal prefixes indicating direction, but a few of them are replaced with alternative prefixes. Sumerian originally used a hex number system that evolved to a hexi-decimal system. FU languages are all based on an original hex system that later was changed to a decimal system. With two hands, where one represented the digits 1,2,3,4,5 and the other representing the 6 multiples from 6,12,18,24,30 you could count up to 35 with a nonpositional system or 105 if it was finger positional, rather than just 10 using the old FU hex number system. More likely the system was non positional and went up to 35 since the Hungarian numbers from 40 to 90 begin to use the suffix ven but not before. Sound rules are extensively documented in other references on my webpage.

This data is from John Hallorens webpage, with my additions in red.

é	house, household; temple; plot of land [E2 archaic frequency = 649; concatenates 4 signs]. é is just an abbreviation of the word for house, gé_ =house < ku-eš =tent < *kota =house,dweling [ é-pit=to build a building, thing; gor-é =corn shed, EP>EV=house in Turkic ]
é si-ga	a quiet house ('house' + 'silence'). [“house” + sug =whisper, sük-et=deaf < silence]
é...bùr	to break into a house (reduplication class) ('house' + 'to break into'). *w>b [“house” + ver =break ]
e5-ŋar	brick wall (cf., eŋar).
é-a...ti(-l)	to live in a house ('house' + locative + 'to live'). é is just an abbreviation of house! [*kol’a > hely=place +en=at + tel-ep=settlement, living place]
é-ad-da(-/ak/)	the house of one's fathers ('house' + 'father' + genitive). [ház attyá-é =house of father]
é-a-nir-ra	house of mourning ('house' + 'lamentation' + genitive). [‘house’ +nyir=wet,moist + é=genitive ]
é-a-nir-ra-gal-gal-la	euphemism for the netherworld ('house of mourning' + reduplicated ŋ + genitive). [“house” +nyir=wet,moist + é=genitive “house of tears” + “great” ]
é-an-na	sanctuary ('house' + 'Heaven' + genitive). [“house” + *saNke > ég=sky + nak=genitive (of) ]
é-anše	donkey stable ('house' + 'equid').
é-ba-an	an adjective denoting a very fine quality.
é-BAPPIR	(cf., é-lùnga).
é-bar-ra	outer house ('house' + 'outside' + nominative). [“house”+ per-em =the house outer/periphery ; -em=deverbal suffix]
ebir(2), epir(2)	small pot; beer mug.
ebla	a watery type of beer - 'light beer' (íb, 'waist', + lal/lá, 'to lessen'). [öbl-it =rinse out, water down] hab=foam + lá as in lány (girl) =small,weak.
éd, è; i	to go out, emerge; to send forth; to lead or bring out; to rise; to sprout; to be or become visible; to appear as a witness (the final d appears in marû conjugation) [ED2 archaic frequency = 12; concatenates 2 sign variants]. [PFU *eδe >> Hungarian el=away, *eδe =lead > elö [*δ> l ] in Hungarian, -allways!- ] similar root also in Altaic.
èd, e11	to exit; *alwe > elve, el to rise; *em-el =raise {metathesis of FU *ale-me =raise } also *salke > _áll_ =to stand up to descend, set; to bring down (or up); *ala > le, al =down, under to import; to fetch; to remove; to drain (è-dè(-d) in marû). There is a *dh > l in Hungarian & Ugrian, however not likely in other FU, yet the L/D is quite consistent here across a range of meanings.
é-da[-di-a]	a flour offering.
edakua(2)	fish bones (adda, 'skeleton', + ku6/kua, 'fish'). [ *tete > et/ed = corpse + *kala>hal =fish ]
edimx, edin	earthenware vat for oil and fats. [ edény = dish, plate, pottery ]
edin, eden	n., steppe, plain; grazing land between the two long rivers; back, spine (éd, 'to send forth', + in, 'straw') [EDIN archaic frequency= 5]. [határ =borderland, non-agricultural communal lands used for grazing. It sounds like its related to "back" =hát, but thats only coincidental, as it comes from the term for clan *kunta prep., on; against. [*d'>l elen =against ]
é-dù-a	house plot ('house' + 'to build' + nominative).
é-dub-ba	archive; school ('house' + 'tablet' + genitival a(k)). *l>ø [hely=place + táblá-é = house +sign + of ]
é-duru5	hamlet, rural settlement, suburb ('houses' + 'fresh'; cf., Akk. adurû, 'village, outpost' and Orel & Stolbova #658, *dar- 'dwelling place'). Semitic unrelated.
e-el[SIKIL]-lu	a (pure) sound (Akkadian ellu, 'clear, pure').
é-éše	jail ('house' + 'rope') [*śalke =fiber >>száll=fiber>>szal-ag=ribbon, tying bands, strip of material (-ag verbal formative)] *l>ø
é-gal	palace ('house' + 'large'). (“house” + *kur > kora =mountain, large )
é-ganba	warehouse ('house' + 'marketplace').
é-ì-gára	dairy ('house' + 'fat' + 'cream'). *w>ø, *j>ø, *l >ø [ hely=place + *woje > vaj =butter + gyur=to knead , churn (same as turkic yogur)]
é-kaš	a public house, pub ('house' + 'beer'). l>ø [ 'place' + kocs-ma =pub]
é-KI.LAM	a storehouse ('house' + 'place' + 'abundance'). [“ house” + hely=place + lom=a deposit, an unkept collection of stuff. or halom=a mound]
é-kišib(-ba)	storehouse ('house' + 'receipt' + genitival a(k)). [ “house” + kap=to receive (if ši is a dropped formative) ] also Etruskan > Latin > English have.
é-kur	prison ('house' + 'netherworld'). if kur refers to ki-uru =”guarded place” then “house” + hely=place + ör =guard
é-gi4-a	daughter-in-law; prospective bride ('the one who restores the house').
é-lunga(2,3)	beerhall; brewery ('house' + 'brewer').
é-mar-uru5[GUR8]	arrow quiver ('house' + 'to immerse' + 'high, deep'). [“housing” + mer-ül=immerse however mar=to sting, to bite is better + hor-d=carry>case] This may relate to the "arrow + case", using a term for arrows as sting/bite>pierce. FU *ime = arrowhead shaped trianguar tip needle, used to sew leather.
ég, ék, íg, e	n., levee, embankment, dike, bund (a, e4, 'water', + ig, 'door') [EG2 archaic frequency = 12; concatenates 5 sign variants]. [ ig door derives from FU *aŋe (ŋ=nk/ng), thus ŋ>g/n are both valid, Hungarian áj=opening, aj-to=door] Sumerian *j>g v., to water; *j>g , CV>VC [*jo-ki =river, water > -jó = river, water way ] to speak, say (e= sing. marû, plural hamtu, and plural marû; cf., dug4, also di); to do (as auxiliary verb preceded by a noun). *j>g, l [ -og, -ol=verb formative, does~doing] demonstrative pron., this one; [ *it >> ez > e ] in the immediate vicinity; suffixed to ergative agent [ -hoz =locative suffix “to”] prep., locative/terminative suffix - in; toward. [ -ig =locative, terminative suffix]
ég-ég/e ú-saŋ11-e/a	reinforcement of the levees with cut/bundled plants/reeds ('levees' + 'fascines').
ég dal-ba-na	a dike that is shared by two watercourses or by two fields ('levee' + 'between').
ég kal-kalag-ga	to reinforce the levees ('levees' + 'to repair, mend' + nominative).
ég sa-dúr-ra	wide levees at the low-lying end of a field which halted and contained the water for irrigating the field ('levees' + 'low-lying end of a field').
ég si-ga	the work of piling up a levee ('levee' + 'to increase, fill'). (“levee” + ság =mound)
égi	cf., ègir).
egi(2)	cf., egir2/3).
egir2,3, egi(2)	princess. (gir =royal) her-ceg=prince/Hungar < ?Herzog /German << urság =lordship /Hungarian
elamkuš(2,3,4)	bladder (éllaŋ, 'kidneys', + kuš, 'skin'). Sumerian went k>h>ų [ *kuwla >holy-ag + *kuće >hugy=bladder+urin ]
e-li-lum	cry of joy. [ haj, hej ]
éllaŋ	kidneys. [see elamkuš]
ellaŋ [LAGAB]	hoop or wooden ball ?; driving stick ?; bow ?; block of wood; a number word. [ hajl =bent, curved ] *k>g>h>blk lost in Sumerian [ LAG-ab =RÖG ]
eme	tongue; speech; plow's share. [*ńäl(e)ma > nyelv =tongue ] *lm >m, ń >y>blk in Sumerian
éme	(cf., ummeda(2)).
eme...è/e11	to stick out the tongue ('tongue' + 'to send forth').
eme...šub6[ŠID]	to lick with the tongue ('tongue' + 'to lick'). (“tongue” + szop=to suck)
eme3,5,6	she-ass, jenny.
eme-dar	a tool, utensil ('tongue' + 'to slice, smash'). *m~n, l>ø [“tongue, language =nyelv, however *niδe >>nyιl ( *δ>l ), sounds almost the same means a shaft, handle of a tool ] + tör=smash, break.
eme-du(2)	house/estate-born slave (eme, 'mammy', + tud/dú, 'to be born').
é-me-eš	summer ('houses' + 'are' + 'many'). ??? meli > eme =warm, Sumerian often drops trailing liquids. [*mäle >> mel-eg =warm ] *mäle > meli > me_=warm + eš =measure.
eme-gilim-ma	confused speech ('tongue' + 'to be twisted, tangled, bend, bow' + nominative). [!?eme-gilima >> goyim=confuser/foreighn speech>foreigher, in Hebrew] [ *manče >mon-d >say (talk) + *kaje > haj-=bent, bowed (unclear ) + ]
eme-gir15/gi7	Sumerian language ('tongue' + 'native'). [ *mos + *ur-as = heavenly leader > princely leader/lord > Mozer > Maźar > Maćar > Magyar], it also relates to the understanding of a language/tongue Magyaráz=explain it. In sumerian meš=prince, while eme=tongue + gir 15=noble, not native.
eme-ha-mun	contrasting speech or languages (e.g., Sumerian and Akkadian) ('tongue' + 'mutually opposing').
eme-ŋír	dagger blade ('tongue' + 'dagger'). *ŋ>g>k [ “tongue” + kard=sword ]
émeš	summer. { mele =hot,heat + eš =lenght > period? } [ *melke > mel-eg =warm + es=adjectival]
eme-ŠID	lizard ('tongue' + 'to consider, measure').
eme-sig... dug4/du11/e	to slander ('tongue' + 'low; small' + 'to speak'). ['tongue' + szük = tight, narrow...?] ‘szük szavú’ still used for someone who doesn’t want to tell.
eme-sig...gu7	to slander ('tongue' + 'low; small' + 'to consume'; cf., inim-sig...gu7). ['tongue' + szük = tight, narrow + ha-ng=sound, voice]
eme-si-nu-sá	describes a person 'whose speech is not right' ('tongue' + si...sá, 'to do something in the right way' + 'not'). [*ńälma >nyelv-ez-et nem jó] ez=formative, et=object marker nem=ne sá?/szó=word.
é-mí	"woman's house" ('house' + 'woman'). m~n, l >ø [ hely=place + nö=woman, né=mrs.]
emma	(cf., enmen).
émma	(cf., énmen).
é-muhaldim[MU]	bakery, kitchen ('house' + 'baker, cook').
en	n., dignitary; lord; high priest; ancestor (statue); diviner [EN archaic frequency = 1232; concatenates 3 sign variants]. [ön =thee, the first person pronoun of respect] v., to rule. [naj =ugrian for queen, this however is closest to Sumerian nig and the meaning of female/ woman, female ] adj., noble. [ naj = big, important, respected, J>blk very common]
en(2,3)	n., time; enigmatic background [EN2 archaic frequency = 17]. [ n is a locative/genetic suffix and can also be time locative in FU and Hungarian] prep., until. [ -ig =terminative suffix, up until *ŋ>g] *ŋ>n
èn...tar	to ask (someone dative); to investigate; to take care of; to handle; to pay attention to, heed ('enigmatic background' + 'to determine, inquire').
é-^na4kín-na	mill house, mill ('house' + 'millstone' + genitival a(k)).( “house” + *kö=stone + nak=genitive)
èn-du	song ('time' + 'to walk'; note du12,'to sing'). [ *äne > én-ek =song, ek=suffix ]
endub, endib	cook (en, 'lord', + dub, 'to move in a circle, shake') [ENDIB archaic frequency= 6]. ön + dob(oz) =drum or box, circular boxlike object, but also dob=a drum that is the instrument.
e-ne	he, she; him, her. [ö=he,she; ön=thou, you-respectful ]
e-ne... dug4/di/du11/e	to play (3rd person pronoun + 'to do'). du may be an abbreviation of dub, so it’s a sound box otherwise –od, -d, -ol, -l =verb formatives
e-ne-àm	he is indeed (formal 3rd person pronoun + 'to be'). [ö ám]
e-ne-gim	like himself (3rd person pronoun + equative). [ö kén =like him/her ]
e-ne-ne	they; them. [ök < ö+k]
én-é-nu-ru	introductory formula for exorcism/incantation texts ('enigmatic background' + 'house' + 'image, likeness' + 'to send'). n=locative suffix, -nál=at + “house” +néz=look/see.
e-ne-sù-ud...dug4/du11/e	to rejoice; to copulate (with -da-)('to play' + sud, 'to lengthen; to immerse').
engar	irrigator, farmer (en, 'lord', + agar, 'field'; Akk. 'ikkar from Semitic "to hoe, cultivate"). This is related to the Sumerian word engur =underground or southern fresh water lake. [(j)un-gar =a muddy, marshy lake, swamp, or marshy river, also found in the Hungarian word for marsh “han-t” which is hardly used now; the source of Hungarian name based on their ancient origins description. Their other explanation from Turkic onogur may not be valid.] This word has a lot of similar meanings in related and neighboring languages. [ ön-t =to irrigate, to cause to water upon, pour out ++ gar=water basin]
engar-gu4(-ra)	ox-ploughman ('farmer' + 'ox'). ”farmer/irrigator” + gulya =cattle
engiz [ME.EN.GI]	cook (en, 'lord', + gaz, 'to fracture, crush, slaughter') [ENGIZ archaic frequency= 22].
engur	subsoil water; abyssal sea of fresh water (a, 'water', + naŋ, 'to drink', + úr, 'floor; root'; cf., an-gur4). tenger =sea, huge from Altaic but there are variations of similar terms to do with the sky in FU also, both are similarly named as they represent something huge and eternal.
é-níŋ(-gur11[GA]-ra)	storehouse, treasure-house ('house' + 'things' [ + 'piled up']; cf., saŋ-níŋ-gur11-ra(-ak)). *ŋ>g/n [ hely + anyag=things + hal-om=pile] *l>ø
en-ku	fishing overseer (en, 'lord', + ku6/kua, 'fish'; same signs (ZAG.HA) as ešsad). [on=above, high person + *kala>hal=fish]
enkum	temple treasurer; guardian deity of the foundations [ENKUM archaic frequency= 14].
enkux [ZAG-HI-A]	tax assessment official.
enmen, emmen, immen, immin, emma, imma