Early prehistoric background references to the history of the near east & central Asia
100,000 years ago in the region of Kenya, Africa Homo Sapiens Sapiens evolved. From here several branches of them expanded toward Asia as Caucasoid type races and other races and one of these is believed to be already carying a Ural Altaic language type starting from Africa.
30,000 BC years ago Hopo Sapiens Caucasicus enters Europe. One branch going to
western Europe is the start of the early megalithic cultures is perhaps the
foundation of the Basque while another similar language group is the founder of
the Uralic languages and settles in Eastern Europe. Today the chief
representatives, the highest percentage, of the two key male Y chromosome
haplotypes in Europe are the Basque EU18, which is also of lower percentage but
the key representative of most Indo Europeans in Europe.
While the Eastern European type's key representative is Hungarian, the largest
Uralic language representative in population. This is also to a smaller
percentage the key component of the East Europeans.
10,000 BC after the end of the Ice Age, the Uralic Hunters followed the mamoth herds toward the north and many of them eventually settled in the northern regions freed from the ice. The anciestors of the Ugrian branch of Uralic represented the southern and eastern branch and their north eastern branch crossed the noth Ural mountains into Asia. The majority stayed in Europe but this lesser group for a while lived in the upper reaches of the Ob River and mixed with the local Pale Siberian populations, thereby becoming a mixed racial type of partially mongoloid. The southern branch of the Ugrians never crossed into Asia to the same degree and never mixed with the local northern people but instead slowly moved also to the southern Urals and in time mixed with the Central Asiatic Elements. This however only occured in their eastern branches while the bulk of them remained in Eastern Europe. The early Swiderian Culture in Europe is supposed to be represent the early Uralic community before its breakup into Finnic, Ugrian and Samoyedic branches.
The various Uralic settlements or archeological finds before the receeding ice
age.Following the receding glaciers they followed the herds of mamoth and
other large animals to the north. All the new genetic information about the
Uralians show their European Cro magnon B type origins and the most diversity
is found in the European branches that are the oldest. Their spreading east as
the herds started to die out in the west resulted in small groups that mixed
with the northern Asiatic races, which never affected most of the main FinnUgor
subtypes except the north eastern ones. The Ob Ugrians are a hybrid
type both in race, culture and in language which also shares much with the
local Paleo Siberians they intermixed with. The Samoyeds originally were not
part of the FinnoUgrians and some also doubt the Lapps were also they too were
European in origin, with a slight mixing from the east.
The PurpleGrey area in eastern Europe represents one of the refuges of the early
Uralic hunters during the ice age, which at this time
started to recede toward the north allowing them to settle the areas of
Finnland, Estonia and northern Russia.
Swiderian culture area roughly determined and coinciding
with the area that linguistic paleontology determined as the homeland of the
Uralic speakers, where common tree names in the language occur together.
The speakers of course overflowed from this area also.
They spread from west to east and toward the north. The eastern tip of
this area just reaching the Ural Mountains. Uralic speakers did not
originate trom the Urals, as thought in the early stages of Uralic
linguistic research.
The crosshatched area is believed to be the Hungarian original homeland (in
1979). This represents a still Uralic speaking community before their
separation into major new groups. They then spread further north, east
and south as well. The arrows to central Europe, the Caucasus and east
represent the return of Hungarians thousands of years later to the west as well
as their early splintering into three at groups at that later time.
However there are a indications that only subbranches were in the eastern part
of europe. The return was not from there but much closer.
In the whole Eurasian steppes can be found a new foreign element
coming from the south west bringing a higher culture. This new race/nation
brought with it animal husbandry and agriculture. They also brought he use of
metals and bronze to the Cro-Magnon type local inhabitants.
[Sumir-Hurri-Elamite newcomers]
/A. Randa, Handbuch der Weltheschichte./
They also brought with them the basis of the so called Scythian Art, which is based on the art and mythology of the aboriginals of Elam (Luristan) and Hurrian (Van kingdom). Hurrians were famous for the fact that their art and religion reproduced the much earlier Sumerian one, as though they were a late rebirth of this once great people from the south.
5500 BC - 2455 BC Sumerian culture.
The first cities, literature, written laws, astronomical calculations,
schools, pyramids, etc. The Sumerians spoke a Ural-Altaic like language, which
in vocabulary and grammar shows many close similarities to modern
Ural-Altaians. Racially they were also unlike their Semitic neighbors but
absorbed quite a lot of their new neighboring types also. They were
predominantly an Anatolian and Central Asiatic type. According to their own
traditions they came from the north east of Mesopotamia. (from their idilic
Edin where their gods created mankind and all the plants, animals, arts and
culture. This whole idea seems to be but a reflection of how the most
primitive branches of the northern ObUgrians still believe the origin of the
world, people and animals. The chief godds
and goddeses, and mythical -religious terms of the Sumerians are found in the
mythology of the FinnoUgrian people./Article by Hamori. Recently a similar
statement has been made also by Hummel (German) "The suffixes of the nominal
declension in the Old Canary and Etruscan languages are very similar to the
corresponding elements of the Sumerian and Ural-Altaic tongues. Also many words
of funeral and generally cultic provenance are derived from common roots in
these languages." While the cultural difference between Sumerians and
most FinnoUgrians were huge, to say the least at this early stage, the
differences were quite moderate with the FinnUgor southern branches like
Hungarian and their various old branches that over time died out, while
some were reabsorbed by the westward moving Hungarians, who were being pushed
west by the incoming Turkic people.
4000 to 3500BC is the breakup of the supposed uniform Uralic family into a FinnUgor and a Samoyedic branch. According to the latest information which has held its ground and has only been strengthened in the last 50 years based on anthropology and genetic research. The original Uralic language evolved in east-central Europe and spread mainly toward the east from there. Their culture at this time was still predominantly hunting, fishing and gathering. It originally concentrated on big game like mamoth found along the northern areas.
3800-3200 BC Uruk Period of Sumerian history
2470-2326 Accadian Semitic period in Mesopotamia
The records are filled with complaints from the Sumir inhabitants many of whom
probably sought refuge amongst their earlier colonies in Central Asia and other
areas as well. Every new Accad king's reign involved the putting down of new
revolts.
2326-2256 Guti-Elamite rule in Mesopotamia
The Elamite language is also -like Sumerian- related to the early Ural-Altaic
languages in structure and vocabulary. A few early linguists had claimed that
it had special affinity to Finno_Ugrian and Hungarian.
/ A. J. Booth , "The Trilingual Inscriptions", New York 92 /
The Sumerians are able to reestablish their rule and shake of the Guti-Elamite rule and Accadian rule for a time. However large scale influx of Amorite herdsmen create conflicts and destruction just as the occasional attacks of the Elamites.
The Elamites also show some similarity to the Dravidian languages of India, who originally live more in Iran and were in contact with the Ugrian people because there are quite a large number of common shared terms between them. They were presumably pushed into India with the expansion of the Iranians from around the Caspean Sea, after the development of the light chariots that gave them a great advantage over the more sedentary people. The earliest phases of the Iranian Avesta appear to be from the area of kara-Boghaz Bay on the Caspean Sea, where the Volga (called Ranga) emptied into the sea. Some of the customs of the Iranians still have faint echoes in the custom of the northern Ugrians along with similar terms also as illustrated in an article of B.Lukács "Forgotten Bronze Age" in his very laid back and strange style. http://www.mki.kfki.hu/~lukács/SZARMATI.htm.
ca 2000 BC Linguists estimate the time at which Hungarian broke away from the neighboring Ural-Altaic & Finn-Ugor language family to become an independent language. This is based on the many differences which occur in pronunciation between Hungarian and other Finno_Ugrian languages. Naturally the location where this occurred is highly speculative and unfortunately also very politically biased. Generally this is called the breakup of the FinnoUgrian language group and not mainly just the Hungarian separation. Yet the differences between Ugrian and Hungarian is also very large and it would be safe to say the breakup probably started early but accelerated to become even greater as the northern ugrians crossed the Urals and started mixing with other eastern ethnic elements. It is at this time 2000BC to 1600 BC that the Ugrians also adopt agriculture and animal herding.
Roughly about this time the first IndoEuropean speakers are entering Europe from the east, perhaps from the area of the eastern Black Sea or Caspean. The precise area is guessed to be by way of the north shore of the Black Sea. They are often claimed to be the originators of the Kurgan Culture, but that also has a lot of facts that just dont substrantiate it. For now it would be much better to claim that they also shared partly in the culture but never adopted many features of that culture. Anthropologically modern IndoEuropeans, not counting Slavs are closer to the western Eurpean types which are best and most concentrated represented by the Basque(EU18 haplotype). While the eastern central group is most concentratedly represented by Finno Ugrians, chiefly Hungarian types (EU19 haplotype) It appears that the bulk of the IndoEuropean settlers for the most part bypassed the Carpathian Basin because of the underrepresentation of their genetic features there. Perhaps by spreading first up the rivers of Russia like the Dnyper then through Poland to Germany and to Western Europe and into Scandinavia. Another IndoEuropean group also going south through the Balkans to Greece and later Italy. They probably lived for over a thousand years in the area of the northern Black Sea also. The time of these events is being pushed back at least 1000 years and may no longer coincide with the time of the FinnUgor breakup, but then that also is probably also greatly underestimated. The Slavic languages, mainly those in Russia were spread predominantly upon FinnoUgrian substratum as were some northern Germanic areas whose remaining language areas were pushed constantly to the north and east. Something similar to this could have happened with the Basque type languages in Western Europe which have many common features with Uralic or preUralic, since they both entered Eastern Europe with the first colonizers through the Near East.
1930-1733 BC. The Amorite dynasty of Hamurabi (Semitic people)
1860-1492 BC The southern Mesopotamian Elamite Kingdom (non Semitic people)
1733-1163BC Kasite Empire (of Elamite -eastern origin, speaking a similar Elamite like tongue)
2000 BC Egyptian geographic references
call northern Mesopotamia which later becomes Subartu and Assyria by the
designation of Magar. Remnants of this name/people in the Caucasus
Mountain kingdoms lasts well into the Middle Ages. The Turanian inhabitants of
the area are the Hurrians and Urartuans, who also create colonies in the
central Asian Aral Sea region that is later known as Khwarezmia. "HURRI -land".
The Hurrian and Urartuan language is also a non-Semitic, non-Indo European
language and agglutinative like Ural-Altaic. /See Wallace Budge, An
Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Dover /
The Magyar name is fund in the Caucasus Mountain area for well over 2,000 years before the Central European resettlement. Earliest linguistic evidence is from about 500AD, from the codex from Iran, Isfahan cloister of Saint Thadeus of Nor Cjupa. (sorry about spelling, dont know the original and its not European orthography either. In this document which was rewritten from older sources from about 500AD a small dictionary and sentences are written that are understandable in Hungarian even today, if we accept a few minor changes like calling god by the term Theo, rather than isTEN. It is attributed to the white Huns, but is not Turkic in language. Some in the past claimed that the white Huns were eastern Ugrian and the Black Huns were Turkic in origin. This seems to confirm that along with other comments that early historians have written, such as the fact that the white Huns were Caucasian and white skinned and fair haired with cities and writing while the black Huns were eastern Turkic types, whose phisical appearance constitutes a heavy mixture of dissimilar racial types including the Pamir type, which probably was their source, then Mongoloid elements due to their move to the far east and mixing with Tibetans, Chines, Mongols and others, but in Europe they also had sizeable Caucasian types probably from local elements. This was not the case with the white Huns at all.
Even today one can find remnants of the Macur, Macar town names... along the Perbart- Askhaleh - Erzrumi road which was in ruins by the 6th century according to Bal'ami and Ibn -al-Athir and such Byzanteen writers as Theophylactus Simocata and Procopius. A fort by the name of Madar is also mentioned by the Arab writers from 739. Xenophon writes of the country of the Scythian Makar (Macron), in the 4th century BC. A Magariz town and Supri (Sabir) town are mentioned at the source of the Tigris and Euphrates area on the tablets of Asur-nazir-apli as well as the Khurki Monolith from 877BC. Ptolemi in the same area mentions a Mazara and Siavara (Sabir) cities six hundred years later. From this area 200Km to the east there is also a Madara urumi capital city in Urartu. This with four rings of walls surounding it. This area also has a Magarda river. Herodotus (500BC) mentions that in region there are a Matsien and Sapir people. Herodotus also mentions that south of the Rion River in the S.E. corner of the Black Sea there is a province called Magiya which belonged to the Armenian Satrapy. Cyrus the king of Persia has a general called Mazar who he appoints later to be governor of Sardes. The northern branch of the Euphrates river has a tributaries known as Karaso and Oltu river (also in Transylvania Koros and Olt) Here there is also a Madur Dagh mountain. /Viktor Padányi, "Dentu-Magaria", Buenos Aires
Armenian references Insidsian, Orbeli, Mezopei also talk of the Madsars. Mezopei: "The son of Liberit Darzaidsch offered grapes to the cloister of Calako in the valley of the Madsars. Orbeli: "In the town of the Madsars from only a single house ten people were carried away to slavery."
Therefore references from Herodotus, Xenophon, Strabo, Cicero, Ptolemeus, Plinius, Prokopius, Theophanes Jordanedes, Priscos Rhetor, Zakarias Rthetor all mentioned the Sabirs and or Magyars in the Caucasus Mountains and later next to the northern Black Sea. Many of these references will be subsequently mentioned. It should also be mentioned that the Ugor and Onogur term associated also with the Hungarians (ugor, onogur>>Hungarian) also comes from the Caucasus Mountains first.
The Andronovo Culture is a large multicultural area covering areas that are Iranic in the south, Uralic in the north west, Altaic in the north East. This culture complex introduces a large scale animal herding lifestyle which also has some minor amount of agriculture and the very common use of bronze tools and weapons. Not just in the possesion of the elit rich as in Central Europe but in a very common egalitarian usage by everyone. It introduces the spoked wheeled chariot in the nothern Sinastra-Petrovka subcultural region, which was the oldest dating from 2000 to 1600BC. This evolves into the later Alakul- Federovo Culture 1500-1300BC, then the Sargary-Alexeeva from 1200 to 1000BC. The southern boundaries of this Culture Complex, was the Koppel Dag Mountains of Northern Iran while the eastern boundaries were the Tien Shan mountains. The culture is mistakenly generally just called Indo European origin despite the fact that it covers a large area of known non IndoEuropean people and also the extensive signs of Andronovo Type cultural characteristics found also amongst the northern Ugors who then exported it throughout the Finnougrian culture territory, not just as finished items but also with bronze moulds and local foundries. Tin was exported from the Altai area and copper from local Uralic areas. This culture was preceeded much earlier by the Caucasian Early Bronze Age in the Caucasus3,500 to 2,500BC.
Andronovo Culture Complex;
Sinastra-Petrovka 2000-1600BC,
Alakul-Federovo 1500-1300BC,
Sargary-Alexeeva 1200-1000BC.
Aproximately before or around 1600BC
the Etruscans appear in northern Italy, bringing with them their
"Villanovan Culture" type and a host of innovations including a developed
bronze metalurgy, the horse, a unique religion, funerary customs and also
introduced the alphabet which they obtained from the Near East. It
was a non - IndoEuropean language which has many similarities to
FinnoUgrian languages, such as agglutinated structure, lack of voiced
consonants, and according to Italian linguists Mario Alinei (2000) many near
identical words and morphemes. Alinei has also been preceeded by the
French linguist J. Martha who claimed it to be a Finno Ugrian langugage. In
Hungary Pogrányi-Nagy Felix also claimed and held a disertation in 1935 to the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences on the Etruscan-Hungarian-Sumerian common
langugage. The Etruscans took part in the attack on Egypt as the invasion of
the Hyksos, where they are listed in the names of the attackers. In 1180AD the
Etruscan city of Troy held out for 8 years against the combined Greek armies
who intended to break their monopoly on the lucrative Black Sea trade routes
with the Scythians. The Etruscans lasted till about 270AD in the Italian
peninsula as a separate nation and after that they became part of the Roman
Empire, retaining some memories of their language as the Latinized Toscan
dialect. They built the city of Rome and gave it many of its early kings.
However even until the sack of Rome by the Vandals they still existed and
offered their services to Rome.
ca 1766 BC China
According to traditions which were eventually recorded, the old Chinese Hia
dynastie's 17th member, Kia was removed from his throne due to his evil ways.
The son of the emperor, Sunni returned with 500 members of his Hia nationality
to his relatives the Hun. There are still Hia in China, whose language still
has many common words with Hungarian. These may simply be common words within
the Altaic languages that are also
common with Hungarian and therefore should not be treated as a direct link.
1000 BC Assyr Empire in Northern Mesopotamia grows to encompass much of the Near East and at times Egypt. The Assyr Empire is founded by Tiglapilasser.
c. 1100 BC The legends of turan, recorded by the Persian Ferdusi
in his book of kings "Shaname"
The book talks of Afrasiab, the king of Turan [Also a Uygur dynasty] who is the
ancestor of the Ephtalite (White) Huns.
F. Altheim "Das Alte Iran" writes that the Iranian Avesta's most archaic texts, the Gathas are still not understood by today's linguists. R. Stiehlel "Geschichte Mittelasiens im Altertum" writes in his book about the language of the old Avesta, and it becomes quite obvious that this language is closely tied to the ancient Altaic languages also. It is not surprising that this is the case since the newcomers to Iran settled over the older settled inhabitants from which it borrowed much and who are often associated with the Scythians, Turks and Finno_Ugrians in language. Many of these local people were Iranianized over time and as a consequence today we call certain Scythian nations also Iraninan in origin. Much of the early Persian literature found in Persepolis is not written in Iranian but in the language of the aboriginals speaking an Elamite language which up till the last century was also called Scythian.
Persepolis, Persia
In Persia on the walls of the royal palace of Persepolis are mentioned the
following neighboring and subject peoples of the Empire. "Armenians,
Cappadocians, Sapard [Sabir], Hun, .. as neighboring people. The text is
"Darius Hystapes rex popularum bonorum posui. Hi adorationem igni mihi
attulere: Choana, Media, Babilon, Asyria, Guthrata, Armenia, Cappadocia, Sapardia,
Hunae." We can only assume that
the term Hun here did not refer to the Asian "black" Huns who were Turkic in
origin, but to a totally separate people which were not related to them.
These were the white Huns which were Caucasian and fair skinned rather than
racially mixed in origin who according to some were a branch of the
southern Ugrians.
484-425BC Herodotus
The Histories written by Herodotus were among the earliest mention of many
nations which did not have a written history. It is also the first book which
covers much of the known world at the time. One of his histories talk of the
Persian king Cyrus and his war against the Greeks in the middle of the 6th
century BC. This account mentions the people called the Makrons several times
who lived next to Colchis and Cappadocia and also served as soldiers in the
Persian army. There are many other subsequent references to them as Makar,
Makron etc.
3rd century BC
The earliest occurrence of the Parthian name in the form of Aparnoi or Parnoi
in Turan. According to the Armenian historians who served the Armenian dynasty
of Parthian origin, the Parthian Arsac who founded the dynasty was of white Hun
(Ephtalite) origin .
c 300BC The Caucasian Makar/Makron
A Greek military expedition against the Persians led by Xenophon crossed the
mountains near Armenia.
They wanted to cross the lands of the Scythians to get to the Black Sea ports,
however the people of the land
known as the Makrons stopped them on their border. They were ready to defend
their country against the foreign army. One of Xenophon's soldiers understood
their language, because he came from this area and was able to convince them
that their intentions were simply to get home. After this the Makrons helped to
escort them to their destination in a friendly manner. It took them three days
march to cross their country. A memory of these people survives in the name of
a nearby mountain called Makur Dagh.
230 BC The Parthian Arsac
The Persian king Selecud wins a battle against the Parthian Arsac, who retreats
amongst the Aspasiac Scythians, near the Aral Sea. With their aid he reconquers
his empire.
Strabo
The Massa-Geta, [meaning hero-tribe] who also live in Balk are Kush. [Not
Iranians!!] According to the Armenians Baktria is the land of the Kush and
Balkh is its capital city, where the great Arsac set up his throne. The
Parthian Scythians became the Persian and Armenian kings from which even the
Byzanteens received capable rulers. In Armenia the Arsac dynasty ruled for
about 600 years. On the column of Nisbi is engraved the following notice by
Sebeos Herakleus. "
During the 11th year of rule of Antiochus the Partheans shook of the yoke of
the Macedonians and the Ephtalite [white Hun] king's son became their new
ruler. All the nations of Eastern and Northern Asia soon accepted his rule.
King Arsac had four sons. One of them received the land of the Ephtalites, the
second the land of the Hindus, the third the land of the Parthians, the fourth
the Armenians." The term ARSAK in Hungarian is ORSAG, which in modern Hungarian
is URSAG
meaning "LORD-SHIP/KINGSHIP", its older form ORSZAG today means "Kingdom,
Realm, Country", this same word is found in Sumerian as KHURSAG & URUSAG.
The term is not Iranian.
215BC Armenian Patriarch John
"The Sievortik people received their name from
their ancestor Siev and their nation." In the province of Udi,
which today is called Otene the people originate from Kush the son of Ham, who
are also known as Siev.
In this area is found the ancient city of Hunora-certa [certa=foundation in
Armenian] . In this region during the Middle Ages there was also a province
called Madjar Agadzor where Hungarians lived. The New Arab Encyclopedia calls
these people who once lived here the ancestors of the Hungarians, who at one
time were famous weapon smiths [Mecher=swordsmith] for the Persian kings.
Similar to this region the mythical founder of Chorezmia next to the Aral Sea
was also similarly named Siev-us.
2nd century BC sees a rise of the Hun Empire's puts pressure on the
territory of Iran dislodging many Scythian nations who were also pushed west,
including the Saka-Uraka whose kings' title was Makar.
1st Century BC Sakauraka tribe
Two medallions are found in India originating from the displaced Sakauraka
tribe from Central Asia. The inscription of one of the medallions states:
1. "Turannountos Eraoy 2.Saka Kaganoi"
The second medalion states
"1. Yrkodoy Makaroy while side two is S.K. Ur "
If we tie this fact to the reference made by Greek writers to the Sakauraka,
which stated that their name "Sakauraka" means "Lord of the Saka, which in
Hungarian would be pronounced "Saka Urak" also, while the term "Yrkodoy
Makaroy" is nothing but "Ruling Makar" (Urkodo Magyar in modern Hungarian). The
term "Saka Kaganoi" is again one of the earliest references to the "Kagan" term
commonly used by the Altaic nations for their emperors. The Hungarian "Magyar"
term originally was only used in reference to
the clan of the royal family.
130 BC Baktria
The Asi (Yazig) and Pasiani (Petchegen/Besenyo) and the Tocharian tribes break
into Sogdiana and Baktria. The Sabir (Sabarol) tribe is also allied with them.
In the next five years two Parthian emperor loose their lives in the wars
against these mounted nomads. (Phraates 129BC, Artaban II 124BC, ..)
[Altheim: Weltgeschichte Asiens]
Later the Sakauraka tribe is also conquered by them. Both the Yas and Besenyo
became an ethnic element of the Hungarian nations after their settlement in
Hungary. The Besenyo maintained their hereditary symbolic ruler till the
beginning of this century, the BEK.
127 BC Chinese records about the Kushan exodus
The Chinese record that the "Great Yüe Chi " tribes left their homelands in
Kansu and moved to Western Turkestan. They had seven tribes which were lead by
the Kushan tribe. (Possible connection to the Hungarian Kasi tribe) They were
to later found the great Indo-Scythian empire of North India and Central Asia.
Their rulers were called the Gula/Jula term common among Hungarians, Avars,
Khazars and certain Hun tribes.
23-79 AD Plinius
"Indum accolunt MEGARI, .. URI, ABAORTA, OSI" talks of the Magars, Avars
?, and Yazig.
95 AD
Chinese military expedition lead by PanChao reaches as far west as the Caspian
Sea in their mad drive to conquer the Huns. After the return home of this great
military leader PanChao dies within a year. The western provinces all revolted
against China and the power vacuum created was again filled by Hun rule.
139 AD Ptolemaus Claudius geographer writes of the Huns next to the Dnyper in
Eastern Europe calling them Khuni and Suni. (note Khuni is the clan/national
designation while Suni is probably from Senyu, their ruler). These are the
Turkic Black Huns from Asia.
150 AD Ptolemi
The central Asian Magyars are mentioned living next to the Scythian Parthia.
"Quae autem juxta Parthiam et Caramaniam desertam Mazorani tenent."
Other ancient maps show the south eastern shores of the Caspian Sea a nation
called the Maxera and a similarly named river. This was probably their
eastern most outposts.
214 AD Choronei Mozes, "The history of Armenia"
Talks of the Huns, Chasi, and Makar/Magyar near the Sarmatian Scythians.
Perhaps this is the earliest
settlements of the Hungarians near Baskiria, who are also called Mozeryan (ie
Magyar) by the Russians and who were the last nation to have a Sarmatian tribe.
Herodotus also has the Royal Scythians next to the Sarmatians.. but the
Sar-mata term can simply mean royal-lands.
" Sarmatai pars altera orientalibus Sarmatae finibus, Riphaeio monte, Tanai
flume, Maeotide palude a Sarmata prima distinguitur, atque inde per Caucasos
montes propter Iberian, Albanian versus Caspium Mare partient. hae autem gentes
plurimae Sarmatiam alteran incolunt: Chasi (Kasi), Basili, Hunni,
Guda-Makari,
214 AD Choronei Mozes
During the rule of the Parthian Valarsac (194-214AD) the Khazars and Barsil's
combined armies under their king Surhab Venasep broke through the TZUR gates
and crossed the Cyrus River to invade Armenia. These Valarsac defeated with his
specially selected armies in some very bloody battles. The Khazars at this time
lived east of the river Volga and the eastern parts of the Caspian Sea before
the 5th century. The Huns also capture the city of Balk and made it their
capital. The Armenians called Balk, Kush and the Greeks called it Hunuk as a
result of this.
200 AD Dionisus Periegetes talks of the Huns living next to the Caspian
Sea.
226 Persia. The Iranians defeat their Parthian rulers, although much of
Northern Iran (Chorasan and Merv) remain under White Hun rule until 550 AD.
Eastern Iran remains under the Parthian Surena rule while Armenia for 500 years
remains under a Parthian dynasty. The Persians rule Fars, Susiana, Mesopotamia
and parts of Media. Northern and Eastern Iran is under Hun rule and Persia
often pays tribute to them.
350 AD The Huns engulf Baktria and Eastern Iran and Afghanistan. The white
Hun Ephta tribe is the ruling tribe (Greek Ephta, Chinese Yetha). The Persian
Bukhani Kate dictionary states the meaning of Haital to mean "big, powerful" in
the dialect of Bukhara, which in Hungarian is also "Hatal-mas". The MAS suffix
is an archaic Ural-Altlaic-Dravidian-Sumir term for "hero/brave". The Iranian
linguists believe this simply means "big".
352 AD Chronicle of Derbent (Caucasus)
"70 years before the birth of Mohamed (352AD), the uncountable people of the
Magors apeared, who came from the area north [north-west] of Tibet and
descended on the plains of Astrakan, here they split into two branches, one of
which went north east to live along the river Volga (Magna Hungaria of old maps
or more properly Baskiria). The other branch went further west and also founded
the city of Madjar [in the Cuban between the Caspian and Black Sea]. " It
should however be mentioned that the Madar, Mazar and Makar variations of this
name appear for a very long period before this in the Caucasus Mountains, the
route by which these eastern Magars supposedly came. However the Saka-Uraka
Scythians, whose kings were called
Makar did indeed come from the area described by this chroniclers.. these can
be viewed as the most eastern component of the so called Makar/Magar/Magyar
designation. These people were not Huns, not Turkic and not even Altaic in
origin. However the Hun tidal wave caught up with them anyways and they were
engulfed in their new empires.
The Caucasian Magyars name is recorded by the Byzanteen Emperor as Subartu
Asfalu.
352 AD
372AD Europe
Under the leadership of Balimir their king, the Huns push toward the west and
defeat the Alans. They absorbed a portion of their nation. The Hungarian legend
of the miraculous hind claims the Alan/Hun/Magyar mixing in the form of
kidnapping of the Alan women occurred next to the Sea of Meotis, which is
believed by some Russian historians to be the Aral or Caspian Sea in Choresmian
territories.
374 The Huns conquer the eastern kingdom of the Ostrogoths in what later
became the Ukraine and take away the territory of the Visigoths, which
they had not ruled for a long time.
378 AD A Scythian general in the Eastern Roman Empire who is from the Saka-uraka
tribe "Royal Scythians" is also called Modar-(es). [remember the Makar title of
the Saka Uraka rulers.]
404AD The Hun ruler Uldin helps the Roman general Honorius against the
Ostrogoths.
409 The Huns occupy the area of Bulgaria.
420-425AD The White Huns in Transoxiana
The white Huns "Euthalite" arrive in Transoxiana near the Amu-darya and Sir
Darya rivers in Central Asia.
Their kings are called Kagans and their queen the Katun. These are
the ancestors of the Avar Huns who later enter Europe.
434 The king of the Huns is Ruas (Ruga or Rugulas) dies and his grandson
Atilla becomes king.
441- Pharbi Lazarus.
The Persian king Izdegerd II. organizes a campaign against the White Huns, who
are called Kush and for a full two years he battles them without success.
442-444 The Hun war against the Persians under the rule of Jazdagard I.
448 The White Huns of local origin, establish an empire in the Oxus River
Basin.
Priscos Rhetor the Greek envoy often calls them the Kidarite Huns. The Kidara
name comes from their leader,
which the Hungarian chronicles call Kadar and listed under their early
Hungarian rulers in the chronicles of the Middle Ages.
450-451 The Second White Hun-Persian War during the rule of Jazdagard II.
451 Atilla leads his armies to the Rhine and then across central Germania to
Gallia (France). Here the Roman alliance and Hun alliance fight the famous
battle of Catalaun. This battle turns out to be a stalemate and the spread of
the plague also forces both armies to return home. The following year Attic
leads an assault on the Italian peninsula. All claims to victory are unelikely.
453 The death of Atilla and the battles of succession so weaken his empire
that it cannot contain the revolt of the various Germanic elements.
454 Another White Hun and Persian War under Jazdagard II.
458-484 Feruz the Persian king asks for military help from the Huns, who
under their leader Fa-ghana (according to Firdusi) or other eastern writers
Khusna-vaz help.
460 The eastern UAR and the western HIUN tribes unite and the Hepthal
becomes their ruling clan. The European UAR and Hunnoi Avar Hun groups are of
this same origin.
461 Avar-Hun Legend
"A great fog arose from the sea scaring people and this was followed by
countless number of vultures descending on the people. For this reason they had
to leave this land and were forced to attack the Sabirs (near the Caucasus?).
Because the Sabirs lost their lands they in turn attacked the Saragur, Ugor and
Onogurs. These in turn asked for an alliance and land from Byzanteum." This
legend is also found in similar form in the old Hungarian Chronicles also
describing the cause of the Hungarian migration. The vultures are often
explained as the Petchegen Turks, whose totem was the sea hawk, who
defeated and conquered the Avars forcing them to flee. A lot of the
Avars died in these battles and some 200,000 left their lands. In their
westward migration the Avars absorbed many of the smaller fragmented
Turco-Hunish tribes like the Utigur and Kutigurs as well as the Ugor nations
(Saragur, Onogur, Ugor) and the Sabir elements. Their main tribes were the Auar
[Avar], Chun [Hun], Kotzagir .
463 Priscos Rhetor, Greek envoy
The Avars attack the Sabirs, these in turn are forced to attack their neighbors
the Sara-Gurs (White Ogurs), then Ugors and Onogurs who move to the area of the
Black Sea. The Ogur term in the Bulgar and Hunish dialects means tribe/nation.
It is from the Onogur name that the Hungarian name is derived. The
Onogurs previously lived near the Caucasus Mountains.
463 The Ogur Hun nations cross the Volga River (Saragur, Onogur, Ugor).
Zakarias Rhetor, church historian
Lists the nations which were converted to Christianity by the Armenians in the
Caucasus. Amongst these are the Onogurs, Ogurs, Sabir, white Ogurs, Bulgars and
White Huns. These came under the guidance of the bishop of the Dori Goth
Metropolis who was also called the bishop of the "Huns and Onogurs". The
references also mention the Onogurs living at the same time in the Caucasus and
the Crimean Peninsula. Fragments of "Hun" biblical writing and
vocabulary survive in the codex Isfahan and these are not Turkic but Hungarian.
However their old culture and religion had many common traits with the Turks,
because this eastern branch was a member of various Turkic confederacies, which
have been recorded in a few old documents.
463 Zacharias Rhetor: The Onogurs first cross the river Volga in 463.
484 North east Persia. War between the Huns and Persians during the rule of
Sufra.
485 The Avar Huns move west after growing pressure from Persian and Turks.
525 Zonaras: Mentions that the Romans, under the rule of Justinius asked
for military help from a nation in the Caucasus Mountains called Hongre against
the Persians. These could be white Huns, not Turko-Huns from the
east, or Onogur Turks..
552 or according to others in 567 the Turks conquer the Avar-Hun (white Hun) empire. The turncoat Avar Hun chief Katalpus may have been one reason that this Turk-Persian alliance had such a sucess. According to the Byzanteens the Avars who entered Europe were originally the servants of the original real Avars living on the periphery of Persia. For this reason they separated these two nations. [originally the Turks were the servants of the Avar-Huns?] While they called the European Avars "fake" avars, there is no evidence that they were not the same people that also lived in Afghanistan and northern India. The term "fake" Avars have something to do with the fact that the original Avar or Apar term designated a Scythian or White Hun people and not the Turko-Hun people of Attila's empire.
555 Thephilaktos Simokata states that before the Turks came to power in Asia
they first conquered the Hephtalites (white Huns), then the Avars, then the
Ogurs. After their defeat, one branch or ally of the Avars moved to
areas north of China, while the Ogur tribes which were also called Uar and
Hunnoi went toward Europe.
Menandros: The language of the Avars is the same as that of the Huns, but they wear long braids with ribbons in it in two braids, a habit which they borrowed from the Turks. There indeed are many common culture terms between Ugrians and Turkic languages due to their very long association, but they are not the same origin nor is their language closely linked.
[While the most inner core ruling clans of the Avars are somewhat mongoloid
(Juan-Juan Hun?) the majority were Caucasian, according to Hungarian
archeologists. This indicates the continuation of the Turko-Hun dynasties
amongst different ethnic groups. ]
500 Kiev Chronicles. The founders of the city of Kiev according to legends ..
"There were three brothers.., they built this city and died here. We live here
today and pay tribute to their relative nation, the Khazars. The clan of Kii
built Kiev..."
527-528 Johan Malalas & Theophanes Byanteus
Talks of the revolt of the Huns of the Crimea is found in two versions in the
Chronicle of Malalas and Theophanes. They inform us of the King of the Huns who
converted to Christianity.
558 /Verdansky/ By the beginning of the year 558 the Avars reached the
confines of the North Caucasian area and came into contact with the Alans. The
Alan king, who was in friendly relations with the Byzantine Empire, conveyed
news of the approach of the Avars to the commander of the Byzantine army in
Transcaucasia, Justinus; who, grasping the importance of the news, immediately
sent a messenger to Constantinople. The Byzantine diplomats made a quick
decision to enter into negotiations with the newcomers, with the object of
using them against the Hunno-Bulgars who at this time were pressing hard on
Constantinople.
559/Verdansky/ The Sabiri in the eastern section of the North Caucasian area were the first "Hunnic??"tribe to be attacked. Having crushed the Sabiri, the Avars raided the country of the Utiguri (huns), on the eastern shores of the Sea of Azov in 560. The Kutigur khan (probably Zabergan) became a vassal of the Avars. [ Note the Sabiri were aboriginal to the Caucasus and were only converted by the eastern Huns to be their vassals.]
562 /Verdansky/ The Avars entered Dobruja in 562, where they decided to stay.
Prokopius
The Avar-Huns are white skinned, have an organized kingship. Their life is not
wild/nomadic but live in cities. [However today because their royal
clans were found to have mongoloid elements all of them are mistaken to be
Turko-Hunnish.]
According to Prokopiusz the land of the Alans stretched along the Caucasian mountain range eastward to the "Caspian Gates". To the south the neighbors of the Alans were the Sevans, and to the west the Abasgians; however, between the Alans and Abasgians Procopius mentions still another tribe, the brkhians. Since the Abasgians were converted to Christianity in 540, the faith must have begun to spread among the Alans as well, soon after. East of the Alans in Dagestan were the Sabiri .
Ptolemy: The Avars sacrifice horses to their god. They live north of Persia. They are not in contact with the other Hun nations. They are white Huns.
566 Bishop Gregory
Commenting on a raid into Frankish territory in 566 AD, Bishop Gregory writes:
"Just as the Frankish army was about to join battle, the Huns (i.e. the
Avar-Huns) who were highly skilled in necromancy, made a number of phantom
figures dance before their eyes and so beat them easily."
568 Theophylaktos Symokata
The avars are composed of two nations: the Uar and the Hion tribes, they were
also joined near the end of the 6th century by the Zabender, Tarnach and
Kotzagerek (Hun). During the 7th century the Bulgars who were also part of
their empire revolted. These six groups were joined around 670 by the Onogurs
which were also a member element of the Hungarians. The Onogurs themselves were
composed of three elements
During the Avar age various elements, with strong eastern physical traits settled into the Carpathian Basin, amongst them there were some mongoloid, pamirian, turanid and eastern Mediterranean type[often associated with Iranians ]. /Gyula Laszlo, archeologist/
568-73
The king of the Lombard German tribe asked for the alliance of the Avars - Huns
against the Gepids in Hungary. The Avars defeated the Gepids and since the
Lombards became nervous about the nearness of the powerful Avars they also left
the territory of Hungary to the Avars.
The Avars are called Abaria by some and Aparnai by Strabo. Ptolemaus mentioned that in Hyrcania there is a Abarbina city and in Aria there are Oberes people. They found their other allied peoples, the Ugors and Sabirs, already living in the Caucasus Mountains and the Cumans in Southern Russia before they came west.
581 In 581 a Turkish division which had earlier subjugated the Kutrigur Huns, besieged Cherson but lifted the siege without taking the city and went back to Turkestan to take part in the civil war there. For about 20 years the Turkish state was weakened by internal dissension among the khans. They were able to maintain only the control of eastern North Caucasia. As the result of this the western portion of the Turks seceded from the Turkic Empire.
582 The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian
The coming of the Khazars and Bulgars was borrowed from the 6 volume church
history of the cloister of Peskin by John the Ephesian. Thirty thousand
Scythians were lead for 65 days across the mountain passes of the Imaon Mtns
(northern Iran). They came during winter because the rivers were frozen. They
reached the Tanaisz (volga) river which flows into the Meotis (Sea of Azov) and
into the Pontus (Black Sea). As soon as they reached the border of the Romans
one of them called Bulgarios separated with 10,000 men from his brothers,
crossed the Tanais and the Danube, which also flows into the Pontus (Black
Sea). He sent a message to Marikios, the (Byzanteen) emperor, and asked to be
given land in which to settle. For this reason he and his people became the
vassals of the Byzanteens. The emperor gave him upper and lower Moesia, and
Dacia. The remainder Scythians, the other two brothers, settled with their
people in the land of the Alans which was called Berzylia, territories whose
cities were built originally by the Romans. The Bulgars and Puguryeh (called
Ugor by others) who were originally the city dwellers of Barzilya, became in
time Christians. As soon as this foreign race occupied the country they began
calling themselves Khazars, after the eldest brother's name. This nation became
strong and branched out.
590 Ugors: The Ugors in 590 destroy the city of Aemonia in Friaul.
/Monum. Germanieae Historica, S.R. Longobart et Ital, Hanover, 1878/
600 Sukralla Arab historian about the Magyars
There is constant war between the Slavs and Magyars. The Magyars always defeat
the Slavs and take prisoners from them which they sell to the Byzanteens. ..
The Turkic nations have the following branches: Guz (Turkic Uz), Kaji, Kirghiz,
Sari, Kimak, Bedsenak and Madsar (Magyar).
c600 Bulgars 10,000 Bulgar horsemen arrive in Pannonia to the court of Bayan kagan. This was but a small part of the Bulgars which settled along the Danube.
622 Avar Byzanteen War
The Avar-Hun armies attack Byzanteum, but suffer a devastating defeat. The
consequence of this defeat was that several elements of their empire broke
away. The western Slavs revolted in 623 under the leadership of Samo who
created a short lived empire including parts of Austria, Czech and Moravian
lands. Samo 623-662. Their empire was terminated when the Avars of the
Carpathian Basin united with their eastern Avar relations and the Onogurs. The
river Enns again became their western border. The Kutri-gur Huns also separated
from the Avar Empire. The Kutrigur Khan adopted Christianity in 619 during his
visit to Byzanteum.
/Verdansky/ The Utigur and Kutrigur (?Bulgar) tribes again joined forces
because they were being hard pressed by the Avars and by the Turks. It must
also be noted that the Utiguri might count on the support of the Onoguri an
Ugrian (Magyar) tribe which had been in friendly relations with them since the
sixth century./Moravchik/ Such was the background of the unification of the
Bulgar and Ugrian tribes in the Pontic and Azov steppes.
632 Nikephorus
The Bulgar Kubrat united the other Hun fragments in the vicinity of the Azov
Sea. In these nations the Onogurs played a dominant role
.
626 George Hamortolos
The Byzanteen Empire was attacked simultaneously by the Avars and Persians. The
emperor sought outside allies and asked the Khazar Khan who accepted the
alliance. In 627 he led his army personally into Iberia in the Caucasus Mtns
and besieged the city of Tiflis. Heraclius on his part set forth for Tiflis
from Lazica (western Georgia). The allies met in the vicinity of Tiflis and
Heraclius entertained the kagan at a sumptuous banquet after which he presented
the kagan with his golden dinner service. The siege continued for two months
without results however. Tired of inactivity the khagan returned home leaving
behind a corps of his troops, 40,000 men. It is probable that this corps
consisted chiefly of White Ugrians (Sara-guri), who were Khazar vassals.
/George Hamortolos/
The White Ugrians (Hungarians) assisted Heraclius in their war against the Persians./Verdansky/ [ Verdansky generally equates Ugrian and Bulgar and Onogur as one and the same because of their close historical links at the time.]
634-635 Kubrat the ruler of the Bulgars revolts against Avar-Hun rule and wins. The remaining Avars in the eastern part of the kingdom and the Onogurs leave and join the Western Avar kingdom leaving the east to the Bulgars.
651-652 Arab troops broke through the pass of Derbent to the north and invaded the north Caucasian area. The Khazars attacked them near Balanjar and administered a serious defeat to the Arab invaders.
In 683 a strong Khazar army invaded Armenia and defeated the Arab troops stationed there.
In 680 the Khazars after a decade of tenacious fighting conquered the Onogurs of the North Caucasus area. Amongst them by tens of thousands were Khwarezmian refugees driven from their homelands by the spreading Muslim Arab conquerors. The southern pressure places many nations in a trap with the only way out leading toward Europe. [ Whole Uygur cities in Central Asia had also been massacred by the Arab conquerors. ] / Viktor Padanyi, "Dentu Magaria"
668-685 The death of Kubrat
The powerful leader of the Bulgars, Kubrat dies in the time of Constantine IV.
The ruler of Great Bulgaria tried in vain to direct his 5 sons not to separate
but keep the nation united. Unfortunately after their father's death they
distributed the nation amongst the sons. As a consequence they became weak
enough for the neighboring Khazars to take over rule and the eldest son's
people were moved the northern Volga-Kama river region, which became known as
"Magna Bulgaria". Next to them another Onogur sub-branch was also settled which
in the 13th century was visited by a Hungarian monk Julianus, who stated they
talked "pure Hungarian" and were easily understood. This was called "Magna
Hungaria" in the middle ages.
Theophanes
Another Kubrat son, Kuber moved to Pannonia around 670-680, where in
association with another Onogur branch they allied themselves with the
Avar-Huns. These Bulgars and Onogurs lived in the south-eastern part of
Pannonia near the Morava and the Vardar rivers. Their main city was Sirmium,
which they called Onoguria. The Bulgars were settled in the border areas as
border guards, they founded Nandor White Fort (Nandorfehérvar) In a 1366
document it was called Nandor-albenses.
The third son of Kubrat, Asparuk settles in the lower segment of the Danube founding Bulgaria. This was called by Theophanes in 813 "Palaia Bulgaria y megali", the first and old Bulgaria.
The fifth son of Kubrat settled in Ravena, Italy in 679 in Pentapolis.
In the 670 time frame a new people arrived in the Carpathian Basin and a great change occurred in the earlier Avar-Hun archeological remains. The burial customs changed, the ceremonial belt decorations changed, the techniques of the metalwork changed. These settlers had language remains in place names that were Hungarian. Were they the remnants of the eastern Avars or a totally different group? /Gyula Laszlo, archeologist/
In 714 the Arab general Muslima seized Derbent in the Caucasus Mtns.
717 The Khazars struck back once more by invading Azerbaidjan.
735-743 Baladhur "Futuh al-Athir"and Ibn Al-Athir Chronicles (from Egypt).
Refer to these early conquests in the Caucasus Mountains including the territory
of Al-Laks south of the Caucasus. Western Armenia and Azerbedjan. The chronicle
mentions the two rivers Samur and Shabiran [Sabir] .. separated by a mountain
range called Pejbart. From 735 to 743 the Arab Empire's northern ruler, the
Damascus Kaliph appointed the ruling families member called Marwan to guard the
northern Caucasian frontiers and he also leads several armies against Khazaria
north of the Caucasus. The armies of Marwan are held up by a very determined
local resistance in 734-740. Almost daily skirmishes are fought by the locals
mainly of Al-Laks, lead by their local leader Upas Ibn-Madar which is
Opos fia Madjar in modern Hungarian. The Opos clan is a famous Hungarian clan.
[The place name Al-Laks existed in Assyrian times as the city of the Hurrians
known as Ala-Lakh, perhaps this was the same place?]
These Arab references tell of the armies of Marwan who after a long war surrounded the area of Al-Laks (Lak is living space in Hungarian] The remnants of the armies of Opos Magyar then defended themselves in a local fort which Marwan and his forces sieged in 739 AD. When the situation in the fort became untenable Opos and a handful of his followers broke out one night and broke through the ring of attackers and they headed north to the Khazar ruler. These and their northern relatives who lived there before the Khazars. They also took part in the later Khazar -Arab wars of 751. They even continued this war without Khazar support in a vain attempt to free their Sabir homelands. The Khazar forces crossed the Caucasus in three places while the Sabir forces from the Meotis/Azov Sea were with the Western armies of the Khazars which included Onogur elements. This army quickly reached the Caucasus Mt. and Rion River. As they approach the region many of the men of the area allied themselves with the invading army. The old Sabir capital which according to Greek and Roman sources was called Gudea (an ancient Sumerian king's name?). They approach the fortification of the area on the banks of the river Kur covering an area of over 1,000 Km.
The Arab governor who is Mansur at the time was in great difficulties. He is of the Omayidas house who is a counter Caliph that gained much land and cannot expect much outside support . Mansur looses the key battle and he also falls in battle. The Omayid house selects a successor who is in no better position when the Abbasid house puts pressure on him also. Then he joined the Khazar side with the agreement that he be allowed to stay as governor under Khazar hegemony. This terminates the war on the Khazar side, however the Sabirs continued their fight. The liberated territories then remained again under Sabir rule for a few years. However the local Arab infighting ends with Bagdad becoming dominant. This is followed by new wars to win back "their" previous conquests in the wars of 755-756, during which the Sabirs loose their homelands again. Many more of the locals leave their ancestral lands and head across the Caucasus Mountains to the north to Dentu_Magyaria near the Azov Sea. The estimated amount of people leaving the area by al-Tabari was 50,000 people. /Viktor Padanyi, "Dentu Magyaria"
The Arabs attempt to maintain peaceful relations with the Khazars and even arrange a marriage with a royal Khazar princess in 758. However the wife dies next year in childbirth and soon afterwards the child dies also. The situation is very suspicious to the Khazars and they prepare for war against the Arab neighbors.
In this war the Sabirs fought in independent armies with their own leaders and generals. Their commander in chief was As-Tarkhan. Their approximate numbers were 10,000 men based on their estimated total population. The Khwarezmian refugees also had their own armies in this war.
The Sabir units quickly retook the area of Al-Laks. The Khazar armies with their Khwarezmian auxiliaries crossed the two Caucasian Gates and attacked the Arab areas, where the Kaliph quickly sent 20,000 men to aid the frontiers. They succeeded in reaching the forces of the governor and join his forces but still suffered a defeat from the northern invasion forces. The Arab military situation became so bad that the Kaliph has 7000 men released from prisons to create a new army to help the northern provinces.
The final stages of the war are not documented.. but in many years later the Arabs are again in control and are now attacking Byzanteen territories....
Verdansky/ Both toponymical and archaeological evidence likewise indicates that the Magyars stayed in Southern "Rusia" for a protected period which could be measured by decades or even centuries rather than by years. Had they merely paraded through the Pontic steppes without living there for a number of decades, they would hardly have left so many traces in local names and in the kurgan graves. An example is the buffer state of Lebedia (Hungarian Levente, Levedi) found as a village in Chigirin district of Kiev province; Lebedin in Braslav province (16th century) Lebedin in Kharkov province; Lebedinan in Tambov province; Lybed River discharging into the Dnieper at Kiev; two rivers of the same name in Chernigov and Riazan province. One of the tributaries of the Oka is called Ugra. Such town names ending with Kut are of Magyar origin, meaning Well . Kut Snezhkov of the Valki district, and Krasni Kut of the Bogodukhov district, both of the Kharkov province.
N. Fetich & V.V. Arendt have recently defined some of the antiquities found in certain settlements and grave sites of Kharkov, Tambov and Voronezh provinces as Magyar in origin.
750-850 The Petchegen Turks first appear in the records between 750 and 850 in the Steppes of Central Asia, when a Tibetan manuscript an Uygur emissary reports that they only have about 5,000 warriors. In 870 they are found along the lower legs of the Volga River. At this time they are fairly prosperous in horses, cattle, sheep, gold and silver dishes are all well known. This may have been the reason that the Uz Turks attack them in 893 after they lost much of their possessions. [There are however many references to a Scythian nation called similarly AS-PASIAC living near Chorezm next to the Aral Sea much earlier ] Hungarian "Besenyo"= Turk "Petchegen".. The BESE term means sea hawk, in Hungarian and in Parthian and was their totemic designation.]
795-803 Charlamene and his armies attacks the Avar Empire and even the royal fortresses of the Kagan following internal strife followed by Bulgarian-Turkic revolt against the Avar Empire, which weakened their defenses. The Onogurs and Bulgars split off the Avar Empire and in 804-814 organize an independent state. Their leader Krum defeated the Byzanteen emperor Nikephorus and beheads him to make a cup from his skull. The son of Krum is Salan and his son Simeon Czar of Bulgaria.
Based on Eginhartus, Vita Caroli Magni, Caput XIII "Since the memory of man there has not been a war (with the Avar Huns), during which the Franks became so much richer, because one could say that before this they were poor.."
In 791 Charlamene returns from his Avar offensive through "Sar-var"(yellow/royal fort in Hungarian). This same Sarvar in 805 is also still in existence. Theodor Avar Khan asks Charlamene for new rights to settle between Sarvar and Heimburg. (J.F. Böhmer, Regestra Chronologico diplomatica, Frankfurt). The Avars at this time were already Christians. Charlamene wrote to his wife: "Pippin killed so many Avars, that no man had ever seen such butchery before. They took the Avar fortifications and robbed it, then spent the night there until the following morning at 9."
799 The Avar Tudun (a high official amongst the Avars) revolts against the forced Christianization of his people, even though he already accepted the faith in 796. As a punishment he and most of his clan is butchered.
811 Charlamain uses one third of all his armies to attack the "spiteful/ hating Slavs and Avars". In this year Kanizanki the Avar ruler, the provincial governor the "tudun" and the leading men of the Slavs living next to the Danube appear in front of the ruler. In 819 the Avars also take part in an uprising of the governor of Lower Pannonia, Lindevik .
In 822 the Avars also send emissaries to the Aixlachapelle parliament, and also in 822 they also appear in the Frankfurt gathering.
The 843 Verdun agreements also mention the Avars. This is the time when the
Frank Empire is divided.
The Salzburg church chancellery documents from 871 states: "The avars still
hold their lands which was granted to them by the emperor."
809 The Khazar king adopted the Jewish faith during the rule of Harun Al Rashid, when from the Muslim lands and later from the Roman Empire large numbers of Jewish immigrants came to live in the Khazar lands. Armanus, the king of the Rum (eastern Romans) just as in the year of the hidsra 332 (934) tried to forcefully convert the Jews . Because of this they fled to the Khazars. After the collapse of the Khazar Empire many of these Jews and their proselytes moved toward the west, to Poland and afterwards to Hungary .
825 Khazar - Arab war in which the Khazars loose.
830 The Khazars build the fort of Sarkel "white fort" against the Magyars (Majgar), with the help of the Greeks. Kamlij is also a Khazar city .
850 Armenian Patriarch John
In the province of Udi, in northern Armenia south of the river Kur live the
Sabirs. The ancestor of this nation is the son of Ham, Kush, from whom they
obtained their name KUS or SEVORDIK, from their ancestor SYEVA. In Armenian the
sjevardik means "dark boys" which in other tongues is sometimes Ham. The
Armenian Agathangelus mentions also that there are Huns living amongst the
peoples of the Caucasus Mtns.
The Hamites are mistakenly believed to be Africans, since there are many early
references to them in Western Asia and Central Asia.
The seven Magyar rulers of the seven nations, elected the son of Almos, Arpad, to be their chief leader (the Gyula). They lifted him ceremoniously on top of a shield to symbolize that henceforth he will stand above them. Afterwards they mixed their blood in a common chalice and took a blood oath of allegence to his rule. The most important part of this "covenant of blood" was that all future rulers shall be elected from the progeny of Almos. That all that they gain with common strength they shall share equally, and that the princely men and their progeny who elected Arpad to rule above them shall never be left out of the council of their king or the leading offices of their kingdom.
The Byzanteen Emperor Constantine Purporigenitos wrote:
The people of the Torks (which is what he called the Magyars) gained their
lands near the Khazars. But at this time they did not call themselves Turks,
but Sabartu-Asfalu. They lived together with the Khazars for three years. They
fought together with the Khazars. The chief of the Khazars, the Khagan, gave a
royal Khazar bride to their first vovoid Lebedi, because of his bravery and
alliance. .... Originally the Petchegens lived near the Volga River, next to
the Magyars (west) and Uzez (east). The leading clan of the Petchegens was
called Kangar, because he was more gallant and more noble than the rest. This
is the meaning of the name Kangar. The tribes of the Petchegens are the
follows:
1)Ertem 2)Tzur, 3)Gila, 4)Kulpe, 5)Kharoboe, 6)Thalmat, 7)khoplon, 8)Tzoplon.
The nations of the Magyars are the following 1)Khabars 2)Neke 3)Megere
4)Kurtu-Germat 5)Tarjan 6)Kari 7)Kasi. <note the actual leading tribe is not
the first but the center
.
860 Luis German? in a document from 860 mentions a mountain by the name "marcha uengeriorum" and also calls the Avars by the name "Uenger". /Gyula László, "Kettös Honfoglalás", Budapest) Another warpath from Slavonia across Friaul to Lombardia (N. Italy) is also called "strada ungarorum".
867 St Ciryl, Venzia
The Moravian-pannon legend talks of St Ciryl stating that the Avars have a
unique written script just as the Arabs, Armenians and Goths also have their
own. St Ciryl also encounters a Magyar army in the Crimea around 860
.
Nestor Chronicle (Kiev)
First came the white Ugors during the time of the Avars then came the black
Ugors during the time of Oleg.
Ugor being the Slavic term for Hungarian
.
870-920 Djayhani
The most complete description of the Hungarians before their settlement in
Hungary is from Djanhani, a historian from Bukhara. His original manuscript did
not survive. He mentions the Hungarians around 870 under the Magyar name. Other
later historians used his references like Ibn Rusta (ca930) and Gardizi
(ca1050-1053). One of Djayhani's statements is that the Magyars are a Turkic
people .. they have many plowed lands, ... they are of handsome outer
appearance with much noticeable wealth.
In a letter of the Khazar Khagan Joseph mentions those nations who he considered the nearest relations to his own. The letter mentions the Ugors, Avars, Barsils and Onogurs who he ties to the Biblical ancestor Togarma, because the common Hungarian - Uz - Khazar etc mythology of the ruling family being derived from the mythical hawk of God called Hungarian Turul .. (Turkic Togrul).. from this one can see the correspondence with Togar-ma.
880 The Legend of Methodus
"After arriving to the area of the Danube, a Magyar king wished to see him (the
priest). Although some of his followers warned him that he will not survive the
encounter without pain and torture, he went to visit him anyway. The king
however treated him with respect and reverence, and ceremonial joy like
befitting a head priest. The Hungarian leader talked with him like befitting
such a splendid person, he released him with the following words: father I
beseech you to remember me in your saintly prayers."
888 "Conversio Baguariorum et Carantanorum"(Monumenta Germania Historica, XI.
Band, 12)
During the rule of Charlamenes descendant there already is a bishop called
Hungarus mentioned in a document from 888. /Götz, "Keleten Kél a Nap", Vienna.
887-901 The Yearbooks of Fulda 680-901 [German]
Includes the Magyar events of 887-901, including the statement "The Avars who
we call Magyars".
Similarly the History of the Saxons, by Windukin (925-1004) states "We now call
the Avars Magyars."
This of course shows a great lack of precision when dealing with the eastern
horsemen and lumping them together or that the common people of the Avar Empire
in central Europe were Hungarians alll along.
886-912 Leo the Wise, Emperor of Byzantium writes in his book on Tactics
He writes of the tactics of the many known neighboring nations. He calls the
Magyars Türk and writes: "The makeup of the Magyar armies is similar to the
other Scythian nations.. They shoot their arrows from horseback while turning
backwards on their mounts. [also called the Parthian shot] "
896 Hamburg Codex
Pothius Byzanteen Patriarch mentioned that Almos the leader of the Magyars was
of the religious of Mani, that is Arian. During the time of bishop Izrael they
adopted the Christian religion (this was well before the resettlement). However
the patriarch is still annoyed by the fact that there are Magian priests also
amongst them (Garabonc=Karapan). Izrael also became the first bishop to work in
Khazaria
.
899 Transdanubia is finally occupied by the Magyars, which was followed by attacks against Bavaria in 900 AD against Regensburg. /Chronicle of Fulda. "The Magyars returned to Pannonia and the Bavarians built up their fortifications in Ennsburg against them. This year the Magyars also attacked the Italian Peninsula, where after they turned back from Adda they defeated Berengar the prince of the Friul at the river Brenta. Afterwards their armies split into two parts: one of them marched against Venice, the other army scouted all the way up to the Swiss Alps."
903 Lazus, A 15th century Austrian wrote [long after the fact??] that based on a document from 1,000 AD "The Hun-Avars turned away from their Christian faith and adopted the Magyar Pagan belief." A rather unlikely fact since the documents of the time claimed the Magyars to be Christian also, with other monotheistic religions also represented like Manichean, Muslims and Magians. This probably means that they renounced German domination of their religious hierarchy .
904 The death of Kursan (or Kushan) the theocratic Magyar ruler. [more religious than actual rule] The Germans invited Kursan, who lived in the fort of Buda, to a banquet and then murdered him. This probably had a lot to do with the many years of wars against the German Empire which followed .
906 Summer. The Slav tribes near the river Emba called the Magyars to help them against their struggles against the Germans .
907 Pannonia. Prince Luitpold of Bavaria with many of his bishops suffered such a serious defeat at the hands of the Magyars that the Franks had to give up any thought of ruling Pannonia. Those that remained alive were chased and ran back. The German king Luis wanted revenge against the Magyars who also defeated his armies near Pozsony. Afterwards the Magyars crisscrossed most of Germany and returned home with a huge booty. Árpád the Magyar ruler died in the year of the battle of Pozsony .
908 The Magyar armies break into Turingia and also burn Bremen .
910 The united Bavarian, Frank and Alleman armies are also defeated by the Magyars who afterwards send raids as far west as Rhine River .
912 Arnulf the Bavarian prince was able to defeat one Hungarian raiding party near the Inns. This defeat was made possible by the fact that the German princess often utilized various Magyar war parties in their own services .
916 Arnulf asked for the aid of the Magyar army against the German king Arnulf. At this time the Magyar and ally Germans looted Saxony reaching as far as Bazel, and Alsance and Lotargia .
917 Konrad attacked the Bavarian Arnulf, who asked for asylum amongst the Magyars. Again Magyar armies helped him recover his princedom. In the following years the Magyar raids were directed predominantly against Italy because it appears that they were able to get a peace treaty to their liking with the Bavarians.
913-959 Constantine Purporigenitos, In his work "Ruling of the Empire" he calls
Hungarians Turks
"The 3 tribes of the Kabars settled with the Turks in the (now) land of the
Petchegens."
921-922 Ibn Fadlan
The language of the Khazars is not like the Turks or the Persians. They call
the capital of the Khazars Itil (after 750). The capital city is located on
both sides of the river. Their king's name is "Jelek" [Hungarian Gyula], and
"Bak". The customs of the Khazars is on whole is unlike the Muslims, Jews or
Christian customs. Some claim that the Khazars are from the Jadsusds
(Yas=Allans) and the Madsuds (Magyars) [Since they were in this area before the
Khazars came. The earlier homeland of the Khazars was the eastern shores of the
Caspian Sea while the western shores were Sabir lands.]
921 The raiding Magyar armies went as far as Verona in Italy, when Berengar asked for their aid against his own lords. The lords were defeated. In 922 they again attacked Apulia.
923AD
924 In alliance with Berengar the Magyar armies invaded Italy again. They conquered the city of Padua, they entered Switzerland, Southern France and from there Lombardy before returning home. They also attacked Germany. While their armies were raiding Thuringia they captured the German king, Henry the fowler. Afterwards they forced a peace treaty for 9 years and also a yearly tribute from the Germans.
926 In alliance with Hugo the baron of Province they broke into Lombardy against Rudolf. and to Tuscia and regions of Rome. Another army was in Southern Germany (Saint Gallen) then Alsance and Lothargia. The 9 year treaty with the Magyars was used by Henrik to build up his own armies and introduce many eastern improvements to counter the Magyar military superiority, then to defy the payment of further tribute.
Hudud-Al Alam Persian Manuscript "Regions of the World" 372BC-982AD period
The country of the Sarir (Avars or Sabirs), which on the west was bounded by
Byzantium, was in the south coterminous with the Muslim possessions in the
Caucasus, i.e. with Darband and southern Dagestan, and not with Armenia, as our
author takes it. To the north and west of the Sarir lived the Alans whose land
..
933 A large Magyar army broke into Saxony and Thuringia, at the request of local rulers. They were defeated by the German cavalry at Sonderhausen and Merseburg on March 15th. This was the first major defeat of a Magyar military expedition, and was apparently an unexpected trap. In the next year Magyar armies were raiding Byzanteum as far as Constantinople. Then the following year they were raiding in Southern France.
995-972 the rule of Takson
958 The Magyars attack Constantinople, but suffer a defeat. They continue to attack Macedonia with mixed success .
972-997 The rule of Geza. During his reign many western knights also come to settle in Hungary .
973 Geza sends emissaries to Quedlinburg to ask for Christian missionaries from Otto I. Due to this request the Passau bishop Pilgrim visits Hungary many times. The second marriage of Geza with Adelhaid, Polish princess. In 974 Otto dies and II Otto is aided by Geza against Henrik II, prince of Bavaria.
977 Many German priests who helped create a strong resentment amongst the Hungarians left the country fearing persecution. In the following year the Magyars broke into the German Empire from their fort at Melk. In 984 the German Baron Lipot occupied Melk to prevent further raids and pushed back the borders with Hungary to the mountain of Szarhegy.
994 Bishop Adalbert continued the missionary work of Pilgrim. It was at this time that the son of Geza, VAJK was baptized. He became our king St Stephen.
997 the death of Géza. ("Gay-za")