PFU
phon

Etrusc
phon

FinnUgor or Ugrian protoword

Etruscan example

Hungarian example

p

f

*peje =heat,cook ,pot
*pac'e =to trust
*palGe =town
*pilwe =cloud

fase,fas'e =offering urn
fes=to asure
falu=town
falatu =sky

föz=to cook; faz-ék=pot
biz=trust, béke=peace
falu=town
felet=above, felhö=cloud

p

p~v

*pänke =head,chief
*pele=fear
*polke =round, circular
*pata=pot, cook
*pime=grass, herb
*päle =the inside
*pole =flow, flowing
*poika =boy
*pänke =capture,grabb
*lapa =flat, sheet

pepn =chief, greatest
pal-mitha=nervous,fright
pala, vela=roundness
pat-ne=kind of pot
pa-la=meadow (-la=genetive
pi,pul, vel=inside, in , at
pul-um=hallway
pava=boy, young man,Tages
apice =capture
c-leva=foundation document

fej, fö=head; föfö
fél=fears
bágy, pálya (p>b>p)
faz-ék=pot, föz=cook
füv, fü=grass
bel=inner, be=into
foly-o-so=hallway
fiú, fiv- =boy, male
fog=grab,captre,hold
lev-él=sheet.

-p

mp, v

*sapte =7 (loans)

semp =7

hét=7; (s>h)

pp

p~b~v

geminates are eliminated like Hungarian)

 pp >p

*appe =father
*reppe=crack, rip apart
*oppa =old man
*tappa =trample, stomp

apa=father
rabi-ma=pull, tear (b?)
avu-la=grandfather
thapi-cun=step on,trample

apa=father
rep-ed=crack
apó=old man
tip-or=stomp,trample

t

t

*tuna =learn, accustom
*tor-em= sky/chief god
*tir =religious center
*teke=to do
*ti=you
*telke=to fill
*täwte=fire
*tunke=member

than-asa=teacher;
turan=sky goddess
thaurx=funerary
thez=make an offering
thi=you
thelu=fill
thus-ti=in fire
tan-asha=family member

tan-ul=learn, tan-it=teach
torem=god /obUgrian
tor=funerary meal,wake
tev, te-sz=does,makes
te=you (familiar)
tele=full, tölt=fill
tüz=fire (t/z/V_V)
tag=member +ösz=all

-t

t~s
c rarely

*et =this
*?
*wati =leader

eta, ec, ic=this;
etera=1000
vati-exe=with a leader

e,ez=this;igy=like this
ezer=1000
vez-ér=lead-er

 -mt

 t

*amta=give

ut=give

ad=give

-nt

nt, theta

*pente-le =?roof,cover ?

penth-na, pente = cover;/MA

fed-él (nt>d)

-tt

t

*kutte =6
*cutte=bone
*atta=father
*-tt=locative

hut_ (norm. end vowel kept)
sut-l=bone
ate-na=father
-ti, -thi=locative suffix

hat
csont=bone +láb=legg
atya=father
-t, -tt=locative suffix

#ku

h

*kuc'a =young man
*kutte =6

hus =young man;
hath=6

hies = groom ; hös=hero
hat=6

#kF
#ka

k

*kale =sleep,rest
*kec'e=knife, cut
*karte =metal > knife
*kac'e=able,knowledgable
*keje =love,lust
*kata =house, home,family
*kis'e=race,contest
*kure = mountain, high
*kämä=hard, tough

ce(i)
cashi=cut, sharp
car-u=cutter,smasher
cathe=shrewd,intelligent
cexa =care,good will/MA
cate-cril=return home
ceshu=delays,puts off /AZ96
kar-, kal- =mountain,high
cemu =heavy

hál=rest,sleep
kés' =knife "késh"
kard=sword
okos=smart,clever
kéj, kegy=lust,care
haza kerül=return home
kés- =to be late
-kora =big
kem-ény=tough,hard

 #ko

 k or h

*kota =house
*kol'a =place, large room
*kole =die
*kunta > *xont=war,army
-------------
*kore=anger
*kol'a=dwelling place

catha=house;
cela =room
cal-u=deceised;
catha =war
-------------
hara, hur-t=fight, to war
hec=to put,place in front

ház =house
hely-ség=large hall
hal-ot=deceised
had=war,army
-----------
har- =battle, anger
hely-ez =place,to place

-k

v or blk

 v > blk

*teke=does
*c'elke =star
*moke- =laugh
*näke =watch
*joke =river
*ikä =year

te_-m, te_-z =make
shale =star,shine
nav-t-=enjoy
ne_-s-l=observe
_u-na=flowing stream
av-il=year

tev, te_-sz
csill-og,csill-ag
nev-et =laugh
né_-z =watch
-jó_ =river name suffix
év =year

-kk

k>v>blk

kk>k~g

*mer-kke =keep,hold,palm
*n'ukke=rest
*rakka =be nearby,related
*s'akke =piece,portion

mur=remain;
nica =to lower??
ruva =relative;
shuci =piece, part

mar-ad =remain
nyug =rest
rok-on =relative
szak-asz=piece,portion

#s

s, t >blk

#s > blk

*saran'e =gold
*sanke =sky
*seGe =eat
*sänke== branch

atranes=gold (sa >at);
_ani =sky god (Janus)
s_ce =eat
su-re=branch

_arany =gold (tarin in Vogul)
_ég =sky (N>g)
eszik=eats (se>esz)
_ág=branch

-s

*use=sheep
*ase =hot, heat
?

suth=sheep
us-il=sun god, south
ces =to establish, set down

öz=deer
izz-ó=fierry,glowing
kész-it=prepare

 c'=ch =cs

#c'

z(dz),
s, s'

*c'utte =anke bone
*c'atta =war,battle
*c'elke =star
*c'ette =to clasp, join
*c'appe == strike, smash

s'uth-l=bone;
catha =war,hunt;
s'ale, zil-ac=star
zat-l-ath=companion
s_p-el-thuta=chopped

csont=bone
csata=battle
csil-og=shine,star
csat-l-os =ally, csat
csap =to strike, smash

-c'

x , s

*oc'a=portion,share>divide
*kuc'a=young man
*kic'e=small pot, basket
*mac'e=high born clans
*oc'a=capable, smart
*iće=spirit
?

_sa- =two (divided?)
hus=young man
cesu=trunk
mex=people; mas-an=tribe
ushi=understand, hear
ais=god
pur-xe=dictator (king?)

osz- (+t, lik)
hies=groom, hös=hero
kosár=basket
maz-ar> magyar
eszes=brainy,smart
iz=spirit, is-ten=god
parancs=command

 č

 sh

 sz ~cs >s'

*čette= dark, early dawn
*čenkkä = person , head
*čuppe = suckle
*čukke = stump,block wood
*čittε = bake 1, sun shine

shuthi =toomb, sepulchral
shacu, saxu =head
s_p-et =drink
zuk-, śuk =stock, piece
catha =sun god

set-ét=dark
_agy =brain
szop, sziv=suckle,suck
csög =stump
süt=shine(sun), bake

 s'

 sh, s, z'

*s'ore =tight, narrows
*s'onkke =wedge, spike
*s'ar-ne = ceremony, incant
*s'akkε == piece , portion
*s'el == edge, rim, border
*s'ilma=eye
*s'oNε =jump , follow , flee
*s'es'=young daughter
*s'uwe=mouth, say,word

zar =make tight, hard
shaca =point
zeri = rite, ritual
shuci =piece, part
sel 2=edge, border
sem =eye (lm>m)
sac-ni-u=sanctuary
sex,sec=daughter
su-c=declare

szor-os =tight
szeg, szög =spike,nail
szer-=rite,ritual,method
szak =piece, part
szél=edge, border
sze_m_ (lm >m)
szök =escape, skip
szüz=virgin
szó=word, szól=tell.

-s'

s', z

*kis'e=race, contest > late
*as'e =settle for the night
*kos's'e =abundant, rich

ces'u=delays
sal, si-na = settle to rest
cus'u =patron, to keep

kés- =be late
szál, szál-ás=settle
gaz-da- = owner, rich

š

sh, blk

*šure =cut, split, divide

_ar=cut

_ir-t=mow down, cut down, exterminate

 w

 v, f, p

 v or blk

*wara =wait,guard
*wänte =observe,defend
*wäc'e =lattice, weir
*wälke =light, lightning, etc
*wetä =lead
*worGa =sew,stich,mend

veru
fexu
vei(s)=lattice like weir
pul-um=star
vati-exe=with a leader
ver-pe=braid

_ör =guard, vár=wait
vigy-áz, véd,
váz, vejsze
vil-ám=lightning
vez-et=lead
varr=sew

-wV

u or blk

*luwe=horse (ugrian)
*alwe=other side,away
*kiwe=stone
*luwe=horse

luas = nobleman (horseman);
el-=away
hul=stone /Az 96
lu_-as=horseman/MA

lov-ag, lov-as=knight
elve, el =away
köv, kö: =stone
lov-as=horseman

m

> m ~ n

*moke= joke, have fun
*man-ala =the underworld
*mete= honey
*mere =measure
*mac'e= man,patriarchy
*mälke= breast
*mi(n)= we
*mons'e= to say, tell
*more= to stay, remain

nav-t= laugh
mani =the spirit of the dead
math= honeyed (?wine)
mar-u= measurer (a magistra
mas-an, mex= people
m_l= breast,chest
mini= we
mons-le= order, command
mur=remain, stay

nev-et=laugh
man-ó=u. world devil
méz=honey (t/z/V_V)
mér-nök=engineer
maz- > magy-ar
mell=breast (lk>l)
mi,min-k=we
mon-d=say,tell
mar-ad=remain,stay

-lm

m ~ v

*kal-ma =burial mound

celu-ca=internment

hal-om=mound

-m

m ~ v

*teme =stuff into
*kuma =heat
*kojme=male,man
*ale-(ma) =lift,rise
*kämä=hard, tough
*emä=mother
*ime=I

tame-ra=cemetary
cavu, cau =heat /MA
cum =leading male
em-el=lift (metathesis)
cemu =heavy, burden
ama-ke=spouse
mi=I

töm, teme-t-ö=cemetary
hév =heat
him=male
em-el (metathesis)
kem=ény=hard,tough
emse=female animal
én=I

-mp

p

*tumpe

thapi=trample

tap-os=step on

n, n'

n

*näke =watch
*n'ome=press
*n'ore=wet,swampy
*moke > noke
*non'c'e=big,important
*min'a =daughter in law
*saran'e =gold, bright

ne_s-l=to observe
numa=sign, notch,coinage
neri=water
nav-t-lane=one who enjoys
nac, nacna=big,large,grand
man-im=daughter in law
atran-es=gold (s>t)

néz=look,observe
nyom=press,stamp
nyir-=wet
nev-et=laugh
nagy=big; nagyon=very
menye=daugher in law
_arany=gold

-n

VnV

not next to a consonant

*mene =leave, go
*tuna =learn, teach
*äne =sound, song, sing
*manala=underground-devil
*mane=say, tell

mena-xe =left, moved away
than-asa =teacher, subject
ain-eri=singer
mani=?spirits of the dead
muni-se=tell, order

ki-meni=go out, meni=to go;
tan-it=teach; tan=subject (of knowledge
én-ek=song; én-ek-es=singer
manó=underworld devil (Finn manala)
mon-d=tell, say

-nk

n or c

*sonke =old person
*s'onke=wedge,spike,nail
*tunke =member
*c'ank-ke =head,spirit

san=ancestor
shaca=point,sharp,pointed
tan-asha=family member/Ma
sacu, saxu=head

_agg ( s//#_ ) nk>g
szeg =point,nail
tag=member +ösz=all
_agy =brain,skul

-dh

l or th

*edhe =lead, front
*kudhe =morning
*kedhe = arise, ford,

el =front,lead, first
cath =the sun god, dawn
cel =east

elö =lead,front
hol-nap=tomorrow
kel=arise,kelet=east

 j-
dj-

 z or blk

jula =chief ruler,king /Hun
*djokke=incise
*jela=light, day
*juke =drink
*jo-ke =river
*uGhetke= portage >road

zila-th=a magistracy
zicu, zix=incise,paint, write
_il =sun
_va-s=drinking vessel
_u-ni=flowing stream
_ _ te-z-an=way, road

gyula=comander in chief, king
gyök-ik=incise,pierce
jal'li=lighten,/ObUgor
_iv-ás, i-sz=drinking-jó=river, ügy=stream
_ _ út_=road, highway, travel

l-

l or r

*late =see
*luke =solve, 10
*los'e=slow
*li- =to be, to become
*leile =spirit, air
*lewe=throw> shoot
*lomk == flame , light

lat_ =see;
-alx =10 suffix
lensu=slow
li-ne=living
ril_ =spirit
lunci=spear
lam-tum=shiny >> lanterna

lát =see
olv-as=read (ob Ug 10)
lassú=slow
le-ni=to be; lét=existance
lél-ek=soul
lándzsa=spear,lö=shoot
láng=flame (mk>ng)

-l

l ~ r

*tulte =shaman
*ela =live
*päle =inside
*kale = (kale) sleep , rest
*kol'a = place
*ale =sacrifice, bless, curse

t_rut =haruspex;  (l>r)
ala=lively, vitality,moving
vel-s-na=inner
ce(l)-is=lying down, exist
cela=room
elu =to offer, to pray,offering

táltos =shaman
él=live, eleven=lively
bel=inner, ba=into
hál =to be lying down
hely-ség=hall, place
ál-d-oz=to sacrifice

r

> r

*are =hurt, damage
*kerje=request, want
*arwa =consider, value
*ćerε = grey
*kärte=metal > knife , etc
*kwor-es=sun/time god
*pure =revolve

ar-na =afflict, affliction
cer=to ask
Min-erva=goddes of wisdom
ciari, ciar-tia =dark, gloomy (c? sb z)
xaira=saber
xura- =time
furt, furtce=change

árt = injure
kér =ask
érv = reason,
szür-ke=grey
kard=sword
kor=time (suffixed)
fordulat=revolution, a change in circums

gh

c~blk

*palGhe =town
*maGhe =land
*roGhe =cut, notch
*seGhe =eat
*shuGh-er =a grave
*worGha =stitch, patch

falu =town
ma- =place
rapa =engraving, writing v>p
s_ce =eat
su-thi-na = for grave (na=gen
ver-pe =braid/Az96

falu =town
maa=land/Finn, megye/Hu?
rov=cut,notch,write
esz-ik=eats
suher > sír=grave
varr=sew,stitch,healing scabb

#o

a~blk

*oc'a =share>divide
*ora =bride, wifes relations
*oppa=old man
*on'c'a or oc'a=smart

_sa,_si,_zal=two?divide;
ar-ce=mother's relations
avu-la=grandfather
usi =understand, hear

osz-t=divide
ara =bride, fiance
apó=old man; av=old
esz-es=smart,brainy; ész=brain

-o

u~a

*kos'e =thick, abundant
*koj-me =male,man
*kolja =angry ghost
*kore =anger

cushu =patron
lu+cumo=lead + male,man
calu =demon
hara =fight, war

gaz-dag=rich
hím=male
golyho=angry demon
har-ag=anger; har-c=fight

ä

ei, ai,
a, u

*äse =to heat, fiery hot
*ä =negative axiliary verb
*äjä =to chase,drive animal
*äne =sound, song, noise
*änke=burn

us-il=sun,sun god;
ei=no, not
ag =chase drive (-j>g)
aine-ri=singer
acni-vers=cremation (vers=fire)

izó =glowing hot.
á =disbelief
h-aj-t=chase,drive
én-ek=song
ég =burn

i

a, ai

*ika =year,
*ika=old or ape=old man
*iće ==shadow-spirit
*ime =I

av-il =year; (k/v/V_V)
av-ul-a = grandfather;
ais- =god; ase=breath,soul
_mi=I

év_ =year (k>v), av=old, avul=get old
iz= spirit,
is-ten=god
én=I (m>n)

-i

e ~ a

*kic'e= basket
*min'a=daughter in law

cesu =trunk;
man-im =daughter in law

kos-ár,=basket, köcs-ög=jug
menye=daughter in law

a

a~u

*ase =settle, >residence
*ala =low
*appa = father
*atta = father
*appe=father in law
*amte =give food,drink
*ale, alte =bless,curse,spell

_sal=settlement
al-s-ase = southern town
apa =father
ate-na=father
apas=father in law
uth =give
al- =offer up, to sacrifice

szál-ás =lodging> hotel
also= lower, southern
apa =father
atya =father
apos=father in law
ad =give, ital=drink
áld=bless, áldoz=sacrif

-a or -o

a~e

*c^ankke =person, head
*maGhe =land
*oc'a = portion, share
*alwe =other side, away
*pale =left > bad luck
*polke=round

shacu, shaxu=head
ma_ =place
sa-, si, _zal=two (?divide)
el- =away
uf-li = bad, evil, hostility (fV>Vf)
pala =round

henki/Finn (#s/h) ; Hu/ _agy
maa=land,place/Finn
osz-t=divide, share
elve, el=away
bal-, baj=left, bad luck; trouble
bágy, pálya= curved,round things

#e

e~a~i

*elä =live,life
*ema =mother
*edhe =lead,front
*et =this

ala =vital,lively
ama-ke =house wife
el-shsi=first
eta, ita, eca=this

elev-en=lively
emse =mother animal
elsö=first
ez=this, igy=like this

-e

e~i~a

*c'elke =shining
*c'eNke =point, spike,

shale, zila-c- =shine, star
s'aca=point

csill-og=shine; csillag=star
szeg=wedge,nail

lk

l(ac)

*c'elke =shining
(-ke is Uralic adjectival )
*polke=round
*malke=breast,chest
*wälke =shine

zil-(ac)-, shale, shalvi =star, shine;
-
pala=round
m_l=breast, chest
pal-um=stars (*w>p ~v)

csill-ag =star
csill-og=shine
pálya,bágy =circular
mell=breast
vill-ám=lightning

lt

l~t

*ale, alte =recite a spell,enchant

al- =offer up,
ath =to curse,put a spell on;

áld =bless
át-ok=curse

lw

l

*alwe- =other side

el- =away;

elve, el =away

lj

l

*kolja=angry ghost

calu =demon;

golyho=ghost